Merge branch 'breaking/v2' into v2/use-item-component

Co-authored-by: Alessandro (Ale) Segala <43508+ItalyPaleAle@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Copilot <175728472+Copilot@users.noreply.github.com>

.env.example

@@ -1,5 +1,17 @@
 # See the documentation for more information: https://pocket-id.org/docs/configuration/environment-variables
+
+# These variables must be configured for your deployment:
 APP_URL=https://your-pocket-id-domain.com
+
+# Encryption key (choose one method):
+# Method 1: Direct key (simple but less secure)
+# Generate with: openssl rand -base64 32
+ENCRYPTION_KEY=
+# Method 2: File-based key (recommended)
+# Put the base64 key in a file and point to it here.
+# ENCRYPTION_KEY_FILE=/path/to/encryption_key
+
+# These variables are optional but recommended to review:
 TRUST_PROXY=false
 MAXMIND_LICENSE_KEY=
 PUID=1000

.github/workflows/backend-linter.yml

@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@ name: Run Backend Linter
 
 on:
   push:
-    branches: [main]
+    branches: [main, breaking/**]
     paths:
       - "backend/**"
   pull_request:
-    branches: [main]
+    branches: [main, breaking/**]
     paths:
       - "backend/**"
 
@@ -24,10 +24,10 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - name: Checkout code
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        uses: actions/checkout@v5
 
       - name: Set up Go
-        uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+        uses: actions/setup-go@v6
         with:
           go-version-file: backend/go.mod
 

.github/workflows/build-next.yml

@@ -19,22 +19,20 @@ jobs:
       attestations: write
     steps:
       - name: Checkout code
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        uses: actions/checkout@v5
 
       - name: Setup pnpm
         uses: pnpm/action-setup@v4
 
       - name: Setup Node.js
-        uses: actions/setup-node@v4
+        uses: actions/setup-node@v5
         with:
           node-version: 22
-          cache: 'pnpm'
-          cache-dependency-path: pnpm-lock.yaml
 
       - name: Setup Go
-        uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+        uses: actions/setup-go@v6
         with:
-          go-version-file: 'backend/go.mod'
+          go-version-file: "backend/go.mod"
 
       - name: Set up QEMU
         uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v3
@@ -74,7 +72,7 @@ jobs:
           platforms: linux/amd64,linux/arm64
           push: true
           tags: ${{ env.DOCKER_IMAGE_NAME }}:next
-          file: Dockerfile-prebuilt
+          file: docker/Dockerfile-prebuilt
       - name: Build and push container image (distroless)
         uses: docker/build-push-action@v6
         id: container-build-push-distroless
@@ -83,16 +81,16 @@ jobs:
           platforms: linux/amd64,linux/arm64
           push: true
           tags: ${{ env.DOCKER_IMAGE_NAME }}:next-distroless
-          file: Dockerfile-distroless
+          file: docker/Dockerfile-distroless
       - name: Container image attestation
         uses: actions/attest-build-provenance@v2
         with:
-          subject-name: '${{ env.DOCKER_IMAGE_NAME }}'
+          subject-name: "${{ env.DOCKER_IMAGE_NAME }}"
           subject-digest: ${{ steps.build-push-image.outputs.digest }}
           push-to-registry: true
       - name: Container image attestation (distroless)
         uses: actions/attest-build-provenance@v2
         with:
-          subject-name: '${{ env.DOCKER_IMAGE_NAME }}'
+          subject-name: "${{ env.DOCKER_IMAGE_NAME }}"
           subject-digest: ${{ steps.container-build-push-distroless.outputs.digest }}
           push-to-registry: true

.github/workflows/e2e-tests.yml

@@ -1,17 +1,17 @@
 name: E2E Tests
 on:
   push:
-    branches: [main]
+    branches: [main, breaking/**]
     paths-ignore:
-      - 'docs/**'
-      - '**.md'
-      - '.github/**'
+      - "docs/**"
+      - "**.md"
+      - ".github/**"
   pull_request:
-    branches: [main]
+    branches: [main, breaking/**]
     paths-ignore:
-      - 'docs/**'
-      - '**.md'
-      - '.github/**'
+      - "docs/**"
+      - "**.md"
+      - ".github/**"
 
 jobs:
   build:
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ jobs:
       actions: write
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
 
       - name: Set up Docker Buildx
         uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v3
@@ -30,6 +30,8 @@ jobs:
       - name: Build and export
         uses: docker/build-push-action@v6
         with:
+          context: .
+          file: docker/Dockerfile
           push: false
           load: false
           tags: pocket-id:test
@@ -55,58 +57,98 @@ jobs:
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
-        db: [sqlite, postgres]
+        include:
+          - db: sqlite
+            storage: fs
+          - db: postgres
+            storage: fs
+          - db: sqlite
+            storage: s3
+          - db: sqlite
+            storage: database
+          - db: postgres
+            storage: database
+
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
 
       - name: Setup pnpm
         uses: pnpm/action-setup@v4
 
-      - uses: actions/setup-node@v4
+      - name: Setup Node.js
+        uses: actions/setup-node@v5
         with:
           node-version: 22
-          cache: 'pnpm'
-          cache-dependency-path: pnpm-lock.yaml
 
       - name: Cache Playwright Browsers
-        uses: actions/cache@v3
+        uses: actions/cache@v4
         id: playwright-cache
         with:
           path: ~/.cache/ms-playwright
           key: ${{ runner.os }}-playwright-${{ hashFiles('pnpm-lock.yaml') }}
+
       - name: Cache PostgreSQL Docker image
-        if: matrix.db == 'postgres'
-        uses: actions/cache@v3
+        uses: actions/cache@v4
         id: postgres-cache
         with:
           path: /tmp/postgres-image.tar
           key: postgres-17-${{ runner.os }}
-
       - name: Pull and save PostgreSQL image
         if: matrix.db == 'postgres' && steps.postgres-cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
         run: |
           docker pull postgres:17
           docker save postgres:17 > /tmp/postgres-image.tar
-
-      - name: Load PostgreSQL image from cache
+      - name: Load PostgreSQL image
         if: matrix.db == 'postgres' && steps.postgres-cache.outputs.cache-hit == 'true'
         run: docker load < /tmp/postgres-image.tar
+
       - name: Cache LLDAP Docker image
-        uses: actions/cache@v3
+        uses: actions/cache@v4
         id: lldap-cache
         with:
           path: /tmp/lldap-image.tar
           key: lldap-stable-${{ runner.os }}
-
       - name: Pull and save LLDAP image
         if: steps.lldap-cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
         run: |
-          docker pull nitnelave/lldap:stable
-          docker save nitnelave/lldap:stable > /tmp/lldap-image.tar
-
-      - name: Load LLDAP image from cache
+          docker pull lldap/lldap:2025-05-19
+          docker save lldap/lldap:2025-05-19 > /tmp/lldap-image.tar
+      - name: Load LLDAP image
         if: steps.lldap-cache.outputs.cache-hit == 'true'
         run: docker load < /tmp/lldap-image.tar
+
+      - name: Cache Localstack S3 Docker image
+        if: matrix.storage == 's3'
+        uses: actions/cache@v4
+        id: s3-cache
+        with:
+          path: /tmp/localstack-s3-image.tar
+          key: localstack-s3-latest-${{ runner.os }}
+      - name: Pull and save Localstack S3 image
+        if: matrix.storage == 's3' && steps.s3-cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
+        run: |
+          docker pull localstack/localstack:s3-latest
+          docker save localstack/localstack:s3-latest > /tmp/localstack-s3-image.tar
+      - name: Load Localstack S3 image
+        if: matrix.storage == 's3' && steps.s3-cache.outputs.cache-hit == 'true'
+        run: docker load < /tmp/localstack-s3-image.tar
+
+      - name: Cache AWS CLI Docker image
+        if: matrix.storage == 's3'
+        uses: actions/cache@v4
+        id: aws-cli-cache
+        with:
+          path: /tmp/aws-cli-image.tar
+          key: aws-cli-latest-${{ runner.os }}
+      - name: Pull and save AWS CLI image
+        if: matrix.storage == 's3' && steps.aws-cli-cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
+        run: |
+          docker pull amazon/aws-cli:latest
+          docker save amazon/aws-cli:latest > /tmp/aws-cli-image.tar
+      - name: Load AWS CLI image
+        if: matrix.storage == 's3' && steps.aws-cli-cache.outputs.cache-hit == 'true'
+        run: docker load < /tmp/aws-cli-image.tar
+
       - name: Download Docker image artifact
         uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
         with:
@@ -123,19 +165,34 @@ jobs:
         working-directory: ./tests
         if: steps.playwright-cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
         run: pnpm exec playwright install --with-deps chromium
-      - name: Run Docker Container (sqlite) with LDAP
-        if: matrix.db == 'sqlite'
-        working-directory: ./tests/setup
-        run: |
-          docker compose up -d
-          docker compose logs -f pocket-id &> /tmp/backend.log &
 
-      - name: Run Docker Container (postgres) with LDAP
-        if: matrix.db == 'postgres'
+      - name: Run Docker containers
         working-directory: ./tests/setup
         run: |
-          docker compose -f docker-compose-postgres.yml up -d
-          docker compose -f docker-compose-postgres.yml logs -f pocket-id &> /tmp/backend.log &
+          DOCKER_COMPOSE_FILE=docker-compose.yml
+
+          echo "FILE_BACKEND=${{ matrix.storage }}" > .env
+          if [ "${{ matrix.db }}" = "postgres" ]; then
+            DOCKER_COMPOSE_FILE=docker-compose-postgres.yml
+          elif [ "${{ matrix.storage }}" = "s3" ]; then
+            DOCKER_COMPOSE_FILE=docker-compose-s3.yml
+          fi
+
+          docker compose -f "$DOCKER_COMPOSE_FILE" up -d
+
+          {
+            LOG_FILE="/tmp/backend.log"
+            while true; do
+              CID=$(docker compose -f "$DOCKER_COMPOSE_FILE" ps -q pocket-id)
+              if [ -n "$CID" ]; then
+                echo "[$(date)] Attaching logs for $CID" >> "$LOG_FILE"
+                docker logs -f --since=0 "$CID" >> "$LOG_FILE" 2>&1
+              else
+                echo "[$(date)] Container not yet running…" >> "$LOG_FILE"
+              fi
+              sleep 1
+            done
+          } &
 
       - name: Run Playwright tests
         working-directory: ./tests
@@ -145,7 +202,7 @@ jobs:
         uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
         if: always() && github.event.pull_request.head.ref != 'i18n_crowdin'
         with:
-          name: playwright-report-${{ matrix.db }}
+          name: playwright-report-${{ matrix.db }}-${{ matrix.storage }}
           path: tests/.report
           include-hidden-files: true
           retention-days: 15
@@ -154,7 +211,7 @@ jobs:
         uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
         if: always() && github.event.pull_request.head.ref != 'i18n_crowdin'
         with:
-          name: backend-${{ matrix.db }}
+          name: backend-${{ matrix.db }}-${{ matrix.storage }}
           path: /tmp/backend.log
           include-hidden-files: true
           retention-days: 15

.github/workflows/release.yml

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ name: Release
 on:
   push:
     tags:
-      - 'v*.*.*'
+      - "v*.*.*"
 
 jobs:
   build:
@@ -19,14 +19,12 @@ jobs:
       - name: Setup pnpm
         uses: pnpm/action-setup@v4
       - name: Setup Node.js
-        uses: actions/setup-node@v4
+        uses: actions/setup-node@v5
         with:
           node-version: 22
-          cache: 'pnpm'
-          cache-dependency-path: pnpm-lock.yaml
-      - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+      - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
         with:
-          go-version-file: 'backend/go.mod'
+          go-version-file: "backend/go.mod"
       - name: Set up QEMU
         uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v3
       - name: Set up Docker Buildx
@@ -81,7 +79,7 @@ jobs:
           push: true
           tags: ${{ steps.meta.outputs.tags }}
           labels: ${{ steps.meta.outputs.labels }}
-          file: Dockerfile-prebuilt
+          file: docker/Dockerfile-prebuilt
       - name: Build and push container image (distroless)
         uses: docker/build-push-action@v6
         id: container-build-push-distroless
@@ -91,21 +89,21 @@ jobs:
           push: true
           tags: ${{ steps.meta-distroless.outputs.tags }}
           labels: ${{ steps.meta-distroless.outputs.labels }}
-          file: Dockerfile-distroless
+          file: docker/Dockerfile-distroless
       - name: Binary attestation
         uses: actions/attest-build-provenance@v2
         with:
-          subject-path: 'backend/.bin/pocket-id-**'
+          subject-path: "backend/.bin/pocket-id-**"
       - name: Container image attestation
         uses: actions/attest-build-provenance@v2
         with:
-          subject-name: '${{ env.DOCKER_IMAGE_NAME }}'
+          subject-name: "${{ env.DOCKER_IMAGE_NAME }}"
           subject-digest: ${{ steps.container-build-push.outputs.digest }}
           push-to-registry: true
       - name: Container image attestation (distroless)
         uses: actions/attest-build-provenance@v2
         with:
-          subject-name: '${{ env.DOCKER_IMAGE_NAME }}'
+          subject-name: "${{ env.DOCKER_IMAGE_NAME }}"
           subject-digest: ${{ steps.container-build-push-distroless.outputs.digest }}
           push-to-registry: true
       - name: Upload binaries to release
@@ -122,6 +120,6 @@ jobs:
       GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
     steps:
       - name: Checkout code
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        uses: actions/checkout@v5
       - name: Mark release as published
         run: gh release edit ${{ github.ref_name }} --draft=false

.github/workflows/svelte-check.yml

@@ -2,23 +2,23 @@ name: Svelte Check
 
 on:
   push:
-    branches: [main]
+    branches: [main, breaking/**]
     paths:
-      - 'frontend/src/**'
-      - '.github/svelte-check-matcher.json'
-      - 'frontend/package.json'
-      - 'frontend/package-lock.json'
-      - 'frontend/tsconfig.json'
-      - 'frontend/svelte.config.js'
+      - "frontend/src/**"
+      - ".github/svelte-check-matcher.json"
+      - "frontend/package.json"
+      - "frontend/package-lock.json"
+      - "frontend/tsconfig.json"
+      - "frontend/svelte.config.js"
   pull_request:
     branches: [main]
     paths:
-      - 'frontend/src/**'
-      - '.github/svelte-check-matcher.json'
-      - 'frontend/package.json'
-      - 'frontend/package-lock.json'
-      - 'frontend/tsconfig.json'
-      - 'frontend/svelte.config.js'
+      - "frontend/src/**"
+      - ".github/svelte-check-matcher.json"
+      - "frontend/package.json"
+      - "frontend/package-lock.json"
+      - "frontend/tsconfig.json"
+      - "frontend/svelte.config.js"
   workflow_dispatch:
 
 jobs:
@@ -34,17 +34,15 @@ jobs:
 
     steps:
       - name: Checkout code
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        uses: actions/checkout@v5
 
       - name: Setup pnpm
         uses: pnpm/action-setup@v4
 
       - name: Setup Node.js
-        uses: actions/setup-node@v4
+        uses: actions/setup-node@v5
         with:
           node-version: 22
-          cache: 'pnpm'
-          cache-dependency-path: pnpm-lock.yaml
 
       - name: Install dependencies
         run: pnpm --filter pocket-id-frontend install --frozen-lockfile

.github/workflows/unit-tests.yml

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 name: Unit Tests
 on:
   push:
-    branches: [main]
+    branches: [main, breaking/**]
     paths:
       - "backend/**"
   pull_request:
@@ -16,8 +16,8 @@ jobs:
       actions: write
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+      - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
         with:
           go-version-file: "backend/go.mod"
           cache-dependency-path: "backend/go.sum"

.github/workflows/update-aaguids.yml

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ jobs:
 
     steps:
       - name: Checkout repository
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        uses: actions/checkout@v5
 
       - name: Fetch JSON data
         run: |

.gitignore

@@ -1,8 +1,12 @@
 # JetBrains
 **/.idea
 
+# Node
 node_modules
 
+# PNPM
+.pnpm-store/
+
 # Output
 .output
 .vercel
@@ -11,6 +15,7 @@ node_modules
 /backend/bin
 pocket-id
 /tests/test-results/*.json
+.tmp/
 
 # OS
 .DS_Store

.version

@@ -1 +1 @@
-1.11.2
+1.15.0

backend/cmd/main.go

@@ -1,9 +1,12 @@
 package main
 
 import (
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
 	_ "time/tzdata"
 
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/cmds"
+	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/common"
 )
 
 // @title Pocket ID API
@@ -11,5 +14,9 @@ import (
 // @description.markdown
 
 func main() {
+	if err := common.ValidateEnvConfig(&common.EnvConfig); err != nil {
+		fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "config error: %v\n", err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
 	cmds.Execute()
 }

backend/frontend/frontend_included.go

@@ -32,10 +32,6 @@ func init() {
 		panic(fmt.Errorf("failed to read index.html: %w", iErr))
 	}
 
-	// Get the position of the first <script> tag
-	idx := bytes.Index(index, []byte(scriptTag))
-
-	// Create writeIndexFn, which adds the CSP tag to the script tag if needed
 	writeIndexFn = func(w io.Writer, nonce string) (err error) {
 		// If there's no nonce, write the index as-is
 		if nonce == "" {
@@ -43,23 +39,16 @@ func init() {
 			return err
 		}
 
-		// We have a nonce, so first write the index until the <script> tag
-		// Then we write the modified script tag
-		// Finally, the rest of the index
-		_, err = w.Write(index[0:idx])
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		_, err = w.Write([]byte(`<script nonce="` + nonce + `">`))
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		_, err = w.Write(index[(idx + len(scriptTag)):])
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
+		// Add nonce to all <script> tags
+		// We replace "<script" with `<script nonce="..."` everywhere it appears
+		modified := bytes.ReplaceAll(
+			index,
+			[]byte(scriptTag),
+			[]byte(`<script nonce="`+nonce+`">`),
+		)
 
-		return nil
+		_, err = w.Write(modified)
+		return err
 	}
 }
 
@@ -75,6 +64,11 @@ func RegisterFrontend(router *gin.Engine) error {
 	router.NoRoute(func(c *gin.Context) {
 		path := strings.TrimPrefix(c.Request.URL.Path, "/")
 
+		if strings.HasSuffix(path, "/") {
+			c.Redirect(http.StatusMovedPermanently, strings.TrimRight(c.Request.URL.String(), "/"))
+			return
+		}
+
 		if strings.HasPrefix(path, "api/") {
 			c.JSON(http.StatusNotFound, gin.H{"error": "API endpoint not found"})
 			return
@@ -94,13 +88,9 @@ func RegisterFrontend(router *gin.Engine) error {
 			c.Header("Content-Type", "text/html; charset=utf-8")
 			c.Header("Cache-Control", "no-store")
 			c.Status(http.StatusOK)
-
-			err = writeIndexFn(c.Writer, nonce)
-			if err != nil {
+			if err := writeIndexFn(c.Writer, nonce); err != nil {
 				_ = c.Error(fmt.Errorf("failed to write index.html file: %w", err))
-				return
 			}
-
 			return
 		}
 

backend/go.mod

@@ -3,88 +3,109 @@ module github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend
 go 1.25
 
 require (
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2 v1.40.0
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/config v1.32.2
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/credentials v1.19.2
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/s3 v1.92.1
+	github.com/aws/smithy-go v1.23.2
 	github.com/caarlos0/env/v11 v11.3.1
 	github.com/cenkalti/backoff/v5 v5.0.3
 	github.com/disintegration/imageorient v0.0.0-20180920195336-8147d86e83ec
 	github.com/disintegration/imaging v1.6.2
-	github.com/emersion/go-sasl v0.0.0-20200509203442-7bfe0ed36a21
-	github.com/emersion/go-smtp v0.21.3
-	github.com/fxamacker/cbor/v2 v2.9.0
-	github.com/gin-contrib/slog v1.1.0
-	github.com/gin-gonic/gin v1.10.1
+	github.com/emersion/go-sasl v0.0.0-20241020182733-b788ff22d5a6
+	github.com/emersion/go-smtp v0.24.0
+	github.com/gin-contrib/slog v1.2.0
+	github.com/gin-gonic/gin v1.11.0
 	github.com/glebarez/go-sqlite v1.22.0
 	github.com/glebarez/sqlite v1.11.0
-	github.com/go-co-op/gocron/v2 v2.16.3
-	github.com/go-ldap/ldap/v3 v3.4.10
-	github.com/go-playground/validator/v10 v10.27.0
-	github.com/go-webauthn/webauthn v0.11.2
-	github.com/golang-migrate/migrate/v4 v4.18.3
+	github.com/go-co-op/gocron/v2 v2.18.1
+	github.com/go-ldap/ldap/v3 v3.4.12
+	github.com/go-playground/validator/v10 v10.28.0
+	github.com/go-webauthn/webauthn v0.15.0
+	github.com/golang-migrate/migrate/v4 v4.19.0
 	github.com/google/uuid v1.6.0
 	github.com/hashicorp/go-uuid v1.0.3
 	github.com/jinzhu/copier v0.4.0
 	github.com/joho/godotenv v1.5.1
-	github.com/lestrrat-go/httprc/v3 v3.0.0
-	github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/v3 v3.0.10
+	github.com/lestrrat-go/httprc/v3 v3.0.1
+	github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/v3 v3.0.12
 	github.com/lmittmann/tint v1.1.2
 	github.com/mattn/go-isatty v0.0.20
 	github.com/mileusna/useragent v1.3.5
 	github.com/orandin/slog-gorm v1.4.0
-	github.com/oschwald/maxminddb-golang/v2 v2.0.0-beta.8
-	github.com/spf13/cobra v1.9.1
-	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.10.0
-	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/bridges/otelslog v0.12.0
-	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/exporters/autoexport v0.59.0
-	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/github.com/gin-gonic/gin/otelgin v0.60.0
-	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/net/http/otelhttp v0.54.0
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel v1.37.0
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/log v0.13.0
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric v1.37.0
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk v1.35.0
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/log v0.10.0
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/metric v1.35.0
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.37.0
-	golang.org/x/crypto v0.41.0
-	golang.org/x/image v0.30.0
-	golang.org/x/sync v0.16.0
-	golang.org/x/text v0.28.0
-	golang.org/x/time v0.12.0
+	github.com/oschwald/maxminddb-golang/v2 v2.1.0
+	github.com/spf13/cobra v1.10.1
+	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.11.1
+	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/bridges/otelslog v0.13.0
+	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/exporters/autoexport v0.63.0
+	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/github.com/gin-gonic/gin/otelgin v0.63.0
+	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/net/http/otelhttp v0.63.0
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel v1.38.0
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/log v0.14.0
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric v1.38.0
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk v1.38.0
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/log v0.14.0
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/metric v1.38.0
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.38.0
+	golang.org/x/crypto v0.45.0
+	golang.org/x/image v0.33.0
+	golang.org/x/sync v0.18.0
+	golang.org/x/text v0.31.0
+	golang.org/x/time v0.14.0
 	gorm.io/driver/postgres v1.6.0
-	gorm.io/gorm v1.30.1
+	gorm.io/gorm v1.31.1
 )
 
 require (
-	github.com/Azure/go-ntlmssp v0.0.0-20221128193559-754e69321358 // indirect
+	github.com/Azure/go-ntlmssp v0.1.0 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/aws/protocol/eventstream v1.7.3 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/feature/ec2/imds v1.18.14 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/configsources v1.4.14 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/endpoints/v2 v2.7.14 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/ini v1.8.4 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/v4a v1.4.14 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/accept-encoding v1.13.3 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/checksum v1.9.5 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/presigned-url v1.13.14 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/s3shared v1.19.14 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/signin v1.0.2 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/sso v1.30.5 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/ssooidc v1.35.10 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/sts v1.41.2 // indirect
 	github.com/beorn7/perks v1.0.1 // indirect
-	github.com/bytedance/sonic v1.14.0 // indirect
-	github.com/bytedance/sonic/loader v0.3.0 // indirect
-	github.com/cenkalti/backoff/v4 v4.3.0 // indirect
+	github.com/bytedance/gopkg v0.1.3 // indirect
+	github.com/bytedance/sonic v1.14.2 // indirect
+	github.com/bytedance/sonic/loader v0.4.0 // indirect
 	github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.3.0 // indirect
 	github.com/cloudwego/base64x v0.1.6 // indirect
 	github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1 // indirect
 	github.com/decred/dcrd/dcrec/secp256k1/v4 v4.4.0 // indirect
-	github.com/disintegration/gift v1.1.2 // indirect
+	github.com/disintegration/gift v1.2.1 // indirect
 	github.com/dustin/go-humanize v1.0.1 // indirect
 	github.com/felixge/httpsnoop v1.0.4 // indirect
-	github.com/gabriel-vasile/mimetype v1.4.9 // indirect
+	github.com/fxamacker/cbor/v2 v2.9.0 // indirect
+	github.com/gabriel-vasile/mimetype v1.4.11 // indirect
 	github.com/gin-contrib/sse v1.1.0 // indirect
-	github.com/go-asn1-ber/asn1-ber v1.5.7 // indirect
+	github.com/go-asn1-ber/asn1-ber v1.5.8-0.20250403174932-29230038a667 // indirect
 	github.com/go-logr/logr v1.4.3 // indirect
 	github.com/go-logr/stdr v1.2.2 // indirect
 	github.com/go-playground/locales v0.14.1 // indirect
 	github.com/go-playground/universal-translator v0.18.1 // indirect
-	github.com/go-webauthn/x v0.1.23 // indirect
+	github.com/go-viper/mapstructure/v2 v2.4.0 // indirect
+	github.com/go-webauthn/x v0.1.26 // indirect
 	github.com/goccy/go-json v0.10.5 // indirect
-	github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v5 v5.2.3 // indirect
+	github.com/goccy/go-yaml v1.18.0 // indirect
+	github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v5 v5.3.0 // indirect
 	github.com/google/go-github/v39 v39.2.0 // indirect
 	github.com/google/go-querystring v1.1.0 // indirect
-	github.com/google/go-tpm v0.9.5 // indirect
-	github.com/grpc-ecosystem/grpc-gateway/v2 v2.26.1 // indirect
+	github.com/google/go-tpm v0.9.7 // indirect
+	github.com/grpc-ecosystem/grpc-gateway/v2 v2.27.3 // indirect
 	github.com/hashicorp/errwrap v1.1.0 // indirect
 	github.com/hashicorp/go-multierror v1.1.1 // indirect
 	github.com/inconshreveable/mousetrap v1.1.0 // indirect
 	github.com/jackc/pgpassfile v1.0.0 // indirect
 	github.com/jackc/pgservicefile v0.0.0-20240606120523-5a60cdf6a761 // indirect
-	github.com/jackc/pgx/v5 v5.7.5 // indirect
+	github.com/jackc/pgx/v5 v5.7.6 // indirect
 	github.com/jackc/puddle/v2 v2.2.2 // indirect
 	github.com/jinzhu/inflection v1.0.0 // indirect
 	github.com/jinzhu/now v1.1.5 // indirect
@@ -93,57 +114,61 @@ require (
 	github.com/klauspost/cpuid/v2 v2.3.0 // indirect
 	github.com/leodido/go-urn v1.4.0 // indirect
 	github.com/lestrrat-go/blackmagic v1.0.4 // indirect
+	github.com/lestrrat-go/dsig v1.0.0 // indirect
+	github.com/lestrrat-go/dsig-secp256k1 v1.0.0 // indirect
 	github.com/lestrrat-go/httpcc v1.0.1 // indirect
 	github.com/lestrrat-go/option v1.0.1 // indirect
 	github.com/lestrrat-go/option/v2 v2.0.0 // indirect
 	github.com/lib/pq v1.10.9 // indirect
-	github.com/mattn/go-sqlite3 v1.14.24 // indirect
-	github.com/mitchellh/mapstructure v1.5.0 // indirect
+	github.com/mattn/go-sqlite3 v1.14.32 // indirect
 	github.com/modern-go/concurrent v0.0.0-20180306012644-bacd9c7ef1dd // indirect
 	github.com/modern-go/reflect2 v1.0.2 // indirect
 	github.com/munnerz/goautoneg v0.0.0-20191010083416-a7dc8b61c822 // indirect
-	github.com/ncruces/go-strftime v0.1.9 // indirect
+	github.com/ncruces/go-strftime v1.0.0 // indirect
 	github.com/pelletier/go-toml/v2 v2.2.4 // indirect
 	github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.0 // indirect
-	github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.22.0 // indirect
-	github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.6.1 // indirect
-	github.com/prometheus/common v0.62.0 // indirect
-	github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.15.1 // indirect
+	github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.23.2 // indirect
+	github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.6.2 // indirect
+	github.com/prometheus/common v0.67.4 // indirect
+	github.com/prometheus/otlptranslator v1.0.0 // indirect
+	github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.19.2 // indirect
+	github.com/quic-go/qpack v0.6.0 // indirect
+	github.com/quic-go/quic-go v0.57.0 // indirect
 	github.com/remyoudompheng/bigfft v0.0.0-20230129092748-24d4a6f8daec // indirect
 	github.com/robfig/cron/v3 v3.0.1 // indirect
-	github.com/segmentio/asm v1.2.0 // indirect
-	github.com/spf13/pflag v1.0.6 // indirect
+	github.com/segmentio/asm v1.2.1 // indirect
+	github.com/spf13/pflag v1.0.10 // indirect
 	github.com/twitchyliquid64/golang-asm v0.15.1 // indirect
-	github.com/ugorji/go/codec v1.3.0 // indirect
+	github.com/ugorji/go/codec v1.3.1 // indirect
 	github.com/valyala/fastjson v1.6.4 // indirect
 	github.com/x448/float16 v0.8.4 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/auto/sdk v1.1.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/bridges/prometheus v0.59.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlplog/otlploggrpc v0.10.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlplog/otlploghttp v0.10.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlpmetric/otlpmetricgrpc v1.35.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlpmetric/otlpmetrichttp v1.35.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace v1.35.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace/otlptracegrpc v1.35.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace/otlptracehttp v1.35.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/prometheus v0.57.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/stdout/stdoutlog v0.10.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/stdout/stdoutmetric v1.35.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/stdout/stdouttrace v1.35.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/proto/otlp v1.5.0 // indirect
-	go.uber.org/atomic v1.11.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/arch v0.20.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20250813145105-42675adae3e6 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/net v0.43.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.27.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/sys v0.35.0 // indirect
-	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20250218202821-56aae31c358a // indirect
-	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20250218202821-56aae31c358a // indirect
-	google.golang.org/grpc v1.71.0 // indirect
-	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.7 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/auto/sdk v1.2.1 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/bridges/prometheus v0.63.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlplog/otlploggrpc v0.14.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlplog/otlploghttp v0.14.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlpmetric/otlpmetricgrpc v1.38.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlpmetric/otlpmetrichttp v1.38.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace v1.38.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace/otlptracegrpc v1.38.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace/otlptracehttp v1.38.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/prometheus v0.60.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/stdout/stdoutlog v0.14.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/stdout/stdoutmetric v1.38.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/stdout/stdouttrace v1.38.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/proto/otlp v1.9.0 // indirect
+	go.yaml.in/yaml/v2 v2.4.3 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/arch v0.23.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20251125195548-87e1e737ad39 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/net v0.47.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.33.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/sys v0.38.0 // indirect
+	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20251124214823-79d6a2a48846 // indirect
+	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20251124214823-79d6a2a48846 // indirect
+	google.golang.org/grpc v1.77.0 // indirect
+	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.10 // indirect
 	gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 // indirect
-	modernc.org/libc v1.66.7 // indirect
+	modernc.org/libc v1.67.1 // indirect
 	modernc.org/mathutil v1.7.1 // indirect
 	modernc.org/memory v1.11.0 // indirect
-	modernc.org/sqlite v1.38.2 // indirect
+	modernc.org/sqlite v1.40.1 // indirect
 )

backend/go.sum

@@ -1,77 +1,120 @@
 github.com/Azure/go-ansiterm v0.0.0-20230124172434-306776ec8161 h1:L/gRVlceqvL25UVaW/CKtUDjefjrs0SPonmDGUVOYP0=
 github.com/Azure/go-ansiterm v0.0.0-20230124172434-306776ec8161/go.mod h1:xomTg63KZ2rFqZQzSB4Vz2SUXa1BpHTVz9L5PTmPC4E=
-github.com/Azure/go-ntlmssp v0.0.0-20221128193559-754e69321358 h1:mFRzDkZVAjdal+s7s0MwaRv9igoPqLRdzOLzw/8Xvq8=
-github.com/Azure/go-ntlmssp v0.0.0-20221128193559-754e69321358/go.mod h1:chxPXzSsl7ZWRAuOIE23GDNzjWuZquvFlgA8xmpunjU=
+github.com/Azure/go-ntlmssp v0.1.0 h1:DjFo6YtWzNqNvQdrwEyr/e4nhU3vRiwenz5QX7sFz+A=
+github.com/Azure/go-ntlmssp v0.1.0/go.mod h1:NYqdhxd/8aAct/s4qSYZEerdPuH1liG2/X9DiVTbhpk=
 github.com/Microsoft/go-winio v0.6.2 h1:F2VQgta7ecxGYO8k3ZZz3RS8fVIXVxONVUPlNERoyfY=
 github.com/Microsoft/go-winio v0.6.2/go.mod h1:yd8OoFMLzJbo9gZq8j5qaps8bJ9aShtEA8Ipt1oGCvU=
-github.com/alexbrainman/sspi v0.0.0-20231016080023-1a75b4708caa h1:LHTHcTQiSGT7VVbI0o4wBRNQIgn917usHWOd6VAffYI=
-github.com/alexbrainman/sspi v0.0.0-20231016080023-1a75b4708caa/go.mod h1:cEWa1LVoE5KvSD9ONXsZrj0z6KqySlCCNKHlLzbqAt4=
+github.com/alexbrainman/sspi v0.0.0-20250919150558-7d374ff0d59e h1:4dAU9FXIyQktpoUAgOJK3OTFc/xug0PCXYCqU0FgDKI=
+github.com/alexbrainman/sspi v0.0.0-20250919150558-7d374ff0d59e/go.mod h1:cEWa1LVoE5KvSD9ONXsZrj0z6KqySlCCNKHlLzbqAt4=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2 v1.40.0 h1:/WMUA0kjhZExjOQN2z3oLALDREea1A7TobfuiBrKlwc=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2 v1.40.0/go.mod h1:c9pm7VwuW0UPxAEYGyTmyurVcNrbF6Rt/wixFqDhcjE=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/aws/protocol/eventstream v1.7.3 h1:DHctwEM8P8iTXFxC/QK0MRjwEpWQeM9yzidCRjldUz0=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/aws/protocol/eventstream v1.7.3/go.mod h1:xdCzcZEtnSTKVDOmUZs4l/j3pSV6rpo1WXl5ugNsL8Y=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/config v1.32.2 h1:4liUsdEpUUPZs5WVapsJLx5NPmQhQdez7nYFcovrytk=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/config v1.32.2/go.mod h1:l0hs06IFz1eCT+jTacU/qZtC33nvcnLADAPL/XyrkZI=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/credentials v1.19.2 h1:qZry8VUyTK4VIo5aEdUcBjPZHL2v4FyQ3QEOaWcFLu4=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/credentials v1.19.2/go.mod h1:YUqm5a1/kBnoK+/NY5WEiMocZihKSo15/tJdmdXnM5g=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/feature/ec2/imds v1.18.14 h1:WZVR5DbDgxzA0BJeudId89Kmgy6DIU4ORpxwsVHz0qA=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/feature/ec2/imds v1.18.14/go.mod h1:Dadl9QO0kHgbrH1GRqGiZdYtW5w+IXXaBNCHTIaheM4=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/configsources v1.4.14 h1:PZHqQACxYb8mYgms4RZbhZG0a7dPW06xOjmaH0EJC/I=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/configsources v1.4.14/go.mod h1:VymhrMJUWs69D8u0/lZ7jSB6WgaG/NqHi3gX0aYf6U0=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/endpoints/v2 v2.7.14 h1:bOS19y6zlJwagBfHxs0ESzr1XCOU2KXJCWcq3E2vfjY=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/endpoints/v2 v2.7.14/go.mod h1:1ipeGBMAxZ0xcTm6y6paC2C/J6f6OO7LBODV9afuAyM=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/ini v1.8.4 h1:WKuaxf++XKWlHWu9ECbMlha8WOEGm0OUEZqm4K/Gcfk=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/ini v1.8.4/go.mod h1:ZWy7j6v1vWGmPReu0iSGvRiise4YI5SkR3OHKTZ6Wuc=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/v4a v1.4.14 h1:ITi7qiDSv/mSGDSWNpZ4k4Ve0DQR6Ug2SJQ8zEHoDXg=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/v4a v1.4.14/go.mod h1:k1xtME53H1b6YpZt74YmwlONMWf4ecM+lut1WQLAF/U=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/accept-encoding v1.13.3 h1:x2Ibm/Af8Fi+BH+Hsn9TXGdT+hKbDd5XOTZxTMxDk7o=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/accept-encoding v1.13.3/go.mod h1:IW1jwyrQgMdhisceG8fQLmQIydcT/jWY21rFhzgaKwo=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/checksum v1.9.5 h1:Hjkh7kE6D81PgrHlE/m9gx+4TyyeLHuY8xJs7yXN5C4=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/checksum v1.9.5/go.mod h1:nPRXgyCfAurhyaTMoBMwRBYBhaHI4lNPAnJmjM0Tslc=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/presigned-url v1.13.14 h1:FIouAnCE46kyYqyhs0XEBDFFSREtdnr8HQuLPQPLCrY=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/presigned-url v1.13.14/go.mod h1:UTwDc5COa5+guonQU8qBikJo1ZJ4ln2r1MkF7Dqag1E=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/s3shared v1.19.14 h1:FzQE21lNtUor0Fb7QNgnEyiRCBlolLTX/Z1j65S7teM=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/s3shared v1.19.14/go.mod h1:s1ydyWG9pm3ZwmmYN21HKyG9WzAZhYVW85wMHs5FV6w=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/s3 v1.92.1 h1:OgQy/+0+Kc3khtqiEOk23xQAglXi3Tj0y5doOxbi5tg=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/s3 v1.92.1/go.mod h1:wYNqY3L02Z3IgRYxOBPH9I1zD9Cjh9hI5QOy/eOjQvw=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/signin v1.0.2 h1:MxMBdKTYBjPQChlJhi4qlEueqB1p1KcbTEa7tD5aqPs=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/signin v1.0.2/go.mod h1:iS6EPmNeqCsGo+xQmXv0jIMjyYtQfnwg36zl2FwEouk=
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-golang.org/x/text v0.9.0/go.mod h1:e1OnstbJyHTd6l/uOt8jFFHp6TRDWZR/bV3emEE/zU8=
-golang.org/x/text v0.13.0/go.mod h1:TvPlkZtksWOMsz7fbANvkp4WM8x/WCo/om8BMLbz+aE=
-golang.org/x/text v0.14.0/go.mod h1:18ZOQIKpY8NJVqYksKHtTdi31H5itFRjB5/qKTNYzSU=
-golang.org/x/text v0.15.0/go.mod h1:18ZOQIKpY8NJVqYksKHtTdi31H5itFRjB5/qKTNYzSU=
-golang.org/x/text v0.21.0/go.mod h1:4IBbMaMmOPCJ8SecivzSH54+73PCFmPWxNTLm+vZkEQ=
-golang.org/x/text v0.28.0 h1:rhazDwis8INMIwQ4tpjLDzUhx6RlXqZNPEM0huQojng=
-golang.org/x/text v0.28.0/go.mod h1:U8nCwOR8jO/marOQ0QbDiOngZVEBB7MAiitBuMjXiNU=
-golang.org/x/time v0.12.0 h1:ScB/8o8olJvc+CQPWrK3fPZNfh7qgwCrY0zJmoEQLSE=
-golang.org/x/time v0.12.0/go.mod h1:CDIdPxbZBQxdj6cxyCIdrNogrJKMJ7pr37NYpMcMDSg=
+golang.org/x/text v0.31.0 h1:aC8ghyu4JhP8VojJ2lEHBnochRno1sgL6nEi9WGFGMM=
+golang.org/x/text v0.31.0/go.mod h1:tKRAlv61yKIjGGHX/4tP1LTbc13YSec1pxVEWXzfoeM=
+golang.org/x/time v0.14.0 h1:MRx4UaLrDotUKUdCIqzPC48t1Y9hANFKIRpNx+Te8PI=
+golang.org/x/time v0.14.0/go.mod h1:eL/Oa2bBBK0TkX57Fyni+NgnyQQN4LitPmob2Hjnqw4=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20180917221912-90fa682c2a6e/go.mod h1:n7NCudcB/nEzxVGmLbDWY5pfWTLqBcC2KZ6jyYvM4mQ=
-golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20191119224855-298f0cb1881e/go.mod h1:b+2E5dAYhXwXZwtnZ6UAqBI28+e2cm9otk0dWdXHAEo=
-golang.org/x/tools v0.1.12/go.mod h1:hNGJHUnrk76NpqgfD5Aqm5Crs+Hm0VOH/i9J2+nxYbc=
-golang.org/x/tools v0.6.0/go.mod h1:Xwgl3UAJ/d3gWutnCtw505GrjyAbvKui8lOU390QaIU=
-golang.org/x/tools v0.13.0/go.mod h1:HvlwmtVNQAhOuCjW7xxvovg8wbNq7LwfXh/k7wXUl58=
-golang.org/x/tools v0.21.1-0.20240508182429-e35e4ccd0d2d/go.mod h1:aiJjzUbINMkxbQROHiO6hDPo2LHcIPhhQsa9DLh0yGk=
-golang.org/x/tools v0.36.0 h1:kWS0uv/zsvHEle1LbV5LE8QujrxB3wfQyxHfhOk0Qkg=
-golang.org/x/tools v0.36.0/go.mod h1:WBDiHKJK8YgLHlcQPYQzNCkUxUypCaa5ZegCVutKm+s=
-golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20190717185122-a985d3407aa7/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
+golang.org/x/tools v0.39.0 h1:ik4ho21kwuQln40uelmciQPp9SipgNDdrafrYA4TmQQ=
+golang.org/x/tools v0.39.0/go.mod h1:JnefbkDPyD8UU2kI5fuf8ZX4/yUeh9W877ZeBONxUqQ=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20191204190536-9bdfabe68543/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
+gonum.org/v1/gonum v0.16.0 h1:5+ul4Swaf3ESvrOnidPp4GZbzf0mxVQpDCYUQE7OJfk=
+gonum.org/v1/gonum v0.16.0/go.mod h1:fef3am4MQ93R2HHpKnLk4/Tbh/s0+wqD5nfa6Pnwy4E=
 google.golang.org/appengine v1.6.7/go.mod h1:8WjMMxjGQR8xUklV/ARdw2HLXBOI7O7uCIDZVag1xfc=
-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20250218202821-56aae31c358a h1:nwKuGPlUAt+aR+pcrkfFRrTU1BVrSmYyYMxYbUIVHr0=
-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20250218202821-56aae31c358a/go.mod h1:3kWAYMk1I75K4vykHtKt2ycnOgpA6974V7bREqbsenU=
-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20250218202821-56aae31c358a h1:51aaUVRocpvUOSQKM6Q7VuoaktNIaMCLuhZB6DKksq4=
-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20250218202821-56aae31c358a/go.mod h1:uRxBH1mhmO8PGhU89cMcHaXKZqO+OfakD8QQO0oYwlQ=
-google.golang.org/grpc v1.71.0 h1:kF77BGdPTQ4/JZWMlb9VpJ5pa25aqvVqogsxNHHdeBg=
-google.golang.org/grpc v1.71.0/go.mod h1:H0GRtasmQOh9LkFoCPDu3ZrwUtD1YGE+b2vYBYd/8Ec=
-google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.7 h1:IgrO7UwFQGJdRNXH/sQux4R1Dj1WAKcLElzeeRaXV2A=
-google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.7/go.mod h1:jduwjTPXsFjZGTmRluh+L6NjiWu7pchiJ2/5YcXBHnY=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20251124214823-79d6a2a48846 h1:ZdyUkS9po3H7G0tuh955QVyyotWvOD4W0aEapeGeUYk=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20251124214823-79d6a2a48846/go.mod h1:Fk4kyraUvqD7i5H6S43sj2W98fbZa75lpZz/eUyhfO0=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20251124214823-79d6a2a48846 h1:Wgl1rcDNThT+Zn47YyCXOXyX/COgMTIdhJ717F0l4xk=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20251124214823-79d6a2a48846/go.mod h1:7i2o+ce6H/6BluujYR+kqX3GKH+dChPTQU19wjRPiGk=
+google.golang.org/grpc v1.77.0 h1:wVVY6/8cGA6vvffn+wWK5ToddbgdU3d8MNENr4evgXM=
+google.golang.org/grpc v1.77.0/go.mod h1:z0BY1iVj0q8E1uSQCjL9cppRj+gnZjzDnzV0dHhrNig=
+google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.10 h1:AYd7cD/uASjIL6Q9LiTjz8JLcrh/88q5UObnmY3aOOE=
+google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.10/go.mod h1:HTf+CrKn2C3g5S8VImy6tdcUvCska2kB7j23XfzDpco=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v0.0.0-20161208181325-20d25e280405/go.mod h1:Co6ibVJAznAaIkqp8huTwlJQCZ016jof/cbN4VW5Yz0=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20201130134442-10cb98267c6c h1:Hei/4ADfdWqJk1ZMxUNpqntNwaWcugrBjAiHlqqRiVk=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20201130134442-10cb98267c6c/go.mod h1:JHkPIbrfpd72SG/EVd6muEfDQjcINNoR0C8j2r3qZ4Q=
-gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.2.2/go.mod h1:hI93XBmqTisBFMUTm0b8Fm+jr3Dg1NNxqwp+5A1VGuI=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.0-20200313102051-9f266ea9e77c/go.mod h1:K4uyk7z7BCEPqu6E+C64Yfv1cQ7kz7rIZviUmN+EgEM=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 h1:fxVm/GzAzEWqLHuvctI91KS9hhNmmWOoWu0XTYJS7CA=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1/go.mod h1:K4uyk7z7BCEPqu6E+C64Yfv1cQ7kz7rIZviUmN+EgEM=
 gorm.io/driver/postgres v1.6.0 h1:2dxzU8xJ+ivvqTRph34QX+WrRaJlmfyPqXmoGVjMBa4=
 gorm.io/driver/postgres v1.6.0/go.mod h1:vUw0mrGgrTK+uPHEhAdV4sfFELrByKVGnaVRkXDhtWo=
-gorm.io/gorm v1.30.1 h1:lSHg33jJTBxs2mgJRfRZeLDG+WZaHYCk3Wtfl6Ngzo4=
-gorm.io/gorm v1.30.1/go.mod h1:8Z33v652h4//uMA76KjeDH8mJXPm1QNCYrMeatR0DOE=
-modernc.org/cc/v4 v4.26.3 h1:yEN8dzrkRFnn4PUUKXLYIqVf2PJYAEjMTFjO3BDGc3I=
-modernc.org/cc/v4 v4.26.3/go.mod h1:uVtb5OGqUKpoLWhqwNQo/8LwvoiEBLvZXIQ/SmO6mL0=
-modernc.org/ccgo/v4 v4.28.0 h1:rjznn6WWehKq7dG4JtLRKxb52Ecv8OUGah8+Z/SfpNU=
-modernc.org/ccgo/v4 v4.28.0/go.mod h1:JygV3+9AV6SmPhDasu4JgquwU81XAKLd3OKTUDNOiKE=
-modernc.org/fileutil v1.3.15 h1:rJAXTP6ilMW/1+kzDiqmBlHLWszheUFXIyGQIAvjJpY=
-modernc.org/fileutil v1.3.15/go.mod h1:HxmghZSZVAz/LXcMNwZPA/DRrQZEVP9VX0V4LQGQFOc=
+gorm.io/gorm v1.31.1 h1:7CA8FTFz/gRfgqgpeKIBcervUn3xSyPUmr6B2WXJ7kg=
+gorm.io/gorm v1.31.1/go.mod h1:XyQVbO2k6YkOis7C2437jSit3SsDK72s7n7rsSHd+Gs=
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+modernc.org/ccgo/v4 v4.30.1 h1:4r4U1J6Fhj98NKfSjnPUN7Ze2c6MnAdL0hWw6+LrJpc=
+modernc.org/ccgo/v4 v4.30.1/go.mod h1:bIOeI1JL54Utlxn+LwrFyjCx2n2RDiYEaJVSrgdrRfM=
+modernc.org/fileutil v1.3.40 h1:ZGMswMNc9JOCrcrakF1HrvmergNLAmxOPjizirpfqBA=
+modernc.org/fileutil v1.3.40/go.mod h1:HxmghZSZVAz/LXcMNwZPA/DRrQZEVP9VX0V4LQGQFOc=
 modernc.org/gc/v2 v2.6.5 h1:nyqdV8q46KvTpZlsw66kWqwXRHdjIlJOhG6kxiV/9xI=
 modernc.org/gc/v2 v2.6.5/go.mod h1:YgIahr1ypgfe7chRuJi2gD7DBQiKSLMPgBQe9oIiito=
+modernc.org/gc/v3 v3.1.1 h1:k8T3gkXWY9sEiytKhcgyiZ2L0DTyCQ/nvX+LoCljoRE=
+modernc.org/gc/v3 v3.1.1/go.mod h1:HFK/6AGESC7Ex+EZJhJ2Gni6cTaYpSMmU/cT9RmlfYY=
 modernc.org/goabi0 v0.2.0 h1:HvEowk7LxcPd0eq6mVOAEMai46V+i7Jrj13t4AzuNks=
 modernc.org/goabi0 v0.2.0/go.mod h1:CEFRnnJhKvWT1c1JTI3Avm+tgOWbkOu5oPA8eH8LnMI=
-modernc.org/libc v1.66.7 h1:rjhZ8OSCybKWxS1CJr0hikpEi6Vg+944Ouyrd+bQsoY=
-modernc.org/libc v1.66.7/go.mod h1:ln6tbWX0NH+mzApEoDRvilBvAWFt1HX7AUA4VDdVDPM=
+modernc.org/libc v1.67.1 h1:bFaqOaa5/zbWYJo8aW0tXPX21hXsngG2M7mckCnFSVk=
+modernc.org/libc v1.67.1/go.mod h1:QvvnnJ5P7aitu0ReNpVIEyesuhmDLQ8kaEoyMjIFZJA=
 modernc.org/mathutil v1.7.1 h1:GCZVGXdaN8gTqB1Mf/usp1Y/hSqgI2vAGGP4jZMCxOU=
 modernc.org/mathutil v1.7.1/go.mod h1:4p5IwJITfppl0G4sUEDtCr4DthTaT47/N3aT6MhfgJg=
 modernc.org/memory v1.11.0 h1:o4QC8aMQzmcwCK3t3Ux/ZHmwFPzE6hf2Y5LbkRs+hbI=
@@ -461,8 +467,8 @@ modernc.org/opt v0.1.4 h1:2kNGMRiUjrp4LcaPuLY2PzUfqM/w9N23quVwhKt5Qm8=
 modernc.org/opt v0.1.4/go.mod h1:03fq9lsNfvkYSfxrfUhZCWPk1lm4cq4N+Bh//bEtgns=
 modernc.org/sortutil v1.2.1 h1:+xyoGf15mM3NMlPDnFqrteY07klSFxLElE2PVuWIJ7w=
 modernc.org/sortutil v1.2.1/go.mod h1:7ZI3a3REbai7gzCLcotuw9AC4VZVpYMjDzETGsSMqJE=
-modernc.org/sqlite v1.38.2 h1:Aclu7+tgjgcQVShZqim41Bbw9Cho0y/7WzYptXqkEek=
-modernc.org/sqlite v1.38.2/go.mod h1:cPTJYSlgg3Sfg046yBShXENNtPrWrDX8bsbAQBzgQ5E=
+modernc.org/sqlite v1.40.1 h1:VfuXcxcUWWKRBuP8+BR9L7VnmusMgBNNnBYGEe9w/iY=
+modernc.org/sqlite v1.40.1/go.mod h1:9fjQZ0mB1LLP0GYrp39oOJXx/I2sxEnZtzCmEQIKvGE=
 modernc.org/strutil v1.2.1 h1:UneZBkQA+DX2Rp35KcM69cSsNES9ly8mQWD71HKlOA0=
 modernc.org/strutil v1.2.1/go.mod h1:EHkiggD70koQxjVdSBM3JKM7k6L0FbGE5eymy9i3B9A=
 modernc.org/token v1.1.0 h1:Xl7Ap9dKaEs5kLoOQeQmPWevfnk/DM5qcLcYlA8ys6Y=

backend/internal/bootstrap/app_images_bootstrap.go

@@ -2,68 +2,76 @@ package bootstrap
 
 import (
 	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"crypto/sha256"
 	"encoding/hex"
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"io/fs"
 	"log/slog"
 	"os"
 	"path"
 
-	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/common"
+	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/storage"
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/utils"
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/resources"
 )
 
-// initApplicationImages copies the images from the images directory to the application-images directory
+// initApplicationImages copies the images from the embedded directory to the storage backend
 // and returns a map containing the detected file extensions in the application-images directory.
-func initApplicationImages() (map[string]string, error) {
+func initApplicationImages(ctx context.Context, fileStorage storage.FileStorage) (map[string]string, error) {
 	// Previous versions of images
 	// If these are found, they are deleted
 	legacyImageHashes := imageHashMap{
 		"background.jpg": mustDecodeHex("138d510030ed845d1d74de34658acabff562d306476454369a60ab8ade31933f"),
 	}
 
-	dirPath := common.EnvConfig.UploadPath + "/application-images"
-
 	sourceFiles, err := resources.FS.ReadDir("images")
 	if err != nil && !os.IsNotExist(err) {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to read directory: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	destinationFiles, err := os.ReadDir(dirPath)
-	if err != nil && !os.IsNotExist(err) {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to read directory: %w", err)
+	destinationFiles, err := fileStorage.List(ctx, "application-images")
+	if err != nil {
+		if storage.IsNotExist(err) {
+			destinationFiles = []storage.ObjectInfo{}
+		} else {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to list application images: %w", err)
+		}
+
 	}
 	dstNameToExt := make(map[string]string, len(destinationFiles))
 	for _, f := range destinationFiles {
-		if f.IsDir() {
-			continue
-		}
-		name := f.Name()
-		nameWithoutExt, ext := utils.SplitFileName(name)
-		destFilePath := path.Join(dirPath, name)
-
 		// Skip directories
-		if f.IsDir() {
+		_, name := path.Split(f.Path)
+		if name == "" {
 			continue
 		}
-
-		h, err := utils.CreateSha256FileHash(destFilePath)
+		nameWithoutExt, ext := utils.SplitFileName(name)
+		reader, _, err := fileStorage.Open(ctx, f.Path)
 		if err != nil {
-			slog.Warn("Failed to get hash for file", slog.String("name", name), slog.Any("error", err))
+			if errors.Is(err, fs.ErrNotExist) {
+				continue
+			}
+			slog.Warn("Failed to open application image for hashing", slog.String("name", name), slog.Any("error", err))
+			continue
+		}
+		hash, err := hashStream(reader)
+		reader.Close()
+		if err != nil {
+			slog.Warn("Failed to hash application image", slog.String("name", name), slog.Any("error", err))
 			continue
 		}
 
 		// Check if the file is a legacy one - if so, delete it
-		if legacyImageHashes.Contains(h) {
+		if legacyImageHashes.Contains(hash) {
 			slog.Info("Found legacy application image that will be removed", slog.String("name", name))
-			err = os.Remove(destFilePath)
-			if err != nil {
+			if err := fileStorage.Delete(ctx, f.Path); err != nil {
 				return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to remove legacy file '%s': %w", name, err)
 			}
 			continue
 		}
-
-		// Track existing files
 		dstNameToExt[nameWithoutExt] = ext
 	}
 
@@ -76,21 +84,21 @@ func initApplicationImages() (map[string]string, error) {
 		name := sourceFile.Name()
 		nameWithoutExt, ext := utils.SplitFileName(name)
 		srcFilePath := path.Join("images", name)
-		destFilePath := path.Join(dirPath, name)
 
-		// Skip if there's already an image at the path
-		// We do not check the extension because users could have uploaded a different one
 		if _, exists := dstNameToExt[nameWithoutExt]; exists {
 			continue
 		}
 
 		slog.Info("Writing new application image", slog.String("name", name))
-		err := utils.CopyEmbeddedFileToDisk(srcFilePath, destFilePath)
+		srcFile, err := resources.FS.Open(srcFilePath)
 		if err != nil {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to copy file: %w", err)
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to open embedded file '%s': %w", name, err)
 		}
-
-		// Track the newly copied file so it can be included in the extensions map later
+		if err := fileStorage.Save(ctx, path.Join("application-images", name), srcFile); err != nil {
+			srcFile.Close()
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to store application image '%s': %w", name, err)
+		}
+		srcFile.Close()
 		dstNameToExt[nameWithoutExt] = ext
 	}
 
@@ -118,3 +126,11 @@ func mustDecodeHex(str string) []byte {
 	}
 	return b
 }
+
+func hashStream(r io.Reader) ([]byte, error) {
+	h := sha256.New()
+	if _, err := io.Copy(h, r); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return h.Sum(nil), nil
+}

backend/internal/bootstrap/bootstrap.go

@@ -7,13 +7,25 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	_ "github.com/golang-migrate/migrate/v4/source/file"
+	"gorm.io/gorm"
 
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/common"
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/job"
+	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/storage"
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/utils"
 )
 
 func Bootstrap(ctx context.Context) error {
+	var shutdownFns []utils.Service
+	defer func() { //nolint:contextcheck
+		// Invoke all shutdown functions on exit
+		shutdownCtx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 5*time.Second)
+		defer cancel()
+		if err := utils.NewServiceRunner(shutdownFns...).Run(shutdownCtx); err != nil {
+			slog.Error("Error during graceful shutdown", "error", err)
+		}
+	}()
+
 	// Initialize the observability stack, including the logger, distributed tracing, and metrics
 	shutdownFns, httpClient, err := initObservability(ctx, common.EnvConfig.MetricsEnabled, common.EnvConfig.TracingEnabled)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -21,23 +33,47 @@ func Bootstrap(ctx context.Context) error {
 	}
 	slog.InfoContext(ctx, "Pocket ID is starting")
 
-	imageExtensions, err := initApplicationImages()
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to initialize application images: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	// Connect to the database
 	db, err := NewDatabase()
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to initialize database: %w", err)
 	}
 
+	fileStorage, err := InitStorage(ctx, db)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to initialize file storage (backend: %s): %w", common.EnvConfig.FileBackend, err)
+	}
+
+	imageExtensions, err := initApplicationImages(ctx, fileStorage)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to initialize application images: %w", err)
+	}
+
 	// Create all services
-	svc, err := initServices(ctx, db, httpClient, imageExtensions)
+	svc, err := initServices(ctx, db, httpClient, imageExtensions, fileStorage)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to initialize services: %w", err)
 	}
 
+	waitUntil, err := svc.appLockService.Acquire(ctx, false)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to acquire application lock: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	select {
+	case <-ctx.Done():
+		return ctx.Err()
+	case <-time.After(time.Until(waitUntil)):
+	}
+
+	shutdownFn := func(shutdownCtx context.Context) error {
+		sErr := svc.appLockService.Release(shutdownCtx)
+		if sErr != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to release application lock: %w", sErr)
+		}
+		return nil
+	}
+	shutdownFns = append(shutdownFns, shutdownFn)
+
 	// Init the job scheduler
 	scheduler, err := job.NewScheduler()
 	if err != nil {
@@ -49,28 +85,51 @@ func Bootstrap(ctx context.Context) error {
 	}
 
 	// Init the router
-	router := initRouter(db, svc)
+	router, err := initRouter(db, svc)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to initialize router: %w", err)
+	}
 
 	// Run all background services
 	// This call blocks until the context is canceled
-	err = utils.
-		NewServiceRunner(router, scheduler.Run).
-		Run(ctx)
+	services := []utils.Service{svc.appLockService.RunRenewal, router}
+
+	if common.EnvConfig.AppEnv != "test" {
+		services = append(services, scheduler.Run)
+	}
+
+	err = utils.NewServiceRunner(services...).Run(ctx)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to run services: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	// Invoke all shutdown functions
-	// We give these a timeout of 5s
-	// Note: we use a background context because the run context has been canceled already
-	shutdownCtx, shutdownCancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 5*time.Second)
-	defer shutdownCancel()
-	err = utils.
-		NewServiceRunner(shutdownFns...).
-		Run(shutdownCtx) //nolint:contextcheck
-	if err != nil {
-		slog.Error("Error shutting down services", slog.Any("error", err))
-	}
-
 	return nil
 }
+
+func InitStorage(ctx context.Context, db *gorm.DB) (fileStorage storage.FileStorage, err error) {
+	switch common.EnvConfig.FileBackend {
+	case storage.TypeFileSystem:
+		fileStorage, err = storage.NewFilesystemStorage(common.EnvConfig.UploadPath)
+	case storage.TypeDatabase:
+		fileStorage, err = storage.NewDatabaseStorage(db)
+	case storage.TypeS3:
+		s3Cfg := storage.S3Config{
+			Bucket:                        common.EnvConfig.S3Bucket,
+			Region:                        common.EnvConfig.S3Region,
+			Endpoint:                      common.EnvConfig.S3Endpoint,
+			AccessKeyID:                   common.EnvConfig.S3AccessKeyID,
+			SecretAccessKey:               common.EnvConfig.S3SecretAccessKey,
+			ForcePathStyle:                common.EnvConfig.S3ForcePathStyle,
+			DisableDefaultIntegrityChecks: common.EnvConfig.S3DisableDefaultIntegrityChecks,
+			Root:                          common.EnvConfig.UploadPath,
+		}
+		fileStorage, err = storage.NewS3Storage(ctx, s3Cfg)
+	default:
+		err = fmt.Errorf("unknown file storage backend: %s", common.EnvConfig.FileBackend)
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		return fileStorage, err
+	}
+
+	return fileStorage, nil
+}

backend/internal/bootstrap/db_bootstrap.go

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package bootstrap
 
 import (
+	"database/sql"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"log/slog"
@@ -11,12 +12,7 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/glebarez/sqlite"
-	"github.com/golang-migrate/migrate/v4"
-	"github.com/golang-migrate/migrate/v4/database"
-	postgresMigrate "github.com/golang-migrate/migrate/v4/database/postgres"
-	sqliteMigrate "github.com/golang-migrate/migrate/v4/database/sqlite3"
 	_ "github.com/golang-migrate/migrate/v4/source/github"
-	"github.com/golang-migrate/migrate/v4/source/iofs"
 	slogGorm "github.com/orandin/slog-gorm"
 	"gorm.io/driver/postgres"
 	"gorm.io/gorm"
@@ -25,11 +21,10 @@ import (
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/common"
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/utils"
 	sqliteutil "github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/utils/sqlite"
-	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/resources"
 )
 
 func NewDatabase() (db *gorm.DB, err error) {
-	db, err = connectDatabase()
+	db, err = ConnectDatabase()
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to connect to database: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -38,108 +33,19 @@ func NewDatabase() (db *gorm.DB, err error) {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to get sql.DB: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	// Choose the correct driver for the database provider
-	var driver database.Driver
-	switch common.EnvConfig.DbProvider {
-	case common.DbProviderSqlite:
-		driver, err = sqliteMigrate.WithInstance(sqlDb, &sqliteMigrate.Config{
-			NoTxWrap: true,
-		})
-	case common.DbProviderPostgres:
-		driver, err = postgresMigrate.WithInstance(sqlDb, &postgresMigrate.Config{})
-	default:
-		// Should never happen at this point
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unsupported database provider: %s", common.EnvConfig.DbProvider)
-	}
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create migration driver: %w", err)
-	}
-
 	// Run migrations
-	if err := migrateDatabase(driver); err != nil {
+	if err := utils.MigrateDatabase(sqlDb); err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to run migrations: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	return db, nil
 }
 
-func migrateDatabase(driver database.Driver) error {
-	// Embedded migrations via iofs
-	path := "migrations/" + string(common.EnvConfig.DbProvider)
-	source, err := iofs.New(resources.FS, path)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to create embedded migration source: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	m, err := migrate.NewWithInstance("iofs", source, "pocket-id", driver)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to create migration instance: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	requiredVersion, err := getRequiredMigrationVersion(path)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to get last migration version: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	currentVersion, _, _ := m.Version()
-	if currentVersion > requiredVersion {
-		slog.Warn("Database version is newer than the application supports, possible downgrade detected", slog.Uint64("db_version", uint64(currentVersion)), slog.Uint64("app_version", uint64(requiredVersion)))
-		if !common.EnvConfig.AllowDowngrade {
-			return fmt.Errorf("database version (%d) is newer than application version (%d), downgrades are not allowed (set ALLOW_DOWNGRADE=true to enable)", currentVersion, requiredVersion)
-		}
-		slog.Info("Fetching migrations from GitHub to handle possible downgrades")
-		return migrateDatabaseFromGitHub(driver, requiredVersion)
-	}
-
-	if err := m.Migrate(requiredVersion); err != nil && !errors.Is(err, migrate.ErrNoChange) {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to apply embedded migrations: %w", err)
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
-func migrateDatabaseFromGitHub(driver database.Driver, version uint) error {
-	srcURL := "github://pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/resources/migrations/" + string(common.EnvConfig.DbProvider)
-
-	m, err := migrate.NewWithDatabaseInstance(srcURL, "pocket-id", driver)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to create GitHub migration instance: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	if err := m.Migrate(version); err != nil && !errors.Is(err, migrate.ErrNoChange) {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to apply GitHub migrations: %w", err)
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
-// getRequiredMigrationVersion reads the embedded migration files and returns the highest version number found.
-func getRequiredMigrationVersion(path string) (uint, error) {
-	entries, err := resources.FS.ReadDir(path)
-	if err != nil {
-		return 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to read migration directory: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	var maxVersion uint
-	for _, entry := range entries {
-		if entry.IsDir() {
-			continue
-		}
-		name := entry.Name()
-		var version uint
-		n, err := fmt.Sscanf(name, "%d_", &version)
-		if err == nil && n == 1 {
-			if version > maxVersion {
-				maxVersion = version
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	return maxVersion, nil
-}
-
-func connectDatabase() (db *gorm.DB, err error) {
+func ConnectDatabase() (db *gorm.DB, err error) {
 	var dialector gorm.Dialector
 
 	// Choose the correct database provider
+	var onConnFn func(conn *sql.DB)
 	switch common.EnvConfig.DbProvider {
 	case common.DbProviderSqlite:
 		if common.EnvConfig.DbConnectionString == "" {
@@ -148,7 +54,7 @@ func connectDatabase() (db *gorm.DB, err error) {
 
 		sqliteutil.RegisterSqliteFunctions()
 
-		connString, dbPath, err := parseSqliteConnectionString(common.EnvConfig.DbConnectionString)
+		connString, dbPath, isMemoryDB, err := parseSqliteConnectionString(common.EnvConfig.DbConnectionString)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
@@ -159,6 +65,14 @@ func connectDatabase() (db *gorm.DB, err error) {
 			return nil, err
 		}
 
+		if isMemoryDB {
+			// For in-memory SQLite databases, we must limit to 1 open connection at the same time, or they won't see the whole data
+			// The other workaround, of using shared caches, doesn't work well with multiple write transactions trying to happen at once
+			onConnFn = func(conn *sql.DB) {
+				conn.SetMaxOpenConns(1)
+			}
+		}
+
 		dialector = sqlite.Open(connString)
 	case common.DbProviderPostgres:
 		if common.EnvConfig.DbConnectionString == "" {
@@ -176,6 +90,16 @@ func connectDatabase() (db *gorm.DB, err error) {
 		})
 		if err == nil {
 			slog.Info("Connected to database", slog.String("provider", string(common.EnvConfig.DbProvider)))
+
+			if onConnFn != nil {
+				conn, err := db.DB()
+				if err != nil {
+					slog.Warn("Failed to get database connection, will retry in 3s", slog.Int("attempt", i), slog.String("provider", string(common.EnvConfig.DbProvider)), slog.Any("error", err))
+					time.Sleep(3 * time.Second)
+				}
+				onConnFn(conn)
+			}
+
 			return db, nil
 		}
 
@@ -188,18 +112,18 @@ func connectDatabase() (db *gorm.DB, err error) {
 	return nil, err
 }
 
-func parseSqliteConnectionString(connString string) (parsedConnString string, dbPath string, err error) {
+func parseSqliteConnectionString(connString string) (parsedConnString string, dbPath string, isMemoryDB bool, err error) {
 	if !strings.HasPrefix(connString, "file:") {
 		connString = "file:" + connString
 	}
 
 	// Check if we're using an in-memory database
-	isMemoryDB := isSqliteInMemory(connString)
+	isMemoryDB = isSqliteInMemory(connString)
 
 	// Parse the connection string
 	connStringUrl, err := url.Parse(connString)
 	if err != nil {
-		return "", "", fmt.Errorf("failed to parse SQLite connection string: %w", err)
+		return "", "", false, fmt.Errorf("failed to parse SQLite connection string: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	// Convert options for the old SQLite driver to the new one
@@ -208,7 +132,7 @@ func parseSqliteConnectionString(connString string) (parsedConnString string, db
 	// Add the default and required params
 	err = addSqliteDefaultParameters(connStringUrl, isMemoryDB)
 	if err != nil {
-		return "", "", fmt.Errorf("invalid SQLite connection string: %w", err)
+		return "", "", false, fmt.Errorf("invalid SQLite connection string: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	// Get the absolute path to the database
@@ -217,10 +141,10 @@ func parseSqliteConnectionString(connString string) (parsedConnString string, db
 	idx := strings.IndexRune(parsedConnString, '?')
 	dbPath, err = filepath.Abs(parsedConnString[len("file:"):idx])
 	if err != nil {
-		return "", "", fmt.Errorf("failed to determine absolute path to the database: %w", err)
+		return "", "", false, fmt.Errorf("failed to determine absolute path to the database: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	return parsedConnString, dbPath, nil
+	return parsedConnString, dbPath, isMemoryDB, nil
 }
 
 // The official C implementation of SQLite allows some additional properties in the connection string
@@ -272,11 +196,6 @@ func addSqliteDefaultParameters(connStringUrl *url.URL, isMemoryDB bool) error {
 		qs = make(url.Values, 2)
 	}
 
-	// If the database is in-memory, we must ensure that cache=shared is set
-	if isMemoryDB {
-		qs["cache"] = []string{"shared"}
-	}
-
 	// Check if the database is read-only or immutable
 	isReadOnly := false
 	if len(qs["mode"]) > 0 {

backend/internal/bootstrap/db_bootstrap_test.go

@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ func TestAddSqliteDefaultParameters(t *testing.T) {
 			name:       "in-memory database",
 			input:      "file::memory:",
 			isMemoryDB: true,
-			expected:   "file::memory:?_pragma=busy_timeout%282500%29&_pragma=foreign_keys%281%29&_pragma=journal_mode%28MEMORY%29&_txlock=immediate&cache=shared",
+			expected:   "file::memory:?_pragma=busy_timeout%282500%29&_pragma=foreign_keys%281%29&_pragma=journal_mode%28MEMORY%29&_txlock=immediate",
 		},
 		{
 			name:       "read-only database with mode=ro",
@@ -249,12 +249,6 @@ func TestAddSqliteDefaultParameters(t *testing.T) {
 			isMemoryDB: false,
 			expected:   "file:test.db?_pragma=busy_timeout%283000%29&_pragma=foreign_keys%281%29&_pragma=journal_mode%28TRUNCATE%29&_pragma=synchronous%28NORMAL%29&_txlock=immediate",
 		},
-		{
-			name:       "in-memory database with cache already set",
-			input:      "file::memory:?cache=private",
-			isMemoryDB: true,
-			expected:   "file::memory:?_pragma=busy_timeout%282500%29&_pragma=foreign_keys%281%29&_pragma=journal_mode%28MEMORY%29&_txlock=immediate&cache=shared",
-		},
 		{
 			name:       "database with mode=rw (not read-only)",
 			input:      "file:test.db?mode=rw",

backend/internal/bootstrap/e2etest_router_bootstrap.go

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ import (
 func init() {
 	registerTestControllers = []func(apiGroup *gin.RouterGroup, db *gorm.DB, svc *services){
 		func(apiGroup *gin.RouterGroup, db *gorm.DB, svc *services) {
-			testService, err := service.NewTestService(db, svc.appConfigService, svc.jwtService, svc.ldapService)
+			testService, err := service.NewTestService(db, svc.appConfigService, svc.jwtService, svc.ldapService, svc.appLockService, svc.fileStorage)
 			if err != nil {
 				slog.Error("Failed to initialize test service", slog.Any("error", err))
 				os.Exit(1)

backend/internal/bootstrap/router_bootstrap.go

@@ -29,23 +29,14 @@ import (
 // This is used to register additional controllers for tests
 var registerTestControllers []func(apiGroup *gin.RouterGroup, db *gorm.DB, svc *services)
 
-func initRouter(db *gorm.DB, svc *services) utils.Service {
-	runner, err := initRouterInternal(db, svc)
-	if err != nil {
-		slog.Error("Failed to init router", "error", err)
-		os.Exit(1)
-	}
-	return runner
-}
-
-func initRouterInternal(db *gorm.DB, svc *services) (utils.Service, error) {
+func initRouter(db *gorm.DB, svc *services) (utils.Service, error) {
 	// Set the appropriate Gin mode based on the environment
 	switch common.EnvConfig.AppEnv {
-	case "production":
+	case common.AppEnvProduction:
 		gin.SetMode(gin.ReleaseMode)
-	case "development":
+	case common.AppEnvDevelopment:
 		gin.SetMode(gin.DebugMode)
-	case "test":
+	case common.AppEnvTest:
 		gin.SetMode(gin.TestMode)
 	}
 
@@ -92,7 +83,7 @@ func initRouterInternal(db *gorm.DB, svc *services) (utils.Service, error) {
 	controller.NewVersionController(apiGroup, svc.versionService)
 
 	// Add test controller in non-production environments
-	if common.EnvConfig.AppEnv != "production" {
+	if !common.EnvConfig.AppEnv.IsProduction() {
 		for _, f := range registerTestControllers {
 			f(apiGroup, db, svc)
 		}
@@ -119,6 +110,7 @@ func initRouterInternal(db *gorm.DB, svc *services) (utils.Service, error) {
 	if common.EnvConfig.UnixSocket != "" {
 		network = "unix"
 		addr = common.EnvConfig.UnixSocket
+		os.Remove(addr) // remove dangling the socket file to avoid file-exist error
 	}
 
 	listener, err := net.Listen(network, addr) //nolint:noctx

backend/internal/bootstrap/scheduler_bootstrap.go

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ func registerScheduledJobs(ctx context.Context, db *gorm.DB, svc *services, http
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to register DB cleanup jobs in scheduler: %w", err)
 	}
-	err = scheduler.RegisterFileCleanupJobs(ctx, db)
+	err = scheduler.RegisterFileCleanupJobs(ctx, db, svc.fileStorage)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to register file cleanup jobs in scheduler: %w", err)
 	}

backend/internal/bootstrap/services_bootstrap.go

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"gorm.io/gorm"
 
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/service"
+	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/storage"
 )
 
 type services struct {
@@ -25,10 +26,12 @@ type services struct {
 	ldapService        *service.LdapService
 	apiKeyService      *service.ApiKeyService
 	versionService     *service.VersionService
+	fileStorage        storage.FileStorage
+	appLockService     *service.AppLockService
 }
 
 // Initializes all services
-func initServices(ctx context.Context, db *gorm.DB, httpClient *http.Client, imageExtensions map[string]string) (svc *services, err error) {
+func initServices(ctx context.Context, db *gorm.DB, httpClient *http.Client, imageExtensions map[string]string, fileStorage storage.FileStorage) (svc *services, err error) {
 	svc = &services{}
 
 	svc.appConfigService, err = service.NewAppConfigService(ctx, db)
@@ -36,7 +39,9 @@ func initServices(ctx context.Context, db *gorm.DB, httpClient *http.Client, ima
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create app config service: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	svc.appImagesService = service.NewAppImagesService(imageExtensions)
+	svc.fileStorage = fileStorage
+	svc.appImagesService = service.NewAppImagesService(imageExtensions, fileStorage)
+	svc.appLockService = service.NewAppLockService(db)
 
 	svc.emailService, err = service.NewEmailService(db, svc.appConfigService)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -56,14 +61,14 @@ func initServices(ctx context.Context, db *gorm.DB, httpClient *http.Client, ima
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create WebAuthn service: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	svc.oidcService, err = service.NewOidcService(ctx, db, svc.jwtService, svc.appConfigService, svc.auditLogService, svc.customClaimService, svc.webauthnService)
+	svc.oidcService, err = service.NewOidcService(ctx, db, svc.jwtService, svc.appConfigService, svc.auditLogService, svc.customClaimService, svc.webauthnService, httpClient, fileStorage)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create OIDC service: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	svc.userGroupService = service.NewUserGroupService(db, svc.appConfigService)
-	svc.userService = service.NewUserService(db, svc.jwtService, svc.auditLogService, svc.emailService, svc.appConfigService, svc.customClaimService)
-	svc.ldapService = service.NewLdapService(db, httpClient, svc.appConfigService, svc.userService, svc.userGroupService)
+	svc.userService = service.NewUserService(db, svc.jwtService, svc.auditLogService, svc.emailService, svc.appConfigService, svc.customClaimService, svc.appImagesService, fileStorage)
+	svc.ldapService = service.NewLdapService(db, httpClient, svc.appConfigService, svc.userService, svc.userGroupService, fileStorage)
 	svc.apiKeyService = service.NewApiKeyService(db, svc.emailService)
 
 	svc.versionService = service.NewVersionService(httpClient)

backend/internal/cmds/export.go

@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+package cmds
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"os"
+
+	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/bootstrap"
+	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/service"
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+)
+
+type exportFlags struct {
+	Path string
+}
+
+func init() {
+	var flags exportFlags
+
+	exportCmd := &cobra.Command{
+		Use:   "export",
+		Short: "Exports all data of Pocket ID into a ZIP file",
+		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
+			return runExport(cmd.Context(), flags)
+		},
+	}
+
+	exportCmd.Flags().StringVarP(&flags.Path, "path", "p", "pocket-id-export.zip", "Path to the ZIP file to export the data to, or '-' to write to stdout")
+
+	rootCmd.AddCommand(exportCmd)
+}
+
+// runExport orchestrates the export flow
+func runExport(ctx context.Context, flags exportFlags) error {
+	db, err := bootstrap.NewDatabase()
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to connect to database: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	storage, err := bootstrap.InitStorage(ctx, db)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to initialize storage: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	exportService := service.NewExportService(db, storage)
+
+	var w io.Writer
+	if flags.Path == "-" {
+		w = os.Stdout
+	} else {
+		file, err := os.Create(flags.Path)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to create export file: %w", err)
+		}
+		defer file.Close()
+
+		w = file
+	}
+
+	if err := exportService.ExportToZip(ctx, w); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to export data: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if flags.Path != "-" {
+		fmt.Printf("Exported data to %s\n", flags.Path)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}

backend/internal/cmds/import.go

@@ -0,0 +1,191 @@
+package cmds
+
+import (
+	"archive/zip"
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+	"gorm.io/gorm"
+
+	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/bootstrap"
+	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/common"
+	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/service"
+	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/utils"
+)
+
+type importFlags struct {
+	Path                  string
+	Yes                   bool
+	ForcefullyAcquireLock bool
+}
+
+func init() {
+	var flags importFlags
+
+	importCmd := &cobra.Command{
+		Use:   "import",
+		Short: "Imports all data of Pocket ID from a ZIP file",
+		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
+			return runImport(cmd.Context(), flags)
+		},
+	}
+
+	importCmd.Flags().StringVarP(&flags.Path, "path", "p", "pocket-id-export.zip", "Path to the ZIP file to import the data from, or '-' to read from stdin")
+	importCmd.Flags().BoolVarP(&flags.Yes, "yes", "y", false, "Skip confirmation prompts")
+	importCmd.Flags().BoolVarP(&flags.ForcefullyAcquireLock, "forcefully-acquire-lock", "", false, "Forcefully acquire the application lock by terminating the Pocket ID instance")
+
+	rootCmd.AddCommand(importCmd)
+}
+
+// runImport handles the high-level orchestration of the import process
+func runImport(ctx context.Context, flags importFlags) error {
+	if !flags.Yes {
+		ok, err := askForConfirmation()
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to get confirmation: %w", err)
+		}
+		if !ok {
+			fmt.Println("Aborted")
+			os.Exit(1)
+		}
+	}
+
+	var (
+		zipReader *zip.ReadCloser
+		cleanup   func()
+		err       error
+	)
+
+	if flags.Path == "-" {
+		zipReader, cleanup, err = readZipFromStdin()
+		defer cleanup()
+	} else {
+		zipReader, err = zip.OpenReader(flags.Path)
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to open zip: %w", err)
+	}
+	defer zipReader.Close()
+
+	db, err := bootstrap.ConnectDatabase()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	err = acquireImportLock(ctx, db, flags.ForcefullyAcquireLock)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	storage, err := bootstrap.InitStorage(ctx, db)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to initialize storage: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	importService := service.NewImportService(db, storage)
+	err = importService.ImportFromZip(ctx, &zipReader.Reader)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to import data from zip: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	fmt.Println("Import completed successfully.")
+	return nil
+}
+
+func acquireImportLock(ctx context.Context, db *gorm.DB, force bool) error {
+	// Check if the kv table exists, in case we are starting from an empty database
+	exists, err := utils.DBTableExists(db, "kv")
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to check if kv table exists: %w", err)
+	}
+	if !exists {
+		// This either means the database is empty, or the import is into an old version of PocketID that doesn't support locks
+		// In either case, there's no lock to acquire
+		fmt.Println("Could not acquire a lock because the 'kv' table does not exist. This is fine if you're importing into a new database, but make sure that there isn't an instance of Pocket ID currently running and using the same database.")
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	// Note that we do not call a deferred Release if the data was imported
+	// This is because we are overriding the contents of the database, so the lock is automatically lost
+	appLockService := service.NewAppLockService(db)
+
+	opCtx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, 30*time.Second)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	waitUntil, err := appLockService.Acquire(opCtx, force)
+	if err != nil {
+		if errors.Is(err, service.ErrLockUnavailable) {
+			//nolint:staticcheck
+			return errors.New("Pocket ID must be stopped before importing data; please stop the running instance or run with --forcefully-acquire-lock to terminate the other instance")
+		}
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to acquire application lock: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	select {
+	case <-ctx.Done():
+		return ctx.Err()
+	case <-time.After(time.Until(waitUntil)):
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func askForConfirmation() (bool, error) {
+	fmt.Println("WARNING: This feature is experimental and may not work correctly. Please create a backup before proceeding and report any issues you encounter.")
+	fmt.Println()
+	fmt.Println("WARNING: Import will erase all existing data at the following locations:")
+	fmt.Printf("Database:      %s\n", absolutePathOrOriginal(common.EnvConfig.DbConnectionString))
+	fmt.Printf("Uploads Path:  %s\n", absolutePathOrOriginal(common.EnvConfig.UploadPath))
+
+	ok, err := utils.PromptForConfirmation("Do you want to continue?")
+	if err != nil {
+		return false, err
+	}
+
+	return ok, nil
+}
+
+// absolutePathOrOriginal returns the absolute path of the given path, or the original if it fails
+func absolutePathOrOriginal(path string) string {
+	abs, err := filepath.Abs(path)
+	if err != nil {
+		return path
+	}
+	return abs
+}
+
+func readZipFromStdin() (*zip.ReadCloser, func(), error) {
+	tmpFile, err := os.CreateTemp("", "pocket-id-import-*.zip")
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create temporary file: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	cleanup := func() {
+		_ = os.Remove(tmpFile.Name())
+	}
+
+	if _, err := io.Copy(tmpFile, os.Stdin); err != nil {
+		tmpFile.Close()
+		cleanup()
+		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to read data from stdin: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if err := tmpFile.Close(); err != nil {
+		cleanup()
+		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to close temporary file: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	r, err := zip.OpenReader(tmpFile.Name())
+	if err != nil {
+		cleanup()
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+
+	return r, cleanup, nil
+}

backend/internal/cmds/key_rotate.go

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
+	"os"
 	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/v3/jwa"
@@ -78,7 +79,7 @@ func keyRotate(ctx context.Context, flags keyRotateFlags, db *gorm.DB, envConfig
 		}
 		if !ok {
 			fmt.Println("Aborted")
-			return nil
+			os.Exit(1)
 		}
 	}
 

backend/internal/cmds/key_rotate_test.go

@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 package cmds
 
 import (
-	"os"
-	"path/filepath"
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
@@ -69,78 +67,14 @@ func TestKeyRotate(t *testing.T) {
 
 	for _, tt := range tests {
 		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			t.Run("file storage", func(t *testing.T) {
-				testKeyRotateWithFileStorage(t, tt.flags, tt.wantErr, tt.errMsg)
-			})
-
-			t.Run("database storage", func(t *testing.T) {
-				testKeyRotateWithDatabaseStorage(t, tt.flags, tt.wantErr, tt.errMsg)
-			})
+			testKeyRotateWithDatabaseStorage(t, tt.flags, tt.wantErr, tt.errMsg)
 		})
 	}
 }
 
-func testKeyRotateWithFileStorage(t *testing.T, flags keyRotateFlags, wantErr bool, errMsg string) {
-	// Create temporary directory for keys
-	tempDir := t.TempDir()
-	keysPath := filepath.Join(tempDir, "keys")
-	err := os.MkdirAll(keysPath, 0755)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	// Set up file storage config
-	envConfig := &common.EnvConfigSchema{
-		KeysStorage: "file",
-		KeysPath:    keysPath,
-	}
-
-	// Create test database
-	db := testingutils.NewDatabaseForTest(t)
-
-	// Initialize app config service and create instance
-	appConfigService, err := service.NewAppConfigService(t.Context(), db)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	instanceID := appConfigService.GetDbConfig().InstanceID.Value
-
-	// Check if key exists before rotation
-	keyProvider, err := jwkutils.GetKeyProvider(db, envConfig, instanceID)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	// Run the key rotation
-	err = keyRotate(t.Context(), flags, db, envConfig)
-
-	if wantErr {
-		require.Error(t, err)
-		if errMsg != "" {
-			require.ErrorContains(t, err, errMsg)
-		}
-		return
-	}
-
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	// Verify key was created
-	key, err := keyProvider.LoadKey()
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NotNil(t, key)
-
-	// Verify the algorithm matches what we requested
-	alg, _ := key.Algorithm()
-	assert.NotEmpty(t, alg)
-	if flags.Alg != "" {
-		expectedAlg := flags.Alg
-		if expectedAlg == "EdDSA" {
-			// EdDSA keys should have the EdDSA algorithm
-			assert.Equal(t, "EdDSA", alg.String())
-		} else {
-			assert.Equal(t, expectedAlg, alg.String())
-		}
-	}
-}
-
 func testKeyRotateWithDatabaseStorage(t *testing.T, flags keyRotateFlags, wantErr bool, errMsg string) {
 	// Set up database storage config
 	envConfig := &common.EnvConfigSchema{
-		KeysStorage:   "database",
 		EncryptionKey: []byte("test-encryption-key-characters-long"),
 	}
 

backend/internal/cmds/root.go

@@ -12,9 +12,10 @@ import (
 )
 
 var rootCmd = &cobra.Command{
-	Use:   "pocket-id",
-	Short: "A simple and easy-to-use OIDC provider that allows users to authenticate with their passkeys to your services.",
-	Long:  "By default, this command starts the pocket-id server.",
+	Use:          "pocket-id",
+	Short:        "A simple and easy-to-use OIDC provider that allows users to authenticate with their passkeys to your services.",
+	Long:         "By default, this command starts the pocket-id server.",
+	SilenceUsage: true,
 	Run: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
 		// Start the server
 		err := bootstrap.Bootstrap(cmd.Context())

backend/internal/common/env_config.go

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"log/slog"
+	"net"
 	"net/url"
 	"os"
 	"reflect"
@@ -14,6 +15,7 @@ import (
 	_ "github.com/joho/godotenv/autoload"
 )
 
+type AppEnv string
 type DbProvider string
 
 const (
@@ -24,39 +26,52 @@ const (
 )
 
 const (
+	AppEnvProduction        AppEnv     = "production"
+	AppEnvDevelopment       AppEnv     = "development"
+	AppEnvTest              AppEnv     = "test"
 	DbProviderSqlite        DbProvider = "sqlite"
 	DbProviderPostgres      DbProvider = "postgres"
 	MaxMindGeoLiteCityUrl   string     = "https://download.maxmind.com/app/geoip_download?edition_id=GeoLite2-City&license_key=%s&suffix=tar.gz"
 	defaultSqliteConnString string     = "data/pocket-id.db"
+	defaultFsUploadPath     string     = "data/uploads"
 	AppUrl                  string     = "http://localhost:1411"
 )
 
 type EnvConfigSchema struct {
-	AppEnv             string     `env:"APP_ENV" options:"toLower"`
-	LogLevel           string     `env:"LOG_LEVEL" options:"toLower"`
-	AppURL             string     `env:"APP_URL" options:"toLower"`
-	DbProvider         DbProvider `env:"DB_PROVIDER" options:"toLower"`
-	DbConnectionString string     `env:"DB_CONNECTION_STRING" options:"file"`
-	UploadPath         string     `env:"UPLOAD_PATH"`
-	KeysPath           string     `env:"KEYS_PATH"`
-	KeysStorage        string     `env:"KEYS_STORAGE"`
-	EncryptionKey      []byte     `env:"ENCRYPTION_KEY" options:"file"`
-	Port               string     `env:"PORT"`
-	Host               string     `env:"HOST" options:"toLower"`
-	UnixSocket         string     `env:"UNIX_SOCKET"`
-	UnixSocketMode     string     `env:"UNIX_SOCKET_MODE"`
-	MaxMindLicenseKey  string     `env:"MAXMIND_LICENSE_KEY" options:"file"`
-	GeoLiteDBPath      string     `env:"GEOLITE_DB_PATH"`
-	GeoLiteDBUrl       string     `env:"GEOLITE_DB_URL"`
-	LocalIPv6Ranges    string     `env:"LOCAL_IPV6_RANGES"`
-	UiConfigDisabled   bool       `env:"UI_CONFIG_DISABLED"`
-	MetricsEnabled     bool       `env:"METRICS_ENABLED"`
-	TracingEnabled     bool       `env:"TRACING_ENABLED"`
-	LogJSON            bool       `env:"LOG_JSON"`
-	TrustProxy         bool       `env:"TRUST_PROXY"`
-	AnalyticsDisabled  bool       `env:"ANALYTICS_DISABLED"`
-	AllowDowngrade     bool       `env:"ALLOW_DOWNGRADE"`
-	InternalAppURL     string     `env:"INTERNAL_APP_URL"`
+	AppEnv             AppEnv `env:"APP_ENV" options:"toLower"`
+	LogLevel           string `env:"LOG_LEVEL" options:"toLower"`
+	LogJSON            bool   `env:"LOG_JSON"`
+	AppURL             string `env:"APP_URL" options:"toLower,trimTrailingSlash"`
+	DbProvider         DbProvider
+	DbConnectionString string `env:"DB_CONNECTION_STRING" options:"file"`
+	EncryptionKey      []byte `env:"ENCRYPTION_KEY" options:"file"`
+	Port               string `env:"PORT"`
+	Host               string `env:"HOST" options:"toLower"`
+	UnixSocket         string `env:"UNIX_SOCKET"`
+	UnixSocketMode     string `env:"UNIX_SOCKET_MODE"`
+	LocalIPv6Ranges    string `env:"LOCAL_IPV6_RANGES"`
+	UiConfigDisabled   bool   `env:"UI_CONFIG_DISABLED"`
+	MetricsEnabled     bool   `env:"METRICS_ENABLED"`
+	TracingEnabled     bool   `env:"TRACING_ENABLED"`
+	TrustProxy         bool   `env:"TRUST_PROXY"`
+	AnalyticsDisabled  bool   `env:"ANALYTICS_DISABLED"`
+	AllowDowngrade     bool   `env:"ALLOW_DOWNGRADE"`
+	InternalAppURL     string `env:"INTERNAL_APP_URL"`
+
+	MaxMindLicenseKey string `env:"MAXMIND_LICENSE_KEY" options:"file"`
+	GeoLiteDBPath     string `env:"GEOLITE_DB_PATH"`
+	GeoLiteDBUrl      string `env:"GEOLITE_DB_URL"`
+
+	FileBackend string `env:"FILE_BACKEND" options:"toLower"`
+	UploadPath  string `env:"UPLOAD_PATH"`
+
+	S3Bucket                        string `env:"S3_BUCKET"`
+	S3Region                        string `env:"S3_REGION"`
+	S3Endpoint                      string `env:"S3_ENDPOINT"`
+	S3AccessKeyID                   string `env:"S3_ACCESS_KEY_ID"`
+	S3SecretAccessKey               string `env:"S3_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY"`
+	S3ForcePathStyle                bool   `env:"S3_FORCE_PATH_STYLE"`
+	S3DisableDefaultIntegrityChecks bool   `env:"S3_DISABLE_DEFAULT_INTEGRITY_CHECKS"`
 }
 
 var EnvConfig = defaultConfig()
@@ -71,30 +86,15 @@ func init() {
 
 func defaultConfig() EnvConfigSchema {
 	return EnvConfigSchema{
-		AppEnv:             "production",
-		LogLevel:           "info",
-		DbProvider:         "sqlite",
-		DbConnectionString: "",
-		UploadPath:         "data/uploads",
-		KeysPath:           "data/keys",
-		KeysStorage:        "", // "database" or "file"
-		EncryptionKey:      nil,
-		AppURL:             AppUrl,
-		Port:               "1411",
-		Host:               "0.0.0.0",
-		UnixSocket:         "",
-		UnixSocketMode:     "",
-		MaxMindLicenseKey:  "",
-		GeoLiteDBPath:      "data/GeoLite2-City.mmdb",
-		GeoLiteDBUrl:       MaxMindGeoLiteCityUrl,
-		LocalIPv6Ranges:    "",
-		UiConfigDisabled:   false,
-		MetricsEnabled:     false,
-		TracingEnabled:     false,
-		TrustProxy:         false,
-		AnalyticsDisabled:  false,
-		AllowDowngrade:     false,
-		InternalAppURL:     "",
+		AppEnv:        AppEnvProduction,
+		LogLevel:      "info",
+		DbProvider:    "sqlite",
+		FileBackend:   "fs",
+		AppURL:        AppUrl,
+		Port:          "1411",
+		Host:          "0.0.0.0",
+		GeoLiteDBPath: "data/GeoLite2-City.mmdb",
+		GeoLiteDBUrl:  MaxMindGeoLiteCityUrl,
 	}
 }
 
@@ -117,32 +117,28 @@ func parseEnvConfig() error {
 		return fmt.Errorf("error preparing env config: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	err = validateEnvConfig(&EnvConfig)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
 	return nil
 
 }
 
-// validateEnvConfig checks the EnvConfig for required fields and valid values
-func validateEnvConfig(config *EnvConfigSchema) error {
+// ValidateEnvConfig checks the EnvConfig for required fields and valid values
+func ValidateEnvConfig(config *EnvConfigSchema) error {
 	if _, err := sloggin.ParseLevel(config.LogLevel); err != nil {
 		return errors.New("invalid LOG_LEVEL value. Must be 'debug', 'info', 'warn' or 'error'")
 	}
 
-	switch config.DbProvider {
-	case DbProviderSqlite:
-		if config.DbConnectionString == "" {
-			config.DbConnectionString = defaultSqliteConnString
-		}
-	case DbProviderPostgres:
-		if config.DbConnectionString == "" {
-			return errors.New("missing required env var 'DB_CONNECTION_STRING' for Postgres database")
-		}
+	if len(config.EncryptionKey) < 16 {
+		return errors.New("ENCRYPTION_KEY must be at least 16 bytes long")
+	}
+
+	switch {
+	case config.DbConnectionString == "":
+		config.DbProvider = DbProviderSqlite
+		config.DbConnectionString = defaultSqliteConnString
+	case strings.HasPrefix(config.DbConnectionString, "postgres://") || strings.HasPrefix(config.DbConnectionString, "postgresql://"):
+		config.DbProvider = DbProviderPostgres
 	default:
-		return errors.New("invalid DB_PROVIDER value. Must be 'sqlite' or 'postgres'")
+		config.DbProvider = DbProviderSqlite
 	}
 
 	parsedAppUrl, err := url.Parse(config.AppURL)
@@ -166,18 +162,33 @@ func validateEnvConfig(config *EnvConfigSchema) error {
 		}
 	}
 
-	switch config.KeysStorage {
-	// KeysStorage defaults to "file" if empty
-	case "":
-		config.KeysStorage = "file"
-	case "database":
-		if config.EncryptionKey == nil {
-			return errors.New("ENCRYPTION_KEY must be non-empty when KEYS_STORAGE is database")
+	switch config.FileBackend {
+	case "s3", "database":
+	case "", "fs":
+		if config.UploadPath == "" {
+			config.UploadPath = defaultFsUploadPath
 		}
-	case "file":
-		// All good, these are valid values
 	default:
-		return fmt.Errorf("invalid value for KEYS_STORAGE: %s", config.KeysStorage)
+		return errors.New("invalid FILE_BACKEND value. Must be 'fs', 'database', or 's3'")
+	}
+
+	// Validate LOCAL_IPV6_RANGES
+	ranges := strings.Split(config.LocalIPv6Ranges, ",")
+	for _, rangeStr := range ranges {
+		rangeStr = strings.TrimSpace(rangeStr)
+		if rangeStr == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		_, ipNet, err := net.ParseCIDR(rangeStr)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("invalid LOCAL_IPV6_RANGES '%s': %w", rangeStr, err)
+		}
+
+		if ipNet.IP.To4() != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("range '%s' is not a valid IPv6 range", rangeStr)
+		}
+
 	}
 
 	return nil
@@ -207,6 +218,10 @@ func prepareEnvConfig(config *EnvConfigSchema) error {
 				if err != nil {
 					return err
 				}
+			case "trimTrailingSlash":
+				if field.Kind() == reflect.String {
+					field.SetString(strings.TrimRight(field.String(), "/"))
+				}
 			}
 		}
 	}
@@ -255,3 +270,11 @@ func resolveFileBasedEnvVariable(field reflect.Value, fieldType reflect.StructFi
 
 	return nil
 }
+
+func (a AppEnv) IsProduction() bool {
+	return a == AppEnvProduction
+}
+
+func (a AppEnv) IsTest() bool {
+	return a == AppEnvTest
+}

backend/internal/common/env_config_test.go

@@ -8,6 +8,20 @@ import (
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )
 
+func parseAndValidateEnvConfig(t *testing.T) error {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	if _, exists := os.LookupEnv("ENCRYPTION_KEY"); !exists {
+		t.Setenv("ENCRYPTION_KEY", "0123456789abcdef")
+	}
+
+	if err := parseEnvConfig(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	return ValidateEnvConfig(&EnvConfig)
+}
+
 func TestParseEnvConfig(t *testing.T) {
 	// Store original config to restore later
 	originalConfig := EnvConfig
@@ -17,11 +31,10 @@ func TestParseEnvConfig(t *testing.T) {
 
 	t.Run("should parse valid SQLite config correctly", func(t *testing.T) {
 		EnvConfig = defaultConfig()
-		t.Setenv("DB_PROVIDER", "SQLITE") // should be lowercased automatically
 		t.Setenv("DB_CONNECTION_STRING", "file:test.db")
 		t.Setenv("APP_URL", "HTTP://LOCALHOST:3000")
 
-		err := parseEnvConfig()
+		err := parseAndValidateEnvConfig(t)
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 		assert.Equal(t, DbProviderSqlite, EnvConfig.DbProvider)
 		assert.Equal(t, "http://localhost:3000", EnvConfig.AppURL)
@@ -29,147 +42,76 @@ func TestParseEnvConfig(t *testing.T) {
 
 	t.Run("should parse valid Postgres config correctly", func(t *testing.T) {
 		EnvConfig = defaultConfig()
-		t.Setenv("DB_PROVIDER", "POSTGRES")
 		t.Setenv("DB_CONNECTION_STRING", "postgres://user:pass@localhost/db")
 		t.Setenv("APP_URL", "https://example.com")
 
-		err := parseEnvConfig()
+		err := parseAndValidateEnvConfig(t)
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 		assert.Equal(t, DbProviderPostgres, EnvConfig.DbProvider)
 	})
 
-	t.Run("should fail with invalid DB_PROVIDER", func(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("should fail when ENCRYPTION_KEY is too short", func(t *testing.T) {
 		EnvConfig = defaultConfig()
-		t.Setenv("DB_PROVIDER", "invalid")
-		t.Setenv("DB_CONNECTION_STRING", "test")
+		t.Setenv("DB_CONNECTION_STRING", "file:test.db")
 		t.Setenv("APP_URL", "http://localhost:3000")
+		t.Setenv("ENCRYPTION_KEY", "short")
 
-		err := parseEnvConfig()
+		err := parseAndValidateEnvConfig(t)
 		require.Error(t, err)
-		assert.ErrorContains(t, err, "invalid DB_PROVIDER value")
+		assert.ErrorContains(t, err, "ENCRYPTION_KEY must be at least 16 bytes long")
 	})
 
 	t.Run("should set default SQLite connection string when DB_CONNECTION_STRING is empty", func(t *testing.T) {
 		EnvConfig = defaultConfig()
-		t.Setenv("DB_PROVIDER", "sqlite")
 		t.Setenv("APP_URL", "http://localhost:3000")
 
-		err := parseEnvConfig()
+		err := parseAndValidateEnvConfig(t)
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 		assert.Equal(t, defaultSqliteConnString, EnvConfig.DbConnectionString)
 	})
 
-	t.Run("should fail when Postgres DB_CONNECTION_STRING is missing", func(t *testing.T) {
-		EnvConfig = defaultConfig()
-		t.Setenv("DB_PROVIDER", "postgres")
-		t.Setenv("APP_URL", "http://localhost:3000")
-
-		err := parseEnvConfig()
-		require.Error(t, err)
-		assert.ErrorContains(t, err, "missing required env var 'DB_CONNECTION_STRING' for Postgres")
-	})
-
 	t.Run("should fail with invalid APP_URL", func(t *testing.T) {
 		EnvConfig = defaultConfig()
-		t.Setenv("DB_PROVIDER", "sqlite")
 		t.Setenv("DB_CONNECTION_STRING", "file:test.db")
 		t.Setenv("APP_URL", "€://not-a-valid-url")
 
-		err := parseEnvConfig()
+		err := parseAndValidateEnvConfig(t)
 		require.Error(t, err)
 		assert.ErrorContains(t, err, "APP_URL is not a valid URL")
 	})
 
 	t.Run("should fail when APP_URL contains path", func(t *testing.T) {
 		EnvConfig = defaultConfig()
-		t.Setenv("DB_PROVIDER", "sqlite")
 		t.Setenv("DB_CONNECTION_STRING", "file:test.db")
 		t.Setenv("APP_URL", "http://localhost:3000/path")
 
-		err := parseEnvConfig()
+		err := parseAndValidateEnvConfig(t)
 		require.Error(t, err)
 		assert.ErrorContains(t, err, "APP_URL must not contain a path")
 	})
 
 	t.Run("should fail with invalid INTERNAL_APP_URL", func(t *testing.T) {
 		EnvConfig = defaultConfig()
-		t.Setenv("DB_PROVIDER", "sqlite")
 		t.Setenv("DB_CONNECTION_STRING", "file:test.db")
 		t.Setenv("INTERNAL_APP_URL", "€://not-a-valid-url")
 
-		err := parseEnvConfig()
+		err := parseAndValidateEnvConfig(t)
 		require.Error(t, err)
 		assert.ErrorContains(t, err, "INTERNAL_APP_URL is not a valid URL")
 	})
 
 	t.Run("should fail when INTERNAL_APP_URL contains path", func(t *testing.T) {
 		EnvConfig = defaultConfig()
-		t.Setenv("DB_PROVIDER", "sqlite")
 		t.Setenv("DB_CONNECTION_STRING", "file:test.db")
 		t.Setenv("INTERNAL_APP_URL", "http://localhost:3000/path")
 
-		err := parseEnvConfig()
+		err := parseAndValidateEnvConfig(t)
 		require.Error(t, err)
 		assert.ErrorContains(t, err, "INTERNAL_APP_URL must not contain a path")
 	})
 
-	t.Run("should default KEYS_STORAGE to 'file' when empty", func(t *testing.T) {
-		EnvConfig = defaultConfig()
-		t.Setenv("DB_PROVIDER", "sqlite")
-		t.Setenv("DB_CONNECTION_STRING", "file:test.db")
-		t.Setenv("APP_URL", "http://localhost:3000")
-
-		err := parseEnvConfig()
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-		assert.Equal(t, "file", EnvConfig.KeysStorage)
-	})
-
-	t.Run("should fail when KEYS_STORAGE is 'database' but no encryption key", func(t *testing.T) {
-		EnvConfig = defaultConfig()
-		t.Setenv("DB_PROVIDER", "sqlite")
-		t.Setenv("DB_CONNECTION_STRING", "file:test.db")
-		t.Setenv("APP_URL", "http://localhost:3000")
-		t.Setenv("KEYS_STORAGE", "database")
-
-		err := parseEnvConfig()
-		require.Error(t, err)
-		assert.ErrorContains(t, err, "ENCRYPTION_KEY must be non-empty when KEYS_STORAGE is database")
-	})
-
-	t.Run("should accept valid KEYS_STORAGE values", func(t *testing.T) {
-		validStorageTypes := []string{"file", "database"}
-
-		for _, storage := range validStorageTypes {
-			EnvConfig = defaultConfig()
-			t.Setenv("DB_PROVIDER", "sqlite")
-			t.Setenv("DB_CONNECTION_STRING", "file:test.db")
-			t.Setenv("APP_URL", "http://localhost:3000")
-			t.Setenv("KEYS_STORAGE", storage)
-			if storage == "database" {
-				t.Setenv("ENCRYPTION_KEY", "test-key")
-			}
-
-			err := parseEnvConfig()
-			require.NoError(t, err)
-			assert.Equal(t, storage, EnvConfig.KeysStorage)
-		}
-	})
-
-	t.Run("should fail with invalid KEYS_STORAGE value", func(t *testing.T) {
-		EnvConfig = defaultConfig()
-		t.Setenv("DB_PROVIDER", "sqlite")
-		t.Setenv("DB_CONNECTION_STRING", "file:test.db")
-		t.Setenv("APP_URL", "http://localhost:3000")
-		t.Setenv("KEYS_STORAGE", "invalid")
-
-		err := parseEnvConfig()
-		require.Error(t, err)
-		assert.ErrorContains(t, err, "invalid value for KEYS_STORAGE")
-	})
-
 	t.Run("should parse boolean environment variables correctly", func(t *testing.T) {
 		EnvConfig = defaultConfig()
-		t.Setenv("DB_PROVIDER", "sqlite")
 		t.Setenv("DB_CONNECTION_STRING", "file:test.db")
 		t.Setenv("APP_URL", "http://localhost:3000")
 		t.Setenv("UI_CONFIG_DISABLED", "true")
@@ -178,7 +120,7 @@ func TestParseEnvConfig(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Setenv("TRUST_PROXY", "true")
 		t.Setenv("ANALYTICS_DISABLED", "false")
 
-		err := parseEnvConfig()
+		err := parseAndValidateEnvConfig(t)
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 		assert.True(t, EnvConfig.UiConfigDisabled)
 		assert.True(t, EnvConfig.MetricsEnabled)
@@ -189,25 +131,47 @@ func TestParseEnvConfig(t *testing.T) {
 
 	t.Run("should parse string environment variables correctly", func(t *testing.T) {
 		EnvConfig = defaultConfig()
-		t.Setenv("DB_PROVIDER", "postgres")
 		t.Setenv("DB_CONNECTION_STRING", "postgres://test")
 		t.Setenv("APP_URL", "https://prod.example.com")
-		t.Setenv("APP_ENV", "STAGING")
+		t.Setenv("APP_ENV", "PRODUCTION")
 		t.Setenv("UPLOAD_PATH", "/custom/uploads")
-		t.Setenv("KEYS_PATH", "/custom/keys")
 		t.Setenv("PORT", "8080")
 		t.Setenv("HOST", "LOCALHOST")
 		t.Setenv("UNIX_SOCKET", "/tmp/app.sock")
 		t.Setenv("MAXMIND_LICENSE_KEY", "test-license")
 		t.Setenv("GEOLITE_DB_PATH", "/custom/geolite.mmdb")
 
-		err := parseEnvConfig()
+		err := parseAndValidateEnvConfig(t)
 		require.NoError(t, err)
-		assert.Equal(t, "staging", EnvConfig.AppEnv) // lowercased
+		assert.Equal(t, AppEnvProduction, EnvConfig.AppEnv) // lowercased
 		assert.Equal(t, "/custom/uploads", EnvConfig.UploadPath)
 		assert.Equal(t, "8080", EnvConfig.Port)
 		assert.Equal(t, "localhost", EnvConfig.Host) // lowercased
 	})
+
+	t.Run("should normalize file backend and default upload path", func(t *testing.T) {
+		EnvConfig = defaultConfig()
+		t.Setenv("DB_CONNECTION_STRING", "file:test.db")
+		t.Setenv("APP_URL", "http://localhost:3000")
+		t.Setenv("FILE_BACKEND", "FS")
+		t.Setenv("UPLOAD_PATH", "")
+
+		err := parseAndValidateEnvConfig(t)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.Equal(t, "fs", EnvConfig.FileBackend)
+		assert.Equal(t, defaultFsUploadPath, EnvConfig.UploadPath)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("should fail with invalid FILE_BACKEND value", func(t *testing.T) {
+		EnvConfig = defaultConfig()
+		t.Setenv("DB_CONNECTION_STRING", "file:test.db")
+		t.Setenv("APP_URL", "http://localhost:3000")
+		t.Setenv("FILE_BACKEND", "invalid")
+
+		err := parseAndValidateEnvConfig(t)
+		require.Error(t, err)
+		assert.ErrorContains(t, err, "invalid FILE_BACKEND value")
+	})
 }
 
 func TestPrepareEnvConfig_FileBasedAndToLower(t *testing.T) {
@@ -241,7 +205,7 @@ func TestPrepareEnvConfig_FileBasedAndToLower(t *testing.T) {
 		err := prepareEnvConfig(&config)
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 
-		assert.Equal(t, "staging", config.AppEnv)
+		assert.Equal(t, AppEnv("staging"), config.AppEnv)
 		assert.Equal(t, "localhost", config.Host)
 		assert.Equal(t, []byte(encryptionKeyContent), config.EncryptionKey)
 		assert.Equal(t, dbConnContent, config.DbConnectionString)

backend/internal/common/errors.go

@@ -378,3 +378,23 @@ func (e *ClientIdAlreadyExistsError) Error() string {
 func (e *ClientIdAlreadyExistsError) HttpStatusCode() int {
 	return http.StatusBadRequest
 }
+
+type UserEmailNotSetError struct{}
+
+func (e *UserEmailNotSetError) Error() string {
+	return "The user does not have an email address set"
+}
+
+func (e *UserEmailNotSetError) HttpStatusCode() int {
+	return http.StatusBadRequest
+}
+
+type ImageNotFoundError struct{}
+
+func (e *ImageNotFoundError) Error() string {
+	return "Image not found"
+}
+
+func (e *ImageNotFoundError) HttpStatusCode() int {
+	return http.StatusNotFound
+}

backend/internal/controller/api_key_controller.go

@@ -45,15 +45,11 @@ func NewApiKeyController(group *gin.RouterGroup, authMiddleware *middleware.Auth
 // @Success 200 {object} dto.Paginated[dto.ApiKeyDto]
 // @Router /api/api-keys [get]
 func (c *ApiKeyController) listApiKeysHandler(ctx *gin.Context) {
+	listRequestOptions := utils.ParseListRequestOptions(ctx)
+
 	userID := ctx.GetString("userID")
 
-	var sortedPaginationRequest utils.SortedPaginationRequest
-	if err := ctx.ShouldBindQuery(&sortedPaginationRequest); err != nil {
-		_ = ctx.Error(err)
-		return
-	}
-
-	apiKeys, pagination, err := c.apiKeyService.ListApiKeys(ctx.Request.Context(), userID, sortedPaginationRequest)
+	apiKeys, pagination, err := c.apiKeyService.ListApiKeys(ctx.Request.Context(), userID, listRequestOptions)
 	if err != nil {
 		_ = ctx.Error(err)
 		return

backend/internal/controller/app_images_controller.go

@@ -25,10 +25,14 @@ func NewAppImagesController(
 	group.GET("/application-images/logo", controller.getLogoHandler)
 	group.GET("/application-images/background", controller.getBackgroundImageHandler)
 	group.GET("/application-images/favicon", controller.getFaviconHandler)
+	group.GET("/application-images/default-profile-picture", authMiddleware.Add(), controller.getDefaultProfilePicture)
 
 	group.PUT("/application-images/logo", authMiddleware.Add(), controller.updateLogoHandler)
 	group.PUT("/application-images/background", authMiddleware.Add(), controller.updateBackgroundImageHandler)
 	group.PUT("/application-images/favicon", authMiddleware.Add(), controller.updateFaviconHandler)
+	group.PUT("/application-images/default-profile-picture", authMiddleware.Add(), controller.updateDefaultProfilePicture)
+
+	group.DELETE("/application-images/default-profile-picture", authMiddleware.Add(), controller.deleteDefaultProfilePicture)
 }
 
 type AppImagesController struct {
@@ -78,6 +82,18 @@ func (c *AppImagesController) getFaviconHandler(ctx *gin.Context) {
 	c.getImage(ctx, "favicon")
 }
 
+// getDefaultProfilePicture godoc
+// @Summary Get default profile picture image
+// @Description Get the default profile picture image for the application
+// @Tags Application Images
+// @Produce image/png
+// @Produce image/jpeg
+// @Success 200 {file} binary "Default profile picture image"
+// @Router /api/application-images/default-profile-picture [get]
+func (c *AppImagesController) getDefaultProfilePicture(ctx *gin.Context) {
+	c.getImage(ctx, "default-profile-picture")
+}
+
 // updateLogoHandler godoc
 // @Summary Update logo
 // @Description Update the application logo
@@ -100,7 +116,7 @@ func (c *AppImagesController) updateLogoHandler(ctx *gin.Context) {
 		imageName = "logoDark"
 	}
 
-	if err := c.appImagesService.UpdateImage(file, imageName); err != nil {
+	if err := c.appImagesService.UpdateImage(ctx.Request.Context(), file, imageName); err != nil {
 		_ = ctx.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
@@ -123,7 +139,7 @@ func (c *AppImagesController) updateBackgroundImageHandler(ctx *gin.Context) {
 		return
 	}
 
-	if err := c.appImagesService.UpdateImage(file, "background"); err != nil {
+	if err := c.appImagesService.UpdateImage(ctx.Request.Context(), file, "background"); err != nil {
 		_ = ctx.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
@@ -152,7 +168,7 @@ func (c *AppImagesController) updateFaviconHandler(ctx *gin.Context) {
 		return
 	}
 
-	if err := c.appImagesService.UpdateImage(file, "favicon"); err != nil {
+	if err := c.appImagesService.UpdateImage(ctx.Request.Context(), file, "favicon"); err != nil {
 		_ = ctx.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
@@ -161,13 +177,52 @@ func (c *AppImagesController) updateFaviconHandler(ctx *gin.Context) {
 }
 
 func (c *AppImagesController) getImage(ctx *gin.Context, name string) {
-	imagePath, mimeType, err := c.appImagesService.GetImage(name)
+	reader, size, mimeType, err := c.appImagesService.GetImage(ctx.Request.Context(), name)
+	if err != nil {
+		_ = ctx.Error(err)
+		return
+	}
+	defer reader.Close()
+
+	ctx.Header("Content-Type", mimeType)
+	utils.SetCacheControlHeader(ctx, 15*time.Minute, 24*time.Hour)
+	ctx.DataFromReader(http.StatusOK, size, mimeType, reader, nil)
+}
+
+// updateDefaultProfilePicture godoc
+// @Summary Update default profile picture image
+// @Description Update the default profile picture image
+// @Tags Application Images
+// @Accept multipart/form-data
+// @Param file formData file true "Profile picture image file"
+// @Success 204 "No Content"
+// @Router /api/application-images/default-profile-picture [put]
+func (c *AppImagesController) updateDefaultProfilePicture(ctx *gin.Context) {
+	file, err := ctx.FormFile("file")
 	if err != nil {
 		_ = ctx.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
-	ctx.Header("Content-Type", mimeType)
-	utils.SetCacheControlHeader(ctx, 15*time.Minute, 24*time.Hour)
-	ctx.File(imagePath)
+	if err := c.appImagesService.UpdateImage(ctx.Request.Context(), file, "default-profile-picture"); err != nil {
+		_ = ctx.Error(err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	ctx.Status(http.StatusNoContent)
+}
+
+// deleteDefaultProfilePicture godoc
+// @Summary Delete default profile picture image
+// @Description Delete the default profile picture image
+// @Tags Application Images
+// @Success 204 "No Content"
+// @Router /api/application-images/default-profile-picture [delete]
+func (c *AppImagesController) deleteDefaultProfilePicture(ctx *gin.Context) {
+	if err := c.appImagesService.DeleteImage(ctx.Request.Context(), "default-profile-picture"); err != nil {
+		_ = ctx.Error(err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	ctx.Status(http.StatusNoContent)
 }

backend/internal/controller/audit_log_controller.go

@@ -41,18 +41,12 @@ type AuditLogController struct {
 // @Success 200 {object} dto.Paginated[dto.AuditLogDto]
 // @Router /api/audit-logs [get]
 func (alc *AuditLogController) listAuditLogsForUserHandler(c *gin.Context) {
-	var sortedPaginationRequest utils.SortedPaginationRequest
-
-	err := c.ShouldBindQuery(&sortedPaginationRequest)
-	if err != nil {
-		_ = c.Error(err)
-		return
-	}
+	listRequestOptions := utils.ParseListRequestOptions(c)
 
 	userID := c.GetString("userID")
 
 	// Fetch audit logs for the user
-	logs, pagination, err := alc.auditLogService.ListAuditLogsForUser(c.Request.Context(), userID, sortedPaginationRequest)
+	logs, pagination, err := alc.auditLogService.ListAuditLogsForUser(c.Request.Context(), userID, listRequestOptions)
 	if err != nil {
 		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
@@ -86,26 +80,12 @@ func (alc *AuditLogController) listAuditLogsForUserHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 // @Param pagination[limit] query int false "Number of items per page" default(20)
 // @Param sort[column] query string false "Column to sort by"
 // @Param sort[direction] query string false "Sort direction (asc or desc)" default("asc")
-// @Param filters[userId] query string false "Filter by user ID"
-// @Param filters[event] query string false "Filter by event type"
-// @Param filters[clientName] query string false "Filter by client name"
-// @Param filters[location] query string false "Filter by location type (external or internal)"
 // @Success 200 {object} dto.Paginated[dto.AuditLogDto]
 // @Router /api/audit-logs/all [get]
 func (alc *AuditLogController) listAllAuditLogsHandler(c *gin.Context) {
-	var sortedPaginationRequest utils.SortedPaginationRequest
-	if err := c.ShouldBindQuery(&sortedPaginationRequest); err != nil {
-		_ = c.Error(err)
-		return
-	}
+	listRequestOptions := utils.ParseListRequestOptions(c)
 
-	var filters dto.AuditLogFilterDto
-	if err := c.ShouldBindQuery(&filters); err != nil {
-		_ = c.Error(err)
-		return
-	}
-
-	logs, pagination, err := alc.auditLogService.ListAllAuditLogs(c.Request.Context(), sortedPaginationRequest, filters)
+	logs, pagination, err := alc.auditLogService.ListAllAuditLogs(c.Request.Context(), listRequestOptions)
 	if err != nil {
 		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return

backend/internal/controller/e2etest_controller.go

@@ -40,6 +40,11 @@ func (tc *TestController) resetAndSeedHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 		return
 	}
 
+	if err := tc.TestService.ResetLock(c.Request.Context()); err != nil {
+		_ = c.Error(err)
+		return
+	}
+
 	if err := tc.TestService.ResetApplicationImages(c.Request.Context()); err != nil {
 		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
@@ -69,8 +74,6 @@ func (tc *TestController) resetAndSeedHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 		}
 	}
 
-	tc.TestService.SetJWTKeys()
-
 	c.Status(http.StatusNoContent)
 }
 

backend/internal/controller/oidc_controller.go

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import (
 	"log/slog"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/url"
+	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 	"time"
 
@@ -357,6 +358,7 @@ func (oc *OidcController) getClientMetaDataHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 	clientDto := dto.OidcClientMetaDataDto{}
 	err = dto.MapStruct(client, &clientDto)
 	if err == nil {
+		clientDto.HasDarkLogo = client.HasDarkLogo()
 		c.JSON(http.StatusOK, clientDto)
 		return
 	}
@@ -403,13 +405,9 @@ func (oc *OidcController) getClientHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 // @Router /api/oidc/clients [get]
 func (oc *OidcController) listClientsHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 	searchTerm := c.Query("search")
-	var sortedPaginationRequest utils.SortedPaginationRequest
-	if err := c.ShouldBindQuery(&sortedPaginationRequest); err != nil {
-		_ = c.Error(err)
-		return
-	}
+	listRequestOptions := utils.ParseListRequestOptions(c)
 
-	clients, pagination, err := oc.oidcService.ListClients(c.Request.Context(), searchTerm, sortedPaginationRequest)
+	clients, pagination, err := oc.oidcService.ListClients(c.Request.Context(), searchTerm, listRequestOptions)
 	if err != nil {
 		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
@@ -423,6 +421,7 @@ func (oc *OidcController) listClientsHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 			_ = c.Error(err)
 			return
 		}
+		clientDto.HasDarkLogo = client.HasDarkLogo()
 		clientDto.AllowedUserGroupsCount, err = oc.oidcService.GetAllowedGroupsCountOfClient(c, client.ID)
 		if err != nil {
 			_ = c.Error(err)
@@ -543,19 +542,23 @@ func (oc *OidcController) createClientSecretHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 // @Produce image/jpeg
 // @Produce image/svg+xml
 // @Param id path string true "Client ID"
+// @Param light query boolean false "Light mode logo (true) or dark mode logo (false)"
 // @Success 200 {file} binary "Logo image"
 // @Router /api/oidc/clients/{id}/logo [get]
 func (oc *OidcController) getClientLogoHandler(c *gin.Context) {
-	imagePath, mimeType, err := oc.oidcService.GetClientLogo(c.Request.Context(), c.Param("id"))
+	lightLogo, _ := strconv.ParseBool(c.DefaultQuery("light", "true"))
+
+	reader, size, mimeType, err := oc.oidcService.GetClientLogo(c.Request.Context(), c.Param("id"), lightLogo)
 	if err != nil {
 		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
+	defer reader.Close()
 
 	utils.SetCacheControlHeader(c, 15*time.Minute, 12*time.Hour)
 
 	c.Header("Content-Type", mimeType)
-	c.File(imagePath)
+	c.DataFromReader(http.StatusOK, size, mimeType, reader, nil)
 }
 
 // updateClientLogoHandler godoc
@@ -565,6 +568,7 @@ func (oc *OidcController) getClientLogoHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 // @Accept multipart/form-data
 // @Param id path string true "Client ID"
 // @Param file formData file true "Logo image file (PNG, JPG, or SVG)"
+// @Param light query boolean false "Light mode logo (true) or dark mode logo (false)"
 // @Success 204 "No Content"
 // @Router /api/oidc/clients/{id}/logo [post]
 func (oc *OidcController) updateClientLogoHandler(c *gin.Context) {
@@ -574,7 +578,9 @@ func (oc *OidcController) updateClientLogoHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 		return
 	}
 
-	err = oc.oidcService.UpdateClientLogo(c.Request.Context(), c.Param("id"), file)
+	lightLogo, _ := strconv.ParseBool(c.DefaultQuery("light", "true"))
+
+	err = oc.oidcService.UpdateClientLogo(c.Request.Context(), c.Param("id"), file, lightLogo)
 	if err != nil {
 		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
@@ -588,10 +594,19 @@ func (oc *OidcController) updateClientLogoHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 // @Description Delete the logo for an OIDC client
 // @Tags OIDC
 // @Param id path string true "Client ID"
+// @Param light query boolean false "Light mode logo (true) or dark mode logo (false)"
 // @Success 204 "No Content"
 // @Router /api/oidc/clients/{id}/logo [delete]
 func (oc *OidcController) deleteClientLogoHandler(c *gin.Context) {
-	err := oc.oidcService.DeleteClientLogo(c.Request.Context(), c.Param("id"))
+	var err error
+
+	lightLogo, _ := strconv.ParseBool(c.DefaultQuery("light", "true"))
+	if lightLogo {
+		err = oc.oidcService.DeleteClientLogo(c.Request.Context(), c.Param("id"))
+	} else {
+		err = oc.oidcService.DeleteClientDarkLogo(c.Request.Context(), c.Param("id"))
+	}
+
 	if err != nil {
 		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
@@ -628,6 +643,7 @@ func (oc *OidcController) updateAllowedUserGroupsHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
+	oidcClientDto.HasDarkLogo = oidcClient.HasDarkLogo()
 
 	c.JSON(http.StatusOK, oidcClientDto)
 }
@@ -685,12 +701,9 @@ func (oc *OidcController) listAuthorizedClientsHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 }
 
 func (oc *OidcController) listAuthorizedClients(c *gin.Context, userID string) {
-	var sortedPaginationRequest utils.SortedPaginationRequest
-	if err := c.ShouldBindQuery(&sortedPaginationRequest); err != nil {
-		_ = c.Error(err)
-		return
-	}
-	authorizedClients, pagination, err := oc.oidcService.ListAuthorizedClients(c.Request.Context(), userID, sortedPaginationRequest)
+	listRequestOptions := utils.ParseListRequestOptions(c)
+
+	authorizedClients, pagination, err := oc.oidcService.ListAuthorizedClients(c.Request.Context(), userID, listRequestOptions)
 	if err != nil {
 		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
@@ -741,15 +754,11 @@ func (oc *OidcController) revokeOwnClientAuthorizationHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 // @Success 200 {object} dto.Paginated[dto.AccessibleOidcClientDto]
 // @Router /api/oidc/users/me/clients [get]
 func (oc *OidcController) listOwnAccessibleClientsHandler(c *gin.Context) {
+	listRequestOptions := utils.ParseListRequestOptions(c)
+
 	userID := c.GetString("userID")
 
-	var sortedPaginationRequest utils.SortedPaginationRequest
-	if err := c.ShouldBindQuery(&sortedPaginationRequest); err != nil {
-		_ = c.Error(err)
-		return
-	}
-
-	clients, pagination, err := oc.oidcService.ListAccessibleOidcClients(c.Request.Context(), userID, sortedPaginationRequest)
+	clients, pagination, err := oc.oidcService.ListAccessibleOidcClients(c.Request.Context(), userID, listRequestOptions)
 	if err != nil {
 		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return

backend/internal/controller/user_controller.go

@@ -104,13 +104,9 @@ func (uc *UserController) getUserGroupsHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 // @Router /api/users [get]
 func (uc *UserController) listUsersHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 	searchTerm := c.Query("search")
-	var sortedPaginationRequest utils.SortedPaginationRequest
-	if err := c.ShouldBindQuery(&sortedPaginationRequest); err != nil {
-		_ = c.Error(err)
-		return
-	}
+	listRequestOptions := utils.ParseListRequestOptions(c)
 
-	users, pagination, err := uc.userService.ListUsers(c.Request.Context(), searchTerm, sortedPaginationRequest)
+	users, pagination, err := uc.userService.ListUsers(c.Request.Context(), searchTerm, listRequestOptions)
 	if err != nil {
 		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
@@ -290,7 +286,7 @@ func (uc *UserController) updateUserProfilePictureHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 	}
 	defer file.Close()
 
-	if err := uc.userService.UpdateProfilePicture(userID, file); err != nil {
+	if err := uc.userService.UpdateProfilePicture(c.Request.Context(), userID, file); err != nil {
 		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
@@ -321,7 +317,7 @@ func (uc *UserController) updateCurrentUserProfilePictureHandler(c *gin.Context)
 	}
 	defer file.Close()
 
-	if err := uc.userService.UpdateProfilePicture(userID, file); err != nil {
+	if err := uc.userService.UpdateProfilePicture(c.Request.Context(), userID, file); err != nil {
 		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
@@ -574,13 +570,9 @@ func (uc *UserController) createSignupTokenHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 // @Success 200 {object} dto.Paginated[dto.SignupTokenDto]
 // @Router /api/signup-tokens [get]
 func (uc *UserController) listSignupTokensHandler(c *gin.Context) {
-	var sortedPaginationRequest utils.SortedPaginationRequest
-	if err := c.ShouldBindQuery(&sortedPaginationRequest); err != nil {
-		_ = c.Error(err)
-		return
-	}
+	listRequestOptions := utils.ParseListRequestOptions(c)
 
-	tokens, pagination, err := uc.userService.ListSignupTokens(c.Request.Context(), sortedPaginationRequest)
+	tokens, pagination, err := uc.userService.ListSignupTokens(c.Request.Context(), listRequestOptions)
 	if err != nil {
 		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
@@ -695,7 +687,7 @@ func (uc *UserController) updateUser(c *gin.Context, updateOwnUser bool) {
 func (uc *UserController) resetUserProfilePictureHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 	userID := c.Param("id")
 
-	if err := uc.userService.ResetProfilePicture(userID); err != nil {
+	if err := uc.userService.ResetProfilePicture(c.Request.Context(), userID); err != nil {
 		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
@@ -713,7 +705,7 @@ func (uc *UserController) resetUserProfilePictureHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 func (uc *UserController) resetCurrentUserProfilePictureHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 	userID := c.GetString("userID")
 
-	if err := uc.userService.ResetProfilePicture(userID); err != nil {
+	if err := uc.userService.ResetProfilePicture(c.Request.Context(), userID); err != nil {
 		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}

backend/internal/controller/user_group_controller.go

@@ -47,16 +47,10 @@ type UserGroupController struct {
 // @Success 200 {object} dto.Paginated[dto.UserGroupDtoWithUserCount]
 // @Router /api/user-groups [get]
 func (ugc *UserGroupController) list(c *gin.Context) {
-	ctx := c.Request.Context()
-
 	searchTerm := c.Query("search")
-	var sortedPaginationRequest utils.SortedPaginationRequest
-	if err := c.ShouldBindQuery(&sortedPaginationRequest); err != nil {
-		_ = c.Error(err)
-		return
-	}
+	listRequestOptions := utils.ParseListRequestOptions(c)
 
-	groups, pagination, err := ugc.UserGroupService.List(ctx, searchTerm, sortedPaginationRequest)
+	groups, pagination, err := ugc.UserGroupService.List(c, searchTerm, listRequestOptions)
 	if err != nil {
 		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
@@ -70,7 +64,7 @@ func (ugc *UserGroupController) list(c *gin.Context) {
 			_ = c.Error(err)
 			return
 		}
-		groupDto.UserCount, err = ugc.UserGroupService.GetUserCountOfGroup(ctx, group.ID)
+		groupDto.UserCount, err = ugc.UserGroupService.GetUserCountOfGroup(c.Request.Context(), group.ID)
 		if err != nil {
 			_ = c.Error(err)
 			return

backend/internal/controller/webauthn_controller.go

@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ func (wc *WebauthnController) verifyRegistrationHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 	}
 
 	userID := c.GetString("userID")
-	credential, err := wc.webAuthnService.VerifyRegistration(c.Request.Context(), sessionID, userID, c.Request)
+	credential, err := wc.webAuthnService.VerifyRegistration(c.Request.Context(), sessionID, userID, c.Request, c.ClientIP())
 	if err != nil {
 		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
@@ -134,8 +134,10 @@ func (wc *WebauthnController) listCredentialsHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 func (wc *WebauthnController) deleteCredentialHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 	userID := c.GetString("userID")
 	credentialID := c.Param("id")
+	clientIP := c.ClientIP()
+	userAgent := c.Request.UserAgent()
 
-	err := wc.webAuthnService.DeleteCredential(c.Request.Context(), userID, credentialID)
+	err := wc.webAuthnService.DeleteCredential(c.Request.Context(), userID, credentialID, clientIP, userAgent)
 	if err != nil {
 		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return

backend/internal/dto/app_config_dto.go

@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ type AppConfigUpdateDto struct {
 	SignupDefaultUserGroupIDs                  string `json:"signupDefaultUserGroupIDs" binding:"omitempty,json"`
 	SignupDefaultCustomClaims                  string `json:"signupDefaultCustomClaims" binding:"omitempty,json"`
 	AccentColor                                string `json:"accentColor"`
+	RequireUserEmail                           string `json:"requireUserEmail" binding:"required"`
 	SmtpHost                                   string `json:"smtpHost"`
 	SmtpPort                                   string `json:"smtpPort"`
 	SmtpFrom                                   string `json:"smtpFrom" binding:"omitempty,email"`
@@ -46,7 +47,7 @@ type AppConfigUpdateDto struct {
 	LdapAttributeGroupMember                   string `json:"ldapAttributeGroupMember"`
 	LdapAttributeGroupUniqueIdentifier         string `json:"ldapAttributeGroupUniqueIdentifier"`
 	LdapAttributeGroupName                     string `json:"ldapAttributeGroupName"`
-	LdapAttributeAdminGroup                    string `json:"ldapAttributeAdminGroup"`
+	LdapAdminGroupName                         string `json:"ldapAdminGroupName"`
 	LdapSoftDeleteUsers                        string `json:"ldapSoftDeleteUsers"`
 	EmailOneTimeAccessAsAdminEnabled           string `json:"emailOneTimeAccessAsAdminEnabled" binding:"required"`
 	EmailOneTimeAccessAsUnauthenticatedEnabled string `json:"emailOneTimeAccessAsUnauthenticatedEnabled" binding:"required"`

backend/internal/dto/audit_log_dto.go

@@ -17,10 +17,3 @@ type AuditLogDto struct {
 	Username  string            `json:"username"`
 	Data      map[string]string `json:"data"`
 }
-
-type AuditLogFilterDto struct {
-	UserID     string `form:"filters[userId]"`
-	Event      string `form:"filters[event]"`
-	ClientName string `form:"filters[clientName]"`
-	Location   string `form:"filters[location]"`
-}

backend/internal/dto/oidc_dto.go

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ type OidcClientMetaDataDto struct {
 	ID                       string  `json:"id"`
 	Name                     string  `json:"name"`
 	HasLogo                  bool    `json:"hasLogo"`
+	HasDarkLogo              bool    `json:"hasDarkLogo"`
 	LaunchURL                *string `json:"launchURL"`
 	RequiresReauthentication bool    `json:"requiresReauthentication"`
 }
@@ -38,6 +39,10 @@ type OidcClientUpdateDto struct {
 	RequiresReauthentication bool                     `json:"requiresReauthentication"`
 	Credentials              OidcClientCredentialsDto `json:"credentials"`
 	LaunchURL                *string                  `json:"launchURL" binding:"omitempty,url"`
+	HasLogo                  bool                     `json:"hasLogo"`
+	HasDarkLogo              bool                     `json:"hasDarkLogo"`
+	LogoURL                  *string                  `json:"logoUrl"`
+	DarkLogoURL              *string                  `json:"darkLogoUrl"`
 }
 
 type OidcClientCreateDto struct {

backend/internal/dto/user_dto.go

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import (
 type UserDto struct {
 	ID           string           `json:"id"`
 	Username     string           `json:"username"`
-	Email        string           `json:"email" `
+	Email        *string          `json:"email" `
 	FirstName    string           `json:"firstName"`
 	LastName     *string          `json:"lastName"`
 	DisplayName  string           `json:"displayName"`
@@ -24,10 +24,10 @@ type UserDto struct {
 
 type UserCreateDto struct {
 	Username    string  `json:"username" binding:"required,username,min=2,max=50" unorm:"nfc"`
-	Email       string  `json:"email" binding:"required,email" unorm:"nfc"`
+	Email       *string `json:"email" binding:"omitempty,email" unorm:"nfc"`
 	FirstName   string  `json:"firstName" binding:"required,min=1,max=50" unorm:"nfc"`
 	LastName    string  `json:"lastName" binding:"max=50" unorm:"nfc"`
-	DisplayName string  `json:"displayName" binding:"required,max=100" unorm:"nfc"`
+	DisplayName string  `json:"displayName" binding:"required,min=1,max=100" unorm:"nfc"`
 	IsAdmin     bool    `json:"isAdmin"`
 	Locale      *string `json:"locale"`
 	Disabled    bool    `json:"disabled"`
@@ -64,9 +64,9 @@ type UserUpdateUserGroupDto struct {
 }
 
 type SignUpDto struct {
-	Username  string `json:"username" binding:"required,username,min=2,max=50" unorm:"nfc"`
-	Email     string `json:"email" binding:"required,email" unorm:"nfc"`
-	FirstName string `json:"firstName" binding:"required,min=1,max=50" unorm:"nfc"`
-	LastName  string `json:"lastName" binding:"max=50" unorm:"nfc"`
-	Token     string `json:"token"`
+	Username  string  `json:"username" binding:"required,username,min=2,max=50" unorm:"nfc"`
+	Email     *string `json:"email" binding:"omitempty,email" unorm:"nfc"`
+	FirstName string  `json:"firstName" binding:"required,min=1,max=50" unorm:"nfc"`
+	LastName  string  `json:"lastName" binding:"max=50" unorm:"nfc"`
+	Token     string  `json:"token"`
 }

backend/internal/dto/user_dto_test.go

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package dto
 import (
 	"testing"
 
+	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/utils"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )
 
@@ -16,7 +17,7 @@ func TestUserCreateDto_Validate(t *testing.T) {
 			name: "valid input",
 			input: UserCreateDto{
 				Username:    "testuser",
-				Email:       "test@example.com",
+				Email:       utils.Ptr("test@example.com"),
 				FirstName:   "John",
 				LastName:    "Doe",
 				DisplayName: "John Doe",
@@ -26,7 +27,7 @@ func TestUserCreateDto_Validate(t *testing.T) {
 		{
 			name: "missing username",
 			input: UserCreateDto{
-				Email:       "test@example.com",
+				Email:       utils.Ptr("test@example.com"),
 				FirstName:   "John",
 				LastName:    "Doe",
 				DisplayName: "John Doe",
@@ -36,7 +37,7 @@ func TestUserCreateDto_Validate(t *testing.T) {
 		{
 			name: "missing display name",
 			input: UserCreateDto{
-				Email:     "test@example.com",
+				Email:     utils.Ptr("test@example.com"),
 				FirstName: "John",
 				LastName:  "Doe",
 			},
@@ -46,7 +47,7 @@ func TestUserCreateDto_Validate(t *testing.T) {
 			name: "username contains invalid characters",
 			input: UserCreateDto{
 				Username:    "test/ser",
-				Email:       "test@example.com",
+				Email:       utils.Ptr("test@example.com"),
 				FirstName:   "John",
 				LastName:    "Doe",
 				DisplayName: "John Doe",
@@ -57,7 +58,7 @@ func TestUserCreateDto_Validate(t *testing.T) {
 			name: "invalid email",
 			input: UserCreateDto{
 				Username:    "testuser",
-				Email:       "not-an-email",
+				Email:       utils.Ptr("not-an-email"),
 				FirstName:   "John",
 				LastName:    "Doe",
 				DisplayName: "John Doe",
@@ -68,7 +69,7 @@ func TestUserCreateDto_Validate(t *testing.T) {
 			name: "first name too short",
 			input: UserCreateDto{
 				Username:    "testuser",
-				Email:       "test@example.com",
+				Email:       utils.Ptr("test@example.com"),
 				FirstName:   "",
 				LastName:    "Doe",
 				DisplayName: "John Doe",
@@ -79,7 +80,7 @@ func TestUserCreateDto_Validate(t *testing.T) {
 			name: "last name too long",
 			input: UserCreateDto{
 				Username:    "testuser",
-				Email:       "test@example.com",
+				Email:       utils.Ptr("test@example.com"),
 				FirstName:   "John",
 				LastName:    "abcdfghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz",
 				DisplayName: "John Doe",

backend/internal/dto/validations.go

@@ -67,14 +67,12 @@ func ValidateClientID(clientID string) bool {
 
 // ValidateCallbackURL validates callback URLs with support for wildcards
 func ValidateCallbackURL(raw string) bool {
-	if raw == "*" {
+	// Don't validate if it contains a wildcard
+	if strings.Contains(raw, "*") {
 		return true
 	}
 
-	// Replace all '*' with 'x' to check if the rest is still a valid URI
-	test := strings.ReplaceAll(raw, "*", "x")
-
-	u, err := url.Parse(test)
+	u, err := url.Parse(raw)
 	if err != nil {
 		return false
 	}

backend/internal/job/analytics_job.go

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ const heartbeatUrl = "https://analytics.pocket-id.org/heartbeat"
 
 func (s *Scheduler) RegisterAnalyticsJob(ctx context.Context, appConfig *service.AppConfigService, httpClient *http.Client) error {
 	// Skip if analytics are disabled or not in production environment
-	if common.EnvConfig.AnalyticsDisabled || common.EnvConfig.AppEnv != "production" {
+	if common.EnvConfig.AnalyticsDisabled || !common.EnvConfig.AppEnv.IsProduction() {
 		return nil
 	}
 
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ type AnalyticsJob struct {
 // sendHeartbeat sends a heartbeat to the analytics service
 func (j *AnalyticsJob) sendHeartbeat(parentCtx context.Context) error {
 	// Skip if analytics are disabled or not in production environment
-	if common.EnvConfig.AnalyticsDisabled || common.EnvConfig.AppEnv != "production" {
+	if common.EnvConfig.AnalyticsDisabled || !common.EnvConfig.AppEnv.IsProduction() {
 		return nil
 	}
 

backend/internal/job/api_key_expiry_job.go

@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ func (j *ApiKeyEmailJobs) checkAndNotifyExpiringApiKeys(ctx context.Context) err
 	}
 
 	for _, key := range apiKeys {
-		if key.User.Email == "" {
+		if key.User.Email == nil {
 			continue
 		}
 		err = j.apiKeyService.SendApiKeyExpiringSoonEmail(ctx, key)

backend/internal/job/file_cleanup_job.go

@@ -2,29 +2,36 @@ package job
 
 import (
 	"context"
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"log/slog"
-	"os"
-	"path/filepath"
+	"path"
 	"strings"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/go-co-op/gocron/v2"
 	"gorm.io/gorm"
 
-	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/common"
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/model"
+	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/storage"
 )
 
-func (s *Scheduler) RegisterFileCleanupJobs(ctx context.Context, db *gorm.DB) error {
-	jobs := &FileCleanupJobs{db: db}
+func (s *Scheduler) RegisterFileCleanupJobs(ctx context.Context, db *gorm.DB, fileStorage storage.FileStorage) error {
+	jobs := &FileCleanupJobs{db: db, fileStorage: fileStorage}
 
-	// Run every 24 hours
-	return s.registerJob(ctx, "ClearUnusedDefaultProfilePictures", gocron.DurationJob(24*time.Hour), jobs.clearUnusedDefaultProfilePictures, false)
+	err := s.registerJob(ctx, "ClearUnusedDefaultProfilePictures", gocron.DurationJob(24*time.Hour), jobs.clearUnusedDefaultProfilePictures, false)
+
+	// Only necessary for file system storage
+	if fileStorage.Type() == storage.TypeFileSystem {
+		err = errors.Join(err, s.registerJob(ctx, "ClearOrphanedTempFiles", gocron.DurationJob(12*time.Hour), jobs.clearOrphanedTempFiles, true))
+	}
+
+	return err
 }
 
 type FileCleanupJobs struct {
-	db *gorm.DB
+	db          *gorm.DB
+	fileStorage storage.FileStorage
 }
 
 // ClearUnusedDefaultProfilePictures deletes default profile pictures that don't match any user's initials
@@ -44,29 +51,24 @@ func (j *FileCleanupJobs) clearUnusedDefaultProfilePictures(ctx context.Context)
 		initialsInUse[user.Initials()] = struct{}{}
 	}
 
-	defaultPicturesDir := common.EnvConfig.UploadPath + "/profile-pictures/defaults"
-	if _, err := os.Stat(defaultPicturesDir); os.IsNotExist(err) {
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	files, err := os.ReadDir(defaultPicturesDir)
+	defaultPicturesDir := path.Join("profile-pictures", "defaults")
+	files, err := j.fileStorage.List(ctx, defaultPicturesDir)
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to read default profile pictures directory: %w", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to list default profile pictures: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	filesDeleted := 0
 	for _, file := range files {
-		if file.IsDir() {
-			continue // Skip directories
+		_, filename := path.Split(file.Path)
+		if filename == "" {
+			continue
 		}
-
-		filename := file.Name()
 		initials := strings.TrimSuffix(filename, ".png")
 
 		// If these initials aren't used by any user, delete the file
 		if _, ok := initialsInUse[initials]; !ok {
-			filePath := filepath.Join(defaultPicturesDir, filename)
-			if err := os.Remove(filePath); err != nil {
+			filePath := path.Join(defaultPicturesDir, filename)
+			if err := j.fileStorage.Delete(ctx, filePath); err != nil {
 				slog.ErrorContext(ctx, "Failed to delete unused default profile picture", slog.String("path", filePath), slog.Any("error", err))
 			} else {
 				filesDeleted++
@@ -77,3 +79,34 @@ func (j *FileCleanupJobs) clearUnusedDefaultProfilePictures(ctx context.Context)
 	slog.Info("Done deleting unused default profile pictures", slog.Int("count", filesDeleted))
 	return nil
 }
+
+// clearOrphanedTempFiles deletes temporary files that are produced by failed atomic writes
+func (j *FileCleanupJobs) clearOrphanedTempFiles(ctx context.Context) error {
+	const minAge = 10 * time.Minute
+
+	var deleted int
+	err := j.fileStorage.Walk(ctx, "/", func(p storage.ObjectInfo) error {
+		// Only temp files
+		if !strings.HasSuffix(p.Path, "-tmp") {
+			return nil
+		}
+
+		if time.Since(p.ModTime) < minAge {
+			return nil
+		}
+
+		if err := j.fileStorage.Delete(ctx, p.Path); err != nil {
+			slog.ErrorContext(ctx, "Failed to delete temp file", slog.String("path", p.Path), slog.Any("error", err))
+			return nil
+		}
+		deleted++
+		return nil
+	})
+
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to scan storage: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	slog.Info("Done cleaning orphaned temp files", slog.Int("count", deleted))
+	return nil
+}

backend/internal/middleware/csp_middleware.go

@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ func (m *CspMiddleware) Add() gin.HandlerFunc {
 			"object-src 'none'; " +
 			"frame-ancestors 'none'; " +
 			"form-action 'self'; " +
-			"img-src 'self' data: blob:; " +
+			"img-src * blob:;" +
 			"font-src 'self'; " +
 			"style-src 'self' 'unsafe-inline'; " +
 			"script-src 'self' 'nonce-" + nonce + "'"

backend/internal/middleware/rate_limit.go

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ func (m *RateLimitMiddleware) Add(limit rate.Limit, burst int) gin.HandlerFunc {
 
 		// Skip rate limiting for localhost and test environment
 		// If the client ip is localhost the request comes from the frontend
-		if ip == "" || ip == "127.0.0.1" || ip == "::1" || common.EnvConfig.AppEnv == "test" {
+		if ip == "" || ip == "127.0.0.1" || ip == "::1" || common.EnvConfig.AppEnv.IsTest() {
 			c.Next()
 			return
 		}

backend/internal/model/app_config.go

@@ -46,6 +46,7 @@ type AppConfig struct {
 	// Internal
 	InstanceID AppConfigVariable `key:"instanceId,internal"` // Internal
 	// Email
+	RequireUserEmail                           AppConfigVariable `key:"requireUserEmail,public"` // Public
 	SmtpHost                                   AppConfigVariable `key:"smtpHost"`
 	SmtpPort                                   AppConfigVariable `key:"smtpPort"`
 	SmtpFrom                                   AppConfigVariable `key:"smtpFrom"`
@@ -76,7 +77,7 @@ type AppConfig struct {
 	LdapAttributeGroupMember           AppConfigVariable `key:"ldapAttributeGroupMember"`
 	LdapAttributeGroupUniqueIdentifier AppConfigVariable `key:"ldapAttributeGroupUniqueIdentifier"`
 	LdapAttributeGroupName             AppConfigVariable `key:"ldapAttributeGroupName"`
-	LdapAttributeAdminGroup            AppConfigVariable `key:"ldapAttributeAdminGroup"`
+	LdapAdminGroupName                 AppConfigVariable `key:"ldapAdminGroupName"`
 	LdapSoftDeleteUsers                AppConfigVariable `key:"ldapSoftDeleteUsers"`
 }
 

backend/internal/model/audit_log.go

@@ -3,13 +3,14 @@ package model
 import (
 	"database/sql/driver"
 	"encoding/json"
-	"fmt"
+
+	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/utils"
 )
 
 type AuditLog struct {
 	Base
 
-	Event     AuditLogEvent `sortable:"true"`
+	Event     AuditLogEvent `sortable:"true" filterable:"true"`
 	IpAddress *string       `sortable:"true"`
 	Country   string        `sortable:"true"`
 	City      string        `sortable:"true"`
@@ -17,7 +18,7 @@ type AuditLog struct {
 	Username  string        `gorm:"-"`
 	Data      AuditLogData
 
-	UserID string
+	UserID string `filterable:"true"`
 	User   User
 }
 
@@ -33,6 +34,8 @@ const (
 	AuditLogEventNewClientAuthorization     AuditLogEvent = "NEW_CLIENT_AUTHORIZATION"
 	AuditLogEventDeviceCodeAuthorization    AuditLogEvent = "DEVICE_CODE_AUTHORIZATION"
 	AuditLogEventNewDeviceCodeAuthorization AuditLogEvent = "NEW_DEVICE_CODE_AUTHORIZATION"
+	AuditLogEventPasskeyAdded               AuditLogEvent = "PASSKEY_ADDED"
+	AuditLogEventPasskeyRemoved             AuditLogEvent = "PASSKEY_REMOVED"
 )
 
 // Scan and Value methods for GORM to handle the custom type
@@ -47,14 +50,7 @@ func (e AuditLogEvent) Value() (driver.Value, error) {
 }
 
 func (d *AuditLogData) Scan(value any) error {
-	switch v := value.(type) {
-	case []byte:
-		return json.Unmarshal(v, d)
-	case string:
-		return json.Unmarshal([]byte(v), d)
-	default:
-		return fmt.Errorf("unsupported type: %T", value)
-	}
+	return utils.UnmarshalJSONFromDatabase(d, value)
 }
 
 func (d AuditLogData) Value() (driver.Value, error) {

backend/internal/model/oidc.go

@@ -3,12 +3,10 @@ package model
 import (
 	"database/sql/driver"
 	"encoding/json"
-	"fmt"
 	"strings"
 
-	"gorm.io/gorm"
-
 	datatype "github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/model/types"
+	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/utils"
 )
 
 type UserAuthorizedOidcClient struct {
@@ -54,10 +52,10 @@ type OidcClient struct {
 	CallbackURLs             UrlList
 	LogoutCallbackURLs       UrlList
 	ImageType                *string
-	HasLogo                  bool `gorm:"-"`
+	DarkImageType            *string
 	IsPublic                 bool
-	PkceEnabled              bool
-	RequiresReauthentication bool
+	PkceEnabled              bool `sortable:"true" filterable:"true"`
+	RequiresReauthentication bool `sortable:"true" filterable:"true"`
 	Credentials              OidcClientCredentials
 	LaunchURL                *string
 
@@ -67,6 +65,14 @@ type OidcClient struct {
 	UserAuthorizedOidcClients []UserAuthorizedOidcClient `gorm:"foreignKey:ClientID;references:ID"`
 }
 
+func (c OidcClient) HasLogo() bool {
+	return c.ImageType != nil && *c.ImageType != ""
+}
+
+func (c OidcClient) HasDarkLogo() bool {
+	return c.DarkImageType != nil && *c.DarkImageType != ""
+}
+
 type OidcRefreshToken struct {
 	Base
 
@@ -89,12 +95,6 @@ func (c OidcRefreshToken) Scopes() []string {
 	return strings.Split(c.Scope, " ")
 }
 
-func (c *OidcClient) AfterFind(_ *gorm.DB) (err error) {
-	// Compute HasLogo field
-	c.HasLogo = c.ImageType != nil && *c.ImageType != ""
-	return nil
-}
-
 type OidcClientCredentials struct { //nolint:recvcheck
 	FederatedIdentities []OidcClientFederatedIdentity `json:"federatedIdentities,omitempty"`
 }
@@ -121,14 +121,7 @@ func (occ OidcClientCredentials) FederatedIdentityForIssuer(issuer string) (Oidc
 }
 
 func (occ *OidcClientCredentials) Scan(value any) error {
-	switch v := value.(type) {
-	case []byte:
-		return json.Unmarshal(v, occ)
-	case string:
-		return json.Unmarshal([]byte(v), occ)
-	default:
-		return fmt.Errorf("unsupported type: %T", value)
-	}
+	return utils.UnmarshalJSONFromDatabase(occ, value)
 }
 
 func (occ OidcClientCredentials) Value() (driver.Value, error) {
@@ -138,14 +131,7 @@ func (occ OidcClientCredentials) Value() (driver.Value, error) {
 type UrlList []string //nolint:recvcheck
 
 func (cu *UrlList) Scan(value any) error {
-	switch v := value.(type) {
-	case []byte:
-		return json.Unmarshal(v, cu)
-	case string:
-		return json.Unmarshal([]byte(v), cu)
-	default:
-		return fmt.Errorf("unsupported type: %T", value)
-	}
+	return utils.UnmarshalJSONFromDatabase(cu, value)
 }
 
 func (cu UrlList) Value() (driver.Value, error) {

backend/internal/model/storage.go

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+package model
+
+import (
+	datatype "github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/model/types"
+)
+
+type Storage struct {
+	Path      string `gorm:"primaryKey"`
+	Data      []byte
+	Size      int64
+	ModTime   datatype.DateTime
+	CreatedAt datatype.DateTime
+}
+
+func (Storage) TableName() string {
+	return "storage"
+}

backend/internal/model/types/date_time.go

@@ -11,6 +11,15 @@ import (
 // DateTime custom type for time.Time to store date as unix timestamp for sqlite and as date for postgres
 type DateTime time.Time //nolint:recvcheck
 
+func DateTimeFromString(str string) (DateTime, error) {
+	t, err := time.Parse(time.RFC3339Nano, str)
+	if err != nil {
+		return DateTime{}, fmt.Errorf("failed to parse date string: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return DateTime(t), nil
+}
+
 func (date *DateTime) Scan(value any) (err error) {
 	switch v := value.(type) {
 	case time.Time:

backend/internal/model/user.go

@@ -13,15 +13,15 @@ import (
 type User struct {
 	Base
 
-	Username    string `sortable:"true"`
-	Email       string `sortable:"true"`
-	FirstName   string `sortable:"true"`
-	LastName    string `sortable:"true"`
-	DisplayName string `sortable:"true"`
-	IsAdmin     bool   `sortable:"true"`
+	Username    string  `sortable:"true"`
+	Email       *string `sortable:"true"`
+	FirstName   string  `sortable:"true"`
+	LastName    string  `sortable:"true"`
+	DisplayName string  `sortable:"true"`
+	IsAdmin     bool    `sortable:"true" filterable:"true"`
 	Locale      *string
 	LdapID      *string
-	Disabled    bool `sortable:"true"`
+	Disabled    bool `sortable:"true" filterable:"true"`
 
 	CustomClaims []CustomClaim
 	UserGroups   []UserGroup `gorm:"many2many:user_groups_users;"`

backend/internal/model/webauthn.go

@@ -3,11 +3,11 @@ package model
 import (
 	"database/sql/driver"
 	"encoding/json"
-	"fmt"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/go-webauthn/webauthn/protocol"
 	datatype "github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/model/types"
+	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/utils"
 )
 
 type WebauthnSession struct {
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ type WebauthnSession struct {
 	Challenge        string
 	ExpiresAt        datatype.DateTime
 	UserVerification string
+	CredentialParams CredentialParameters
 }
 
 type WebauthnCredential struct {
@@ -58,16 +59,20 @@ type AuthenticatorTransportList []protocol.AuthenticatorTransport //nolint:recvc
 
 // Scan and Value methods for GORM to handle the custom type
 func (atl *AuthenticatorTransportList) Scan(value interface{}) error {
-	switch v := value.(type) {
-	case []byte:
-		return json.Unmarshal(v, atl)
-	case string:
-		return json.Unmarshal([]byte(v), atl)
-	default:
-		return fmt.Errorf("unsupported type: %T", value)
-	}
+	return utils.UnmarshalJSONFromDatabase(atl, value)
 }
 
 func (atl AuthenticatorTransportList) Value() (driver.Value, error) {
 	return json.Marshal(atl)
 }
+
+type CredentialParameters []protocol.CredentialParameter //nolint:recvcheck
+
+// Scan and Value methods for GORM to handle the custom type
+func (cp *CredentialParameters) Scan(value interface{}) error {
+	return utils.UnmarshalJSONFromDatabase(cp, value)
+}
+
+func (cp CredentialParameters) Value() (driver.Value, error) {
+	return json.Marshal(cp)
+}

backend/internal/service/api_key_service.go

@@ -25,14 +25,14 @@ func NewApiKeyService(db *gorm.DB, emailService *EmailService) *ApiKeyService {
 	return &ApiKeyService{db: db, emailService: emailService}
 }
 
-func (s *ApiKeyService) ListApiKeys(ctx context.Context, userID string, sortedPaginationRequest utils.SortedPaginationRequest) ([]model.ApiKey, utils.PaginationResponse, error) {
+func (s *ApiKeyService) ListApiKeys(ctx context.Context, userID string, listRequestOptions utils.ListRequestOptions) ([]model.ApiKey, utils.PaginationResponse, error) {
 	query := s.db.
 		WithContext(ctx).
 		Where("user_id = ?", userID).
 		Model(&model.ApiKey{})
 
 	var apiKeys []model.ApiKey
-	pagination, err := utils.PaginateAndSort(sortedPaginationRequest, query, &apiKeys)
+	pagination, err := utils.PaginateFilterAndSort(listRequestOptions, query, &apiKeys)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, utils.PaginationResponse{}, err
 	}
@@ -144,9 +144,13 @@ func (s *ApiKeyService) SendApiKeyExpiringSoonEmail(ctx context.Context, apiKey
 		}
 	}
 
+	if user.Email == nil {
+		return &common.UserEmailNotSetError{}
+	}
+
 	err := SendEmail(ctx, s.emailService, email.Address{
 		Name:  user.FullName(),
-		Email: user.Email,
+		Email: *user.Email,
 	}, ApiKeyExpiringSoonTemplate, &ApiKeyExpiringSoonTemplateData{
 		ApiKeyName: apiKey.Name,
 		ExpiresAt:  apiKey.ExpiresAt.ToTime(),

backend/internal/service/app_config_service.go

@@ -71,6 +71,7 @@ func (s *AppConfigService) getDefaultDbConfig() *model.AppConfig {
 		// Internal
 		InstanceID: model.AppConfigVariable{Value: ""},
 		// Email
+		RequireUserEmail:              model.AppConfigVariable{Value: "true"},
 		SmtpHost:                      model.AppConfigVariable{},
 		SmtpPort:                      model.AppConfigVariable{},
 		SmtpFrom:                      model.AppConfigVariable{},
@@ -101,7 +102,7 @@ func (s *AppConfigService) getDefaultDbConfig() *model.AppConfig {
 		LdapAttributeGroupMember:           model.AppConfigVariable{Value: "member"},
 		LdapAttributeGroupUniqueIdentifier: model.AppConfigVariable{},
 		LdapAttributeGroupName:             model.AppConfigVariable{},
-		LdapAttributeAdminGroup:            model.AppConfigVariable{},
+		LdapAdminGroupName:                 model.AppConfigVariable{},
 		LdapSoftDeleteUsers:                model.AppConfigVariable{Value: "true"},
 	}
 }

backend/internal/service/app_images_service.go

@@ -1,42 +1,52 @@
 package service
 
 import (
+	"context"
 	"fmt"
+	"io"
 	"mime/multipart"
-	"os"
-	"path/filepath"
+	"path"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
 
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/common"
+	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/storage"
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/utils"
 )
 
 type AppImagesService struct {
 	mu         sync.RWMutex
 	extensions map[string]string
+	storage    storage.FileStorage
 }
 
-func NewAppImagesService(extensions map[string]string) *AppImagesService {
-	return &AppImagesService{extensions: extensions}
+func NewAppImagesService(extensions map[string]string, storage storage.FileStorage) *AppImagesService {
+	return &AppImagesService{extensions: extensions, storage: storage}
 }
 
-func (s *AppImagesService) GetImage(name string) (string, string, error) {
+func (s *AppImagesService) GetImage(ctx context.Context, name string) (io.ReadCloser, int64, string, error) {
 	ext, err := s.getExtension(name)
 	if err != nil {
-		return "", "", err
+		return nil, 0, "", err
 	}
 
 	mimeType := utils.GetImageMimeType(ext)
 	if mimeType == "" {
-		return "", "", fmt.Errorf("unsupported image type '%s'", ext)
+		return nil, 0, "", fmt.Errorf("unsupported image type '%s'", ext)
 	}
 
-	imagePath := filepath.Join(common.EnvConfig.UploadPath, "application-images", fmt.Sprintf("%s.%s", name, ext))
-	return imagePath, mimeType, nil
+	imagePath := path.Join("application-images", name+"."+ext)
+	reader, size, err := s.storage.Open(ctx, imagePath)
+	if err != nil {
+		if storage.IsNotExist(err) {
+			return nil, 0, "", &common.ImageNotFoundError{}
+		}
+		return nil, 0, "", err
+	}
+	return reader, size, mimeType, nil
 }
 
-func (s *AppImagesService) UpdateImage(file *multipart.FileHeader, imageName string) error {
+func (s *AppImagesService) UpdateImage(ctx context.Context, file *multipart.FileHeader, imageName string) error {
 	fileType := strings.ToLower(utils.GetFileExtension(file.Filename))
 	mimeType := utils.GetImageMimeType(fileType)
 	if mimeType == "" {
@@ -48,18 +58,23 @@ func (s *AppImagesService) UpdateImage(file *multipart.FileHeader, imageName str
 
 	currentExt, ok := s.extensions[imageName]
 	if !ok {
-		return fmt.Errorf("unknown application image '%s'", imageName)
+		s.extensions[imageName] = fileType
 	}
 
-	imagePath := filepath.Join(common.EnvConfig.UploadPath, "application-images", fmt.Sprintf("%s.%s", imageName, fileType))
+	imagePath := path.Join("application-images", imageName+"."+fileType)
+	fileReader, err := file.Open()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer fileReader.Close()
 
-	if err := utils.SaveFile(file, imagePath); err != nil {
+	if err := s.storage.Save(ctx, imagePath, fileReader); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 
 	if currentExt != "" && currentExt != fileType {
-		oldImagePath := filepath.Join(common.EnvConfig.UploadPath, "application-images", fmt.Sprintf("%s.%s", imageName, currentExt))
-		if err := os.Remove(oldImagePath); err != nil && !os.IsNotExist(err) {
+		oldImagePath := path.Join("application-images", imageName+"."+currentExt)
+		if err := s.storage.Delete(ctx, oldImagePath); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 	}
@@ -69,13 +84,39 @@ func (s *AppImagesService) UpdateImage(file *multipart.FileHeader, imageName str
 	return nil
 }
 
+func (s *AppImagesService) DeleteImage(ctx context.Context, imageName string) error {
+	s.mu.Lock()
+	defer s.mu.Unlock()
+
+	ext, ok := s.extensions[imageName]
+	if !ok || ext == "" {
+		return &common.ImageNotFoundError{}
+	}
+
+	imagePath := path.Join("application-images", imageName+"."+ext)
+	if err := s.storage.Delete(ctx, imagePath); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	delete(s.extensions, imageName)
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (s *AppImagesService) IsDefaultProfilePictureSet() bool {
+	s.mu.RLock()
+	defer s.mu.RUnlock()
+
+	_, ok := s.extensions["default-profile-picture"]
+	return ok
+}
+
 func (s *AppImagesService) getExtension(name string) (string, error) {
 	s.mu.RLock()
 	defer s.mu.RUnlock()
 
 	ext, ok := s.extensions[name]
 	if !ok || ext == "" {
-		return "", fmt.Errorf("unknown application image '%s'", name)
+		return "", &common.ImageNotFoundError{}
 	}
 
 	return strings.ToLower(ext), nil

backend/internal/service/app_images_service_test.go

@@ -2,66 +2,92 @@ package service
 
 import (
 	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"io"
 	"io/fs"
 	"mime/multipart"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/http/httptest"
-	"os"
-	"path/filepath"
+	"path"
 	"testing"
 
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/common"
+	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/storage"
 )
 
 func TestAppImagesService_GetImage(t *testing.T) {
-	tempDir := t.TempDir()
-	originalUploadPath := common.EnvConfig.UploadPath
-	common.EnvConfig.UploadPath = tempDir
-	t.Cleanup(func() {
-		common.EnvConfig.UploadPath = originalUploadPath
-	})
-
-	imagesDir := filepath.Join(tempDir, "application-images")
-	require.NoError(t, os.MkdirAll(imagesDir, 0o755))
-
-	filePath := filepath.Join(imagesDir, "background.webp")
-	require.NoError(t, os.WriteFile(filePath, []byte("data"), fs.FileMode(0o644)))
-
-	service := NewAppImagesService(map[string]string{"background": "webp"})
-
-	path, mimeType, err := service.GetImage("background")
+	store, err := storage.NewFilesystemStorage(t.TempDir())
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.Equal(t, filePath, path)
+
+	require.NoError(t, store.Save(context.Background(), path.Join("application-images", "background.webp"), bytes.NewReader([]byte("data"))))
+
+	service := NewAppImagesService(map[string]string{"background": "webp"}, store)
+
+	reader, size, mimeType, err := service.GetImage(context.Background(), "background")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	defer reader.Close()
+	payload, err := io.ReadAll(reader)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, []byte("data"), payload)
+	require.Equal(t, int64(len(payload)), size)
 	require.Equal(t, "image/webp", mimeType)
 }
 
 func TestAppImagesService_UpdateImage(t *testing.T) {
-	tempDir := t.TempDir()
-	originalUploadPath := common.EnvConfig.UploadPath
-	common.EnvConfig.UploadPath = tempDir
-	t.Cleanup(func() {
-		common.EnvConfig.UploadPath = originalUploadPath
-	})
+	store, err := storage.NewFilesystemStorage(t.TempDir())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 
-	imagesDir := filepath.Join(tempDir, "application-images")
-	require.NoError(t, os.MkdirAll(imagesDir, 0o755))
+	require.NoError(t, store.Save(context.Background(), path.Join("application-images", "logoLight.svg"), bytes.NewReader([]byte("old"))))
 
-	oldPath := filepath.Join(imagesDir, "logoLight.svg")
-	require.NoError(t, os.WriteFile(oldPath, []byte("old"), fs.FileMode(0o644)))
-
-	service := NewAppImagesService(map[string]string{"logoLight": "svg"})
+	service := NewAppImagesService(map[string]string{"logoLight": "svg"}, store)
 
 	fileHeader := newFileHeader(t, "logoLight.png", []byte("new"))
 
-	require.NoError(t, service.UpdateImage(fileHeader, "logoLight"))
+	require.NoError(t, service.UpdateImage(context.Background(), fileHeader, "logoLight"))
 
-	_, err := os.Stat(filepath.Join(imagesDir, "logoLight.png"))
+	reader, _, err := store.Open(context.Background(), path.Join("application-images", "logoLight.png"))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	_ = reader.Close()
+
+	_, _, err = store.Open(context.Background(), path.Join("application-images", "logoLight.svg"))
+	require.ErrorIs(t, err, fs.ErrNotExist)
+}
+
+func TestAppImagesService_ErrorsAndFlags(t *testing.T) {
+	store, err := storage.NewFilesystemStorage(t.TempDir())
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 
-	_, err = os.Stat(oldPath)
-	require.ErrorIs(t, err, os.ErrNotExist)
+	service := NewAppImagesService(map[string]string{}, store)
+
+	t.Run("get missing image returns not found", func(t *testing.T) {
+		_, _, _, err := service.GetImage(context.Background(), "missing")
+		require.Error(t, err)
+		var imageErr *common.ImageNotFoundError
+		assert.ErrorAs(t, err, &imageErr)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("reject unsupported file types", func(t *testing.T) {
+		err := service.UpdateImage(context.Background(), newFileHeader(t, "logo.txt", []byte("nope")), "logo")
+		require.Error(t, err)
+		var fileTypeErr *common.FileTypeNotSupportedError
+		assert.ErrorAs(t, err, &fileTypeErr)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("delete and extension tracking", func(t *testing.T) {
+		require.NoError(t, store.Save(context.Background(), path.Join("application-images", "default-profile-picture.png"), bytes.NewReader([]byte("img"))))
+		service.extensions["default-profile-picture"] = "png"
+
+		require.NoError(t, service.DeleteImage(context.Background(), "default-profile-picture"))
+		assert.False(t, service.IsDefaultProfilePictureSet())
+
+		err := service.DeleteImage(context.Background(), "default-profile-picture")
+		require.Error(t, err)
+		var imageErr *common.ImageNotFoundError
+		assert.ErrorAs(t, err, &imageErr)
+	})
 }
 
 func newFileHeader(t *testing.T, filename string, content []byte) *multipart.FileHeader {

backend/internal/service/app_lock_service.go

@@ -0,0 +1,296 @@
+package service
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"log/slog"
+	"os"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/google/uuid"
+	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/model"
+	"gorm.io/gorm"
+	"gorm.io/gorm/clause"
+)
+
+var (
+	ErrLockUnavailable = errors.New("lock is already held by another process")
+	ErrLockLost        = errors.New("lock ownership lost")
+)
+
+const (
+	ttl           = 30 * time.Second
+	renewInterval = 20 * time.Second
+	renewRetries  = 3
+	lockKey       = "application_lock"
+)
+
+type AppLockService struct {
+	db        *gorm.DB
+	lockID    string
+	processID int64
+	hostID    string
+}
+
+func NewAppLockService(db *gorm.DB) *AppLockService {
+	host, err := os.Hostname()
+	if err != nil || host == "" {
+		host = "unknown-host"
+	}
+
+	return &AppLockService{
+		db:        db,
+		processID: int64(os.Getpid()),
+		hostID:    host,
+		lockID:    uuid.NewString(),
+	}
+}
+
+type lockValue struct {
+	ProcessID int64  `json:"process_id"`
+	HostID    string `json:"host_id"`
+	LockID    string `json:"lock_id"`
+	ExpiresAt int64  `json:"expires_at"`
+}
+
+func (lv *lockValue) Marshal() (string, error) {
+	data, err := json.Marshal(lv)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	return string(data), nil
+}
+
+func (lv *lockValue) Unmarshal(raw string) error {
+	if raw == "" {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return json.Unmarshal([]byte(raw), lv)
+}
+
+// Acquire obtains the lock. When force is true, the lock is stolen from any existing owner.
+// If the lock is forcefully acquired, it blocks until the previous lock has expired.
+func (s *AppLockService) Acquire(ctx context.Context, force bool) (waitUntil time.Time, err error) {
+	tx := s.db.Begin()
+	defer func() {
+		tx.Rollback()
+	}()
+
+	var prevLockRaw string
+	err = tx.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		Model(&model.KV{}).
+		Where("key = ?", lockKey).
+		Clauses(clause.Locking{Strength: "UPDATE"}).
+		Select("value").
+		Scan(&prevLockRaw).
+		Error
+	if err != nil {
+		return time.Time{}, fmt.Errorf("query existing lock: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	var prevLock lockValue
+	if prevLockRaw != "" {
+		if err := prevLock.Unmarshal(prevLockRaw); err != nil {
+			return time.Time{}, fmt.Errorf("decode existing lock value: %w", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	now := time.Now()
+	nowUnix := now.Unix()
+
+	value := lockValue{
+		ProcessID: s.processID,
+		HostID:    s.hostID,
+		LockID:    s.lockID,
+		ExpiresAt: now.Add(ttl).Unix(),
+	}
+	raw, err := value.Marshal()
+	if err != nil {
+		return time.Time{}, fmt.Errorf("encode lock value: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	var query string
+	switch s.db.Name() {
+	case "sqlite":
+		query = `
+			INSERT INTO kv (key, value)
+			VALUES (?, ?)
+			ON CONFLICT(key) DO UPDATE SET 
+				value = excluded.value
+			WHERE (json_extract(kv.value, '$.expires_at') < ?) OR ?
+		`
+	case "postgres":
+		query = `
+			INSERT INTO kv (key, value)
+			VALUES ($1, $2)
+			ON CONFLICT(key) DO UPDATE SET 
+				value = excluded.value
+			WHERE ((kv.value::json->>'expires_at')::bigint < $3) OR ($4::boolean IS TRUE)
+		`
+	default:
+		return time.Time{}, fmt.Errorf("unsupported database dialect: %s", s.db.Name())
+	}
+
+	res := tx.WithContext(ctx).Exec(query, lockKey, raw, nowUnix, force)
+	if res.Error != nil {
+		return time.Time{}, fmt.Errorf("lock acquisition failed: %w", res.Error)
+	}
+
+	if err := tx.Commit().Error; err != nil {
+		return time.Time{}, fmt.Errorf("commit lock acquisition: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// If there is a lock that is not expired and force is false, no rows will be affected
+	if res.RowsAffected == 0 {
+		return time.Time{}, ErrLockUnavailable
+	}
+
+	if force && prevLock.ExpiresAt > nowUnix && prevLock.LockID != s.lockID {
+		waitUntil = time.Unix(prevLock.ExpiresAt, 0)
+	}
+
+	attrs := []any{
+		slog.Int64("process_id", s.processID),
+		slog.String("host_id", s.hostID),
+	}
+	if wait := time.Until(waitUntil); wait > 0 {
+		attrs = append(attrs, slog.Duration("wait_before_proceeding", wait))
+	}
+	slog.Info("Acquired application lock", attrs...)
+
+	return waitUntil, nil
+}
+
+// RunRenewal keeps renewing the lock until the context is canceled.
+func (s *AppLockService) RunRenewal(ctx context.Context) error {
+	ticker := time.NewTicker(renewInterval)
+	defer ticker.Stop()
+
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			return nil
+		case <-ticker.C:
+			if err := s.renew(ctx); err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("renew lock: %w", err)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// Release releases the lock if it is held by this process.
+func (s *AppLockService) Release(ctx context.Context) error {
+	opCtx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, 3*time.Second)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	var query string
+	switch s.db.Name() {
+	case "sqlite":
+		query = `
+		DELETE FROM kv
+		WHERE key = ?
+		  AND json_extract(value, '$.lock_id') = ?
+	`
+	case "postgres":
+		query = `
+		DELETE FROM kv
+		WHERE key = $1
+		  AND value::json->>'lock_id' = $2
+	`
+	default:
+		return fmt.Errorf("unsupported database dialect: %s", s.db.Name())
+	}
+
+	res := s.db.WithContext(opCtx).Exec(query, lockKey, s.lockID)
+	if res.Error != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("release lock failed: %w", res.Error)
+	}
+
+	if res.RowsAffected == 0 {
+		slog.Warn("Application lock not held by this process, cannot release",
+			slog.Int64("process_id", s.processID),
+			slog.String("host_id", s.hostID),
+		)
+	}
+
+	slog.Info("Released application lock",
+		slog.Int64("process_id", s.processID),
+		slog.String("host_id", s.hostID),
+	)
+	return nil
+}
+
+// renew tries to renew the lock, retrying up to renewRetries times (sleeping 1s between attempts).
+func (s *AppLockService) renew(ctx context.Context) error {
+	var lastErr error
+	for attempt := 1; attempt <= renewRetries; attempt++ {
+		now := time.Now()
+		nowUnix := now.Unix()
+		expiresAt := now.Add(ttl).Unix()
+
+		value := lockValue{
+			LockID:    s.lockID,
+			ProcessID: s.processID,
+			HostID:    s.hostID,
+			ExpiresAt: expiresAt,
+		}
+		raw, err := value.Marshal()
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("encode lock value: %w", err)
+		}
+
+		var query string
+		switch s.db.Name() {
+		case "sqlite":
+			query = `
+				UPDATE kv
+				SET value = ?
+				WHERE key = ?
+				  AND json_extract(value, '$.lock_id') = ?
+				  AND json_extract(value, '$.expires_at') > ?
+			`
+		case "postgres":
+			query = `
+				UPDATE kv
+				SET value = $1
+				WHERE key = $2
+				  AND value::json->>'lock_id' = $3
+				  AND ((value::json->>'expires_at')::bigint > $4)
+			`
+		default:
+			return fmt.Errorf("unsupported database dialect: %s", s.db.Name())
+		}
+
+		opCtx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, 3*time.Second)
+		res := s.db.WithContext(opCtx).Exec(query, raw, lockKey, s.lockID, nowUnix)
+		cancel()
+
+		switch {
+		case res.Error != nil:
+			lastErr = fmt.Errorf("lock renewal failed: %w", res.Error)
+		case res.RowsAffected == 0:
+			// Must be after checking res.Error
+			return ErrLockLost
+		default:
+			slog.Debug("Renewed application lock",
+				slog.Int64("process_id", s.processID),
+				slog.String("host_id", s.hostID),
+			)
+			return nil
+		}
+
+		// Wait before next attempt or cancel if context is done
+		if attempt < renewRetries {
+			select {
+			case <-ctx.Done():
+				return ctx.Err()
+			case <-time.After(1 * time.Second):
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return lastErr
+}

backend/internal/service/app_lock_service_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
+package service
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	"gorm.io/gorm"
+
+	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/model"
+	testutils "github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/utils/testing"
+)
+
+func newTestAppLockService(t *testing.T, db *gorm.DB) *AppLockService {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	return &AppLockService{
+		db:        db,
+		processID: 1,
+		hostID:    "test-host",
+		lockID:    "a13c7673-c7ae-49f1-9112-2cd2d0d4b0c1",
+	}
+}
+
+func insertLock(t *testing.T, db *gorm.DB, value lockValue) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	raw, err := value.Marshal()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	err = db.Create(&model.KV{Key: lockKey, Value: &raw}).Error
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+}
+
+func readLockValue(t *testing.T, db *gorm.DB) lockValue {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	var row model.KV
+	err := db.Take(&row, "key = ?", lockKey).Error
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	require.NotNil(t, row.Value)
+
+	var value lockValue
+	err = value.Unmarshal(*row.Value)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	return value
+}
+
+func TestAppLockServiceAcquire(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("creates new lock when none exists", func(t *testing.T) {
+		db := testutils.NewDatabaseForTest(t)
+		service := newTestAppLockService(t, db)
+
+		_, err := service.Acquire(context.Background(), false)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		stored := readLockValue(t, db)
+		require.Equal(t, service.processID, stored.ProcessID)
+		require.Equal(t, service.hostID, stored.HostID)
+		require.Greater(t, stored.ExpiresAt, time.Now().Unix())
+	})
+
+	t.Run("returns ErrLockUnavailable when lock held by another process", func(t *testing.T) {
+		db := testutils.NewDatabaseForTest(t)
+		service := newTestAppLockService(t, db)
+
+		existing := lockValue{
+			ProcessID: 99,
+			HostID:    "other-host",
+			ExpiresAt: time.Now().Add(ttl).Unix(),
+		}
+		insertLock(t, db, existing)
+
+		_, err := service.Acquire(context.Background(), false)
+		require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrLockUnavailable)
+
+		current := readLockValue(t, db)
+		require.Equal(t, existing, current)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("force acquisition steals lock", func(t *testing.T) {
+		db := testutils.NewDatabaseForTest(t)
+		service := newTestAppLockService(t, db)
+
+		insertLock(t, db, lockValue{
+			ProcessID: 99,
+			HostID:    "other-host",
+			ExpiresAt: time.Now().Unix(),
+		})
+
+		_, err := service.Acquire(context.Background(), true)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		stored := readLockValue(t, db)
+		require.Equal(t, service.processID, stored.ProcessID)
+		require.Equal(t, service.hostID, stored.HostID)
+		require.Greater(t, stored.ExpiresAt, time.Now().Unix())
+	})
+}
+
+func TestAppLockServiceRelease(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("removes owned lock", func(t *testing.T) {
+		db := testutils.NewDatabaseForTest(t)
+		service := newTestAppLockService(t, db)
+
+		_, err := service.Acquire(context.Background(), false)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		err = service.Release(context.Background())
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		var row model.KV
+		err = db.Take(&row, "key = ?", lockKey).Error
+		require.ErrorIs(t, err, gorm.ErrRecordNotFound)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("ignores lock held by another owner", func(t *testing.T) {
+		db := testutils.NewDatabaseForTest(t)
+		service := newTestAppLockService(t, db)
+
+		existing := lockValue{
+			ProcessID: 2,
+			HostID:    "other-host",
+			ExpiresAt: time.Now().Add(ttl).Unix(),
+		}
+		insertLock(t, db, existing)
+
+		err := service.Release(context.Background())
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		stored := readLockValue(t, db)
+		require.Equal(t, existing, stored)
+	})
+}
+
+func TestAppLockServiceRenew(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("extends expiration when lock is still owned", func(t *testing.T) {
+		db := testutils.NewDatabaseForTest(t)
+		service := newTestAppLockService(t, db)
+
+		_, err := service.Acquire(context.Background(), false)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		before := readLockValue(t, db)
+
+		err = service.renew(context.Background())
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		after := readLockValue(t, db)
+		require.Equal(t, service.processID, after.ProcessID)
+		require.Equal(t, service.hostID, after.HostID)
+		require.GreaterOrEqual(t, after.ExpiresAt, before.ExpiresAt)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("returns ErrLockLost when lock is missing", func(t *testing.T) {
+		db := testutils.NewDatabaseForTest(t)
+		service := newTestAppLockService(t, db)
+
+		err := service.renew(context.Background())
+		require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrLockLost)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("returns ErrLockLost when ownership changed", func(t *testing.T) {
+		db := testutils.NewDatabaseForTest(t)
+		service := newTestAppLockService(t, db)
+
+		_, err := service.Acquire(context.Background(), false)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		// Simulate a different process taking the lock.
+		newOwner := lockValue{
+			ProcessID: 9,
+			HostID:    "stolen-host",
+			ExpiresAt: time.Now().Add(ttl).Unix(),
+		}
+		raw, marshalErr := newOwner.Marshal()
+		require.NoError(t, marshalErr)
+		updateErr := db.Model(&model.KV{}).
+			Where("key = ?", lockKey).
+			Update("value", raw).Error
+		require.NoError(t, updateErr)
+
+		err = service.renew(context.Background())
+		require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrLockLost)
+	})
+}

backend/internal/service/audit_log_service.go

@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ import (
 	"log/slog"
 
 	userAgentParser "github.com/mileusna/useragent"
-	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/dto"
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/model"
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/utils"
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/utils/email"
@@ -35,7 +34,7 @@ func (s *AuditLogService) Create(ctx context.Context, event model.AuditLogEvent,
 	country, city, err := s.geoliteService.GetLocationByIP(ipAddress)
 	if err != nil {
 		// Log the error but don't interrupt the operation
-		slog.Warn("Failed to get IP location", "error", err)
+		slog.Warn("Failed to get IP location", slog.String("ip", ipAddress), slog.Any("error", err))
 	}
 
 	auditLog := model.AuditLog{
@@ -111,9 +110,13 @@ func (s *AuditLogService) CreateNewSignInWithEmail(ctx context.Context, ipAddres
 				return
 			}
 
+			if user.Email == nil {
+				return
+			}
+
 			innerErr = SendEmail(innerCtx, s.emailService, email.Address{
 				Name:  user.FullName(),
-				Email: user.Email,
+				Email: *user.Email,
 			}, NewLoginTemplate, &NewLoginTemplateData{
 				IPAddress: ipAddress,
 				Country:   createdAuditLog.Country,
@@ -122,7 +125,7 @@ func (s *AuditLogService) CreateNewSignInWithEmail(ctx context.Context, ipAddres
 				DateTime:  createdAuditLog.CreatedAt.UTC(),
 			})
 			if innerErr != nil {
-				slog.ErrorContext(innerCtx, "Failed to send notification email", slog.Any("error", innerErr), slog.String("address", user.Email))
+				slog.ErrorContext(innerCtx, "Failed to send notification email", slog.Any("error", innerErr), slog.String("address", *user.Email))
 				return
 			}
 		}()
@@ -132,14 +135,14 @@ func (s *AuditLogService) CreateNewSignInWithEmail(ctx context.Context, ipAddres
 }
 
 // ListAuditLogsForUser retrieves all audit logs for a given user ID
-func (s *AuditLogService) ListAuditLogsForUser(ctx context.Context, userID string, sortedPaginationRequest utils.SortedPaginationRequest) ([]model.AuditLog, utils.PaginationResponse, error) {
+func (s *AuditLogService) ListAuditLogsForUser(ctx context.Context, userID string, listRequestOptions utils.ListRequestOptions) ([]model.AuditLog, utils.PaginationResponse, error) {
 	var logs []model.AuditLog
 	query := s.db.
 		WithContext(ctx).
 		Model(&model.AuditLog{}).
 		Where("user_id = ?", userID)
 
-	pagination, err := utils.PaginateAndSort(sortedPaginationRequest, query, &logs)
+	pagination, err := utils.PaginateFilterAndSort(listRequestOptions, query, &logs)
 	return logs, pagination, err
 }
 
@@ -148,7 +151,7 @@ func (s *AuditLogService) DeviceStringFromUserAgent(userAgent string) string {
 	return ua.Name + " on " + ua.OS + " " + ua.OSVersion
 }
 
-func (s *AuditLogService) ListAllAuditLogs(ctx context.Context, sortedPaginationRequest utils.SortedPaginationRequest, filters dto.AuditLogFilterDto) ([]model.AuditLog, utils.PaginationResponse, error) {
+func (s *AuditLogService) ListAllAuditLogs(ctx context.Context, listRequestOptions utils.ListRequestOptions) ([]model.AuditLog, utils.PaginationResponse, error) {
 	var logs []model.AuditLog
 
 	query := s.db.
@@ -156,33 +159,36 @@ func (s *AuditLogService) ListAllAuditLogs(ctx context.Context, sortedPagination
 		Preload("User").
 		Model(&model.AuditLog{})
 
-	if filters.UserID != "" {
-		query = query.Where("user_id = ?", filters.UserID)
-	}
-	if filters.Event != "" {
-		query = query.Where("event = ?", filters.Event)
-	}
-	if filters.ClientName != "" {
+	if clientName, ok := listRequestOptions.Filters["clientName"]; ok {
 		dialect := s.db.Name()
 		switch dialect {
 		case "sqlite":
-			query = query.Where("json_extract(data, '$.clientName') = ?", filters.ClientName)
+			query = query.Where("json_extract(data, '$.clientName') IN ?", clientName)
 		case "postgres":
-			query = query.Where("data->>'clientName' = ?", filters.ClientName)
+			query = query.Where("data->>'clientName' IN ?", clientName)
 		default:
 			return nil, utils.PaginationResponse{}, fmt.Errorf("unsupported database dialect: %s", dialect)
 		}
 	}
-	if filters.Location != "" {
-		switch filters.Location {
-		case "external":
-			query = query.Where("country != 'Internal Network'")
-		case "internal":
-			query = query.Where("country = 'Internal Network'")
+
+	if locations, ok := listRequestOptions.Filters["location"]; ok {
+		mapped := make([]string, 0, len(locations))
+		for _, v := range locations {
+			if s, ok := v.(string); ok {
+				switch s {
+				case "internal":
+					mapped = append(mapped, "Internal Network")
+				case "external":
+					mapped = append(mapped, "External Network")
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		if len(mapped) > 0 {
+			query = query.Where("country IN ?", mapped)
 		}
 	}
 
-	pagination, err := utils.PaginateAndSort(sortedPaginationRequest, query, &logs)
+	pagination, err := utils.PaginateFilterAndSort(listRequestOptions, query, &logs)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, pagination, err
 	}
@@ -195,8 +201,8 @@ func (s *AuditLogService) ListUsernamesWithIds(ctx context.Context) (users map[s
 		WithContext(ctx).
 		Joins("User").
 		Model(&model.AuditLog{}).
-		Select("DISTINCT \"User\".id, \"User\".username").
-		Where("\"User\".username IS NOT NULL")
+		Select(`DISTINCT "User".id, "User".username`).
+		Where(`"User".username IS NOT NULL`)
 
 	type Result struct {
 		ID       string `gorm:"column:id"`
@@ -204,7 +210,8 @@ func (s *AuditLogService) ListUsernamesWithIds(ctx context.Context) (users map[s
 	}
 
 	var results []Result
-	if err := query.Find(&results).Error; err != nil {
+	err = query.Find(&results).Error
+	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to query user IDs: %w", err)
 	}
 
@@ -240,7 +247,8 @@ func (s *AuditLogService) ListClientNames(ctx context.Context) (clientNames []st
 	}
 
 	var results []Result
-	if err := query.Find(&results).Error; err != nil {
+	err = query.Find(&results).Error
+	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to query client IDs: %w", err)
 	}
 

backend/internal/service/e2etest_service.go

@@ -7,15 +7,12 @@ import (
 	"crypto/ecdsa"
 	"crypto/elliptic"
 	"crypto/rand"
-	"crypto/x509"
 	"encoding/base64"
 	"fmt"
 	"log/slog"
-	"os"
-	"path/filepath"
+	"path"
 	"time"
 
-	"github.com/fxamacker/cbor/v2"
 	"github.com/go-webauthn/webauthn/protocol"
 	"github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/v3/jwa"
 	"github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/v3/jwk"
@@ -25,6 +22,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/common"
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/model"
 	datatype "github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/model/types"
+	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/storage"
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/utils"
 	jwkutils "github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/utils/jwk"
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/resources"
@@ -35,15 +33,19 @@ type TestService struct {
 	jwtService       *JwtService
 	appConfigService *AppConfigService
 	ldapService      *LdapService
+	fileStorage      storage.FileStorage
+	appLockService   *AppLockService
 	externalIdPKey   jwk.Key
 }
 
-func NewTestService(db *gorm.DB, appConfigService *AppConfigService, jwtService *JwtService, ldapService *LdapService) (*TestService, error) {
+func NewTestService(db *gorm.DB, appConfigService *AppConfigService, jwtService *JwtService, ldapService *LdapService, appLockService *AppLockService, fileStorage storage.FileStorage) (*TestService, error) {
 	s := &TestService{
 		db:               db,
 		appConfigService: appConfigService,
 		jwtService:       jwtService,
 		ldapService:      ldapService,
+		appLockService:   appLockService,
+		fileStorage:      fileStorage,
 	}
 	err := s.initExternalIdP()
 	if err != nil {
@@ -79,7 +81,7 @@ func (s *TestService) SeedDatabase(baseURL string) error {
 					ID: "f4b89dc2-62fb-46bf-9f5f-c34f4eafe93e",
 				},
 				Username:    "tim",
-				Email:       "tim.cook@test.com",
+				Email:       utils.Ptr("tim.cook@test.com"),
 				FirstName:   "Tim",
 				LastName:    "Cook",
 				DisplayName: "Tim Cook",
@@ -90,7 +92,7 @@ func (s *TestService) SeedDatabase(baseURL string) error {
 					ID: "1cd19686-f9a6-43f4-a41f-14a0bf5b4036",
 				},
 				Username:    "craig",
-				Email:       "craig.federighi@test.com",
+				Email:       utils.Ptr("craig.federighi@test.com"),
 				FirstName:   "Craig",
 				LastName:    "Federighi",
 				DisplayName: "Craig Federighi",
@@ -286,8 +288,8 @@ func (s *TestService) SeedDatabase(baseURL string) error {
 		// openssl genpkey -algorithm EC -pkeyopt ec_paramgen_curve:P-256 | \
 		// openssl pkcs8 -topk8 -nocrypt | tee >(openssl pkey -pubout)
 
-		publicKeyPasskey1, _ := s.getCborPublicKey("MFkwEwYHKoZIzj0CAQYIKoZIzj0DAQcDQgAEwcOo5KV169KR67QEHrcYkeXE3CCxv2BgwnSq4VYTQxyLtdmKxegexa8JdwFKhKXa2BMI9xaN15BoL6wSCRFJhg==")
-		publicKeyPasskey2, _ := s.getCborPublicKey("MFkwEwYHKoZIzj0CAQYIKoZIzj0DAQcDQgAEj4qA0PrZzg8Co1C27nyUbzrp8Ewjr7eOlGI2LfrzmbL5nPhZRAdJ3hEaqrHMSnJBhfMqtQGKwDYpaLIQFAKLhw==")
+		publicKeyPasskey1, _ := base64.StdEncoding.DecodeString("pQMmIAEhWCDBw6jkpXXr0pHrtAQetxiR5cTcILG/YGDCdKrhVhNDHCJYIIu12YrF6B7Frwl3AUqEpdrYEwj3Fo3XkGgvrBIJEUmGAQI=")
+		publicKeyPasskey2, _ := base64.StdEncoding.DecodeString("pSJYIPmc+FlEB0neERqqscxKckGF8yq1AYrANiloshAUAouHAQIDJiABIVggj4qA0PrZzg8Co1C27nyUbzrp8Ewjr7eOlGI2LfrzmbI=")
 		webauthnCredentials := []model.WebauthnCredential{
 			{
 				Name:            "Passkey 1",
@@ -316,6 +318,10 @@ func (s *TestService) SeedDatabase(baseURL string) error {
 			Challenge:        "challenge",
 			ExpiresAt:        datatype.DateTime(time.Now().Add(1 * time.Hour)),
 			UserVerification: "preferred",
+			CredentialParams: model.CredentialParameters{
+				{Type: "public-key", Algorithm: -7},
+				{Type: "public-key", Algorithm: -257},
+			},
 		}
 		if err := tx.Create(&webauthnSession).Error; err != nil {
 			return err
@@ -325,9 +331,10 @@ func (s *TestService) SeedDatabase(baseURL string) error {
 			Base: model.Base{
 				ID: "5f1fa856-c164-4295-961e-175a0d22d725",
 			},
-			Name:   "Test API Key",
-			Key:    "6c34966f57ef2bb7857649aff0e7ab3ad67af93c846342ced3f5a07be8706c20",
-			UserID: users[0].ID,
+			Name:      "Test API Key",
+			Key:       "6c34966f57ef2bb7857649aff0e7ab3ad67af93c846342ced3f5a07be8706c20",
+			UserID:    users[0].ID,
+			ExpiresAt: datatype.DateTime(time.Now().Add(30 * 24 * time.Hour)),
 		}
 		if err := tx.Create(&apiKey).Error; err != nil {
 			return err
@@ -377,6 +384,20 @@ func (s *TestService) SeedDatabase(baseURL string) error {
 			}
 		}
 
+		keyValues := []model.KV{
+			{
+				Key: jwkutils.PrivateKeyDBKey,
+				// {"alg":"RS256","d":"mvMDWSdPPvcum0c0iEHE2gbqtV2NKMmLwrl9E6K7g8lTV95SePLnW_bwyMPV7EGp7PQk3l17I5XRhFjze7GqTnFIOgKzMianPs7jv2ELtBMGK0xOPATgu1iGb70xZ6vcvuEfRyY3dJ0zr4jpUdVuXwKmx9rK4IdZn2dFCKfvSuspqIpz11RhF1ALrqDLkxGVv7ZwNh0_VhJZU9hcjG5l6xc7rQEKpPRkZp0IdjkGS8Z0FskoVaiRIWAbZuiVFB9WCW8k1czC4HQTPLpII01bUQx2ludbm0UlXRgVU9ptUUbU7GAImQqTOW8LfPGklEvcgzlIlR_oqw4P9yBxLi-yMQ","dp":"pvNCSnnhbo8Igw9psPR-DicxFnkXlu_ix4gpy6efTrxA-z1VDFDioJ814vKQNioYDzpyAP1gfMPhRkvG_q0hRZsJah3Sb9dfA-WkhSWY7lURQP4yIBTMU0PF_rEATuS7lRciYk1SOx5fqXZd3m_LP0vpBC4Ujlq6NAq6CIjCnms","dq":"TtUVGCCkPNgfOLmkYXu7dxxUCV5kB01-xAEK2OY0n0pG8vfDophH4_D_ZC7nvJ8J9uDhs_3JStexq1lIvaWtG99RNTChIEDzpdn6GH9yaVcb_eB4uJjrNm64FhF8PGCCwxA-xMCZMaARKwhMB2_IOMkxUbWboL3gnhJ2rDO_QO0","e":"AQAB","kid":"8uHDw3M6rf8","kty":"RSA","n":"yaeEL0VKoPBXIAaWXsUgmu05lAvEIIdJn0FX9lHh4JE5UY9B83C5sCNdhs9iSWzpeP11EVjWp8i3Yv2CF7c7u50BXnVBGtxpZpFC-585UXacoJ0chUmarL9GRFJcM1nPHBTFu68aRrn1rIKNHUkNaaxFo0NFGl_4EDDTO8HwawTjwkPoQlRzeByhlvGPVvwgB3Fn93B8QJ_cZhXKxJvjjrC_8Pk76heC_ntEMru71Ix77BoC3j2TuyiN7m9RNBW8BU5q6lKoIdvIeZfTFLzi37iufyfvMrJTixp9zhNB1NxlLCeOZl2MXegtiGqd2H3cbAyqoOiv9ihUWTfXj7SxJw","p":"_Yylc9e07CKdqNRD2EosMC2mrhrEa9j5oY_l00Qyy4-jmCA59Q9viyqvveRo0U7cRvFA5BWgWN6GGLh1DG3X-QBqVr0dnk3uzbobb55RYUXyPLuBZI2q6w2oasbiDwPdY7KpkVv_H-bpITQlyDvO8hhucA6rUV7F6KTQVz8M3Ms","q":"y5p3hch-7jJ21TkAhp_Vk1fLCAuD4tbErwQs2of9ja8sB4iJOs5Wn6HD3P7Mc8Plye7qaLHvzc8I5g0tPKWvC0DPd_FLPXiWwMVAzee3NUX_oGeJNOQp11y1w_KqdO9qZqHSEPZ3NcFL_SZMFgggxhM1uzRiPzsVN0lnD_6prZU","qi":"2Grt6uXHm61ji3xSdkBWNtUnj19vS1-7rFJp5SoYztVQVThf_W52BAiXKBdYZDRVoItC_VS2NvAOjeJjhYO_xQ_q3hK7MdtuXfEPpLnyXKkmWo3lrJ26wbeF6l05LexCkI7ShsOuSt-dsyaTJTszuKDIA6YOfWvfo3aVZmlWRaI","use":"sig"}
+				Value: utils.Ptr("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"),
+			},
+		}
+
+		for _, kv := range keyValues {
+			if err := tx.Create(&kv).Error; err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+
 		return nil
 	})
 
@@ -424,8 +445,9 @@ func (s *TestService) ResetDatabase() error {
 }
 
 func (s *TestService) ResetApplicationImages(ctx context.Context) error {
-	if err := os.RemoveAll(common.EnvConfig.UploadPath); err != nil {
-		slog.ErrorContext(ctx, "Error removing directory", slog.Any("error", err))
+	err := s.fileStorage.DeleteAll(ctx, "/")
+	if err != nil {
+		slog.ErrorContext(ctx, "Error removing uploads", slog.Any("error", err))
 		return err
 	}
 
@@ -435,13 +457,20 @@ func (s *TestService) ResetApplicationImages(ctx context.Context) error {
 	}
 
 	for _, file := range files {
-		srcFilePath := filepath.Join("images", file.Name())
-		destFilePath := filepath.Join(common.EnvConfig.UploadPath, "application-images", file.Name())
-
-		err := utils.CopyEmbeddedFileToDisk(srcFilePath, destFilePath)
+		if file.IsDir() {
+			continue
+		}
+		srcFilePath := path.Join("images", file.Name())
+		srcFile, err := resources.FS.Open(srcFilePath)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
+		err = s.fileStorage.Save(ctx, path.Join("application-images", file.Name()), srcFile)
+		if err != nil {
+			srcFile.Close()
+			return err
+		}
+		srcFile.Close()
 	}
 
 	return nil
@@ -454,47 +483,29 @@ func (s *TestService) ResetAppConfig(ctx context.Context) error {
 		return err
 	}
 
+	// Manually set instance ID
+	err = s.appConfigService.UpdateAppConfigValues(ctx, "instanceId", "test-instance-id")
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
 	// Reload the app config from the database after resetting the values
-	return s.appConfigService.LoadDbConfig(ctx)
+	err = s.appConfigService.LoadDbConfig(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// Reload the JWK
+	if err := s.jwtService.LoadOrGenerateKey(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	return nil
 }
 
-func (s *TestService) SetJWTKeys() {
-	const privateKeyString = `{"alg":"RS256","d":"mvMDWSdPPvcum0c0iEHE2gbqtV2NKMmLwrl9E6K7g8lTV95SePLnW_bwyMPV7EGp7PQk3l17I5XRhFjze7GqTnFIOgKzMianPs7jv2ELtBMGK0xOPATgu1iGb70xZ6vcvuEfRyY3dJ0zr4jpUdVuXwKmx9rK4IdZn2dFCKfvSuspqIpz11RhF1ALrqDLkxGVv7ZwNh0_VhJZU9hcjG5l6xc7rQEKpPRkZp0IdjkGS8Z0FskoVaiRIWAbZuiVFB9WCW8k1czC4HQTPLpII01bUQx2ludbm0UlXRgVU9ptUUbU7GAImQqTOW8LfPGklEvcgzlIlR_oqw4P9yBxLi-yMQ","dp":"pvNCSnnhbo8Igw9psPR-DicxFnkXlu_ix4gpy6efTrxA-z1VDFDioJ814vKQNioYDzpyAP1gfMPhRkvG_q0hRZsJah3Sb9dfA-WkhSWY7lURQP4yIBTMU0PF_rEATuS7lRciYk1SOx5fqXZd3m_LP0vpBC4Ujlq6NAq6CIjCnms","dq":"TtUVGCCkPNgfOLmkYXu7dxxUCV5kB01-xAEK2OY0n0pG8vfDophH4_D_ZC7nvJ8J9uDhs_3JStexq1lIvaWtG99RNTChIEDzpdn6GH9yaVcb_eB4uJjrNm64FhF8PGCCwxA-xMCZMaARKwhMB2_IOMkxUbWboL3gnhJ2rDO_QO0","e":"AQAB","kid":"8uHDw3M6rf8","kty":"RSA","n":"yaeEL0VKoPBXIAaWXsUgmu05lAvEIIdJn0FX9lHh4JE5UY9B83C5sCNdhs9iSWzpeP11EVjWp8i3Yv2CF7c7u50BXnVBGtxpZpFC-585UXacoJ0chUmarL9GRFJcM1nPHBTFu68aRrn1rIKNHUkNaaxFo0NFGl_4EDDTO8HwawTjwkPoQlRzeByhlvGPVvwgB3Fn93B8QJ_cZhXKxJvjjrC_8Pk76heC_ntEMru71Ix77BoC3j2TuyiN7m9RNBW8BU5q6lKoIdvIeZfTFLzi37iufyfvMrJTixp9zhNB1NxlLCeOZl2MXegtiGqd2H3cbAyqoOiv9ihUWTfXj7SxJw","p":"_Yylc9e07CKdqNRD2EosMC2mrhrEa9j5oY_l00Qyy4-jmCA59Q9viyqvveRo0U7cRvFA5BWgWN6GGLh1DG3X-QBqVr0dnk3uzbobb55RYUXyPLuBZI2q6w2oasbiDwPdY7KpkVv_H-bpITQlyDvO8hhucA6rUV7F6KTQVz8M3Ms","q":"y5p3hch-7jJ21TkAhp_Vk1fLCAuD4tbErwQs2of9ja8sB4iJOs5Wn6HD3P7Mc8Plye7qaLHvzc8I5g0tPKWvC0DPd_FLPXiWwMVAzee3NUX_oGeJNOQp11y1w_KqdO9qZqHSEPZ3NcFL_SZMFgggxhM1uzRiPzsVN0lnD_6prZU","qi":"2Grt6uXHm61ji3xSdkBWNtUnj19vS1-7rFJp5SoYztVQVThf_W52BAiXKBdYZDRVoItC_VS2NvAOjeJjhYO_xQ_q3hK7MdtuXfEPpLnyXKkmWo3lrJ26wbeF6l05LexCkI7ShsOuSt-dsyaTJTszuKDIA6YOfWvfo3aVZmlWRaI","use":"sig"}`
-
-	privateKey, _ := jwk.ParseKey([]byte(privateKeyString))
-	_ = s.jwtService.SetKey(privateKey)
-}
-
-// getCborPublicKey decodes a Base64 encoded public key and returns the CBOR encoded COSE key
-func (s *TestService) getCborPublicKey(base64PublicKey string) ([]byte, error) {
-	decodedKey, err := base64.StdEncoding.DecodeString(base64PublicKey)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to decode base64 key: %w", err)
-	}
-	pubKey, err := x509.ParsePKIXPublicKey(decodedKey)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to parse public key: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	ecdsaPubKey, ok := pubKey.(*ecdsa.PublicKey)
-	if !ok {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("not an ECDSA public key")
-	}
-
-	coseKey := map[int]interface{}{
-		1:  2,                     // Key type: EC2
-		3:  -7,                    // Algorithm: ECDSA with SHA-256
-		-1: 1,                     // Curve: P-256
-		-2: ecdsaPubKey.X.Bytes(), // X coordinate
-		-3: ecdsaPubKey.Y.Bytes(), // Y coordinate
-	}
-
-	cborPublicKey, err := cbor.Marshal(coseKey)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to marshal COSE key: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	return cborPublicKey, nil
+func (s *TestService) ResetLock(ctx context.Context) error {
+	_, err := s.appLockService.Acquire(ctx, true)
+	return err
 }
 
 // SyncLdap triggers an LDAP synchronization
@@ -521,7 +532,7 @@ func (s *TestService) SetLdapTestConfig(ctx context.Context) error {
 			"ldapAttributeGroupUniqueIdentifier": "uuid",
 			"ldapAttributeGroupName":             "uid",
 			"ldapAttributeGroupMember":           "member",
-			"ldapAttributeAdminGroup":            "admin_group",
+			"ldapAdminGroupName":                 "admin_group",
 			"ldapSoftDeleteUsers":                "true",
 			"ldapEnabled":                        "true",
 		}

backend/internal/service/email_service.go

@@ -62,9 +62,13 @@ func (srv *EmailService) SendTestEmail(ctx context.Context, recipientUserId stri
 		return err
 	}
 
+	if user.Email == nil {
+		return &common.UserEmailNotSetError{}
+	}
+
 	return SendEmail(ctx, srv,
 		email.Address{
-			Email: user.Email,
+			Email: *user.Email,
 			Name:  user.FullName(),
 		}, TestTemplate, nil)
 }
@@ -278,16 +282,18 @@ func prepareBody[V any](srv *EmailService, template email.Template[V], data *ema
 
 	var htmlHeader = textproto.MIMEHeader{}
 	htmlHeader.Add("Content-Type", "text/html; charset=UTF-8")
-	htmlHeader.Add("Content-Transfer-Encoding", "8bit")
+	htmlHeader.Add("Content-Transfer-Encoding", "quoted-printable")
 	htmlPart, err := mpart.CreatePart(htmlHeader)
 	if err != nil {
 		return "", "", fmt.Errorf("create html part: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	err = email.GetTemplate(srv.htmlTemplates, template).ExecuteTemplate(htmlPart, "root", data)
+	htmlQp := quotedprintable.NewWriter(htmlPart)
+	err = email.GetTemplate(srv.htmlTemplates, template).ExecuteTemplate(htmlQp, "root", data)
 	if err != nil {
 		return "", "", fmt.Errorf("execute html template: %w", err)
 	}
+	htmlQp.Close()
 
 	err = mpart.Close()
 	if err != nil {

backend/internal/service/export_service.go

@@ -0,0 +1,217 @@
+package service
+
+import (
+	"archive/zip"
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"path/filepath"
+
+	"gorm.io/gorm"
+
+	datatype "github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/model/types"
+	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/storage"
+	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/utils"
+)
+
+// ExportService handles exporting Pocket ID data into a ZIP archive.
+type ExportService struct {
+	db      *gorm.DB
+	storage storage.FileStorage
+}
+
+func NewExportService(db *gorm.DB, storage storage.FileStorage) *ExportService {
+	return &ExportService{
+		db:      db,
+		storage: storage,
+	}
+}
+
+// ExportToZip performs the full export process and writes the ZIP data to the given writer.
+func (s *ExportService) ExportToZip(ctx context.Context, w io.Writer) error {
+	dbData, err := s.extractDatabase()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	return s.writeExportZipStream(ctx, w, dbData)
+}
+
+// extractDatabase reads all tables into a DatabaseExport struct
+func (s *ExportService) extractDatabase() (DatabaseExport, error) {
+	schema, err := utils.LoadDBSchemaTypes(s.db)
+	if err != nil {
+		return DatabaseExport{}, fmt.Errorf("failed to load schema types: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	version, err := s.schemaVersion()
+	if err != nil {
+		return DatabaseExport{}, err
+	}
+
+	out := DatabaseExport{
+		Provider: s.db.Name(),
+		Version:  version,
+		Tables:   map[string][]map[string]any{},
+		// These tables need to be inserted in a specific order because of foreign key constraints
+		// Not all tables are listed here, because not all tables are order-dependent
+		TableOrder: []string{"users", "user_groups", "oidc_clients"},
+	}
+
+	for table := range schema {
+		if table == "storage" || table == "schema_migrations" {
+			continue
+		}
+		err = s.dumpTable(table, schema[table], &out)
+		if err != nil {
+			return DatabaseExport{}, err
+		}
+	}
+
+	return out, nil
+}
+
+func (s *ExportService) schemaVersion() (uint, error) {
+	var version uint
+	if err := s.db.Raw("SELECT version FROM schema_migrations").Row().Scan(&version); err != nil {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to query schema version: %w", err)
+	}
+	return version, nil
+}
+
+// dumpTable selects all rows from a table and appends them to out.Tables
+func (s *ExportService) dumpTable(table string, types utils.DBSchemaTableTypes, out *DatabaseExport) error {
+	rows, err := s.db.Raw("SELECT * FROM " + table).Rows()
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to read table %s: %w", table, err)
+	}
+	defer rows.Close()
+
+	cols, _ := rows.Columns()
+	if len(cols) != len(types) {
+		// Should never happen...
+		return fmt.Errorf("mismatched columns in table (%d) and schema (%d)", len(cols), len(types))
+	}
+
+	for rows.Next() {
+		vals := s.getScanValuesForTable(cols, types)
+		err = rows.Scan(vals...)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to scan row in table %s: %w", table, err)
+		}
+
+		rowMap := make(map[string]any, len(cols))
+		for i, col := range cols {
+			rowMap[col] = vals[i]
+		}
+
+		// Skip the app lock row in the kv table
+		if table == "kv" {
+			if keyPtr, ok := rowMap["key"].(*string); ok && keyPtr != nil && *keyPtr == lockKey {
+				continue
+			}
+		}
+
+		out.Tables[table] = append(out.Tables[table], rowMap)
+	}
+
+	return rows.Err()
+}
+
+func (s *ExportService) getScanValuesForTable(cols []string, types utils.DBSchemaTableTypes) []any {
+	res := make([]any, len(cols))
+	for i, col := range cols {
+		// Store a pointer
+		// Note: don't create a helper function for this switch, because it would return type "any" and mess everything up
+		// If the column is nullable, we need a pointer to a pointer!
+		switch types[col].Name {
+		case "boolean", "bool":
+			var x bool
+			if types[col].Nullable {
+				res[i] = utils.Ptr(utils.Ptr(x))
+			} else {
+				res[i] = utils.Ptr(x)
+			}
+		case "blob", "bytea", "jsonb":
+			// Treat jsonb columns as binary too
+			var x []byte
+			if types[col].Nullable {
+				res[i] = utils.Ptr(utils.Ptr(x))
+			} else {
+				res[i] = utils.Ptr(x)
+			}
+		case "timestamp", "timestamptz", "timestamp with time zone", "datetime":
+			var x datatype.DateTime
+			if types[col].Nullable {
+				res[i] = utils.Ptr(utils.Ptr(x))
+			} else {
+				res[i] = utils.Ptr(x)
+			}
+		case "integer", "int", "bigint":
+			var x int64
+			if types[col].Nullable {
+				res[i] = utils.Ptr(utils.Ptr(x))
+			} else {
+				res[i] = utils.Ptr(x)
+			}
+		default:
+			// Treat everything else as a string (including the "numeric" type)
+			var x string
+			if types[col].Nullable {
+				res[i] = utils.Ptr(utils.Ptr(x))
+			} else {
+				res[i] = utils.Ptr(x)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return res
+}
+
+func (s *ExportService) writeExportZipStream(ctx context.Context, w io.Writer, dbData DatabaseExport) error {
+	zipWriter := zip.NewWriter(w)
+
+	// Add database.json
+	jsonWriter, err := zipWriter.Create("database.json")
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to create database.json in zip: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	jsonEncoder := json.NewEncoder(jsonWriter)
+	jsonEncoder.SetEscapeHTML(false)
+
+	if err := jsonEncoder.Encode(dbData); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to encode database.json: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Add uploaded files
+	if err := s.addUploadsToZip(ctx, zipWriter); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	return zipWriter.Close()
+}
+
+// addUploadsToZip adds all files from the storage to the ZIP archive under the "uploads/" directory
+func (s *ExportService) addUploadsToZip(ctx context.Context, zipWriter *zip.Writer) error {
+	return s.storage.Walk(ctx, "/", func(p storage.ObjectInfo) error {
+		zipPath := filepath.Join("uploads", p.Path)
+
+		w, err := zipWriter.Create(zipPath)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to create zip entry for %s: %w", zipPath, err)
+		}
+
+		f, _, err := s.storage.Open(ctx, p.Path)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to open file %s: %w", zipPath, err)
+		}
+		defer f.Close()
+
+		if _, err := io.Copy(w, f); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to copy file %s into zip: %w", zipPath, err)
+		}
+		return nil
+	})
+}

backend/internal/service/geolite_service.go

@@ -13,35 +13,19 @@ import (
 	"net/netip"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
-	"strings"
 	"sync"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/oschwald/maxminddb-golang/v2"
+	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/utils"
 
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/common"
 )
 
 type GeoLiteService struct {
-	httpClient      *http.Client
-	disableUpdater  bool
-	mutex           sync.RWMutex
-	localIPv6Ranges []*net.IPNet
-}
-
-var localhostIPNets = []*net.IPNet{
-	{IP: net.IPv4(127, 0, 0, 0), Mask: net.CIDRMask(8, 32)}, // 127.0.0.0/8
-	{IP: net.IPv6loopback, Mask: net.CIDRMask(128, 128)},    // ::1/128
-}
-
-var privateLanIPNets = []*net.IPNet{
-	{IP: net.IPv4(10, 0, 0, 0), Mask: net.CIDRMask(8, 32)},     // 10.0.0.0/8
-	{IP: net.IPv4(172, 16, 0, 0), Mask: net.CIDRMask(12, 32)},  // 172.16.0.0/12
-	{IP: net.IPv4(192, 168, 0, 0), Mask: net.CIDRMask(16, 32)}, // 192.168.0.0/16
-}
-
-var tailscaleIPNets = []*net.IPNet{
-	{IP: net.IPv4(100, 64, 0, 0), Mask: net.CIDRMask(10, 32)}, // 100.64.0.0/10
+	httpClient     *http.Client
+	disableUpdater bool
+	mutex          sync.RWMutex
 }
 
 // NewGeoLiteService initializes a new GeoLiteService instance and starts a goroutine to update the GeoLite2 City database.
@@ -56,67 +40,9 @@ func NewGeoLiteService(httpClient *http.Client) *GeoLiteService {
 		service.disableUpdater = true
 	}
 
-	// Initialize IPv6 local ranges
-	err := service.initializeIPv6LocalRanges()
-	if err != nil {
-		slog.Warn("Failed to initialize IPv6 local ranges", slog.Any("error", err))
-	}
-
 	return service
 }
 
-// initializeIPv6LocalRanges parses the LOCAL_IPV6_RANGES environment variable
-func (s *GeoLiteService) initializeIPv6LocalRanges() error {
-	rangesEnv := common.EnvConfig.LocalIPv6Ranges
-	if rangesEnv == "" {
-		return nil // No local IPv6 ranges configured
-	}
-
-	ranges := strings.Split(rangesEnv, ",")
-	localRanges := make([]*net.IPNet, 0, len(ranges))
-
-	for _, rangeStr := range ranges {
-		rangeStr = strings.TrimSpace(rangeStr)
-		if rangeStr == "" {
-			continue
-		}
-
-		_, ipNet, err := net.ParseCIDR(rangeStr)
-		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("invalid IPv6 range '%s': %w", rangeStr, err)
-		}
-
-		// Ensure it's an IPv6 range
-		if ipNet.IP.To4() != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("range '%s' is not a valid IPv6 range", rangeStr)
-		}
-
-		localRanges = append(localRanges, ipNet)
-	}
-
-	s.localIPv6Ranges = localRanges
-
-	if len(localRanges) > 0 {
-		slog.Info("Initialized IPv6 local ranges", slog.Int("count", len(localRanges)))
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
-// isLocalIPv6 checks if the given IPv6 address is within any of the configured local ranges
-func (s *GeoLiteService) isLocalIPv6(ip net.IP) bool {
-	if ip.To4() != nil {
-		return false // Not an IPv6 address
-	}
-
-	for _, localRange := range s.localIPv6Ranges {
-		if localRange.Contains(ip) {
-			return true
-		}
-	}
-
-	return false
-}
-
 func (s *GeoLiteService) DisableUpdater() bool {
 	return s.disableUpdater
 }
@@ -129,26 +55,17 @@ func (s *GeoLiteService) GetLocationByIP(ipAddress string) (country, city string
 
 	// Check the IP address against known private IP ranges
 	if ip := net.ParseIP(ipAddress); ip != nil {
-		// Check IPv6 local ranges first
-		if s.isLocalIPv6(ip) {
+		if utils.IsLocalIPv6(ip) {
 			return "Internal Network", "LAN", nil
 		}
-
-		// Check existing IPv4 ranges
-		for _, ipNet := range tailscaleIPNets {
-			if ipNet.Contains(ip) {
-				return "Internal Network", "Tailscale", nil
-			}
+		if utils.IsTailscaleIP(ip) {
+			return "Internal Network", "Tailscale", nil
 		}
-		for _, ipNet := range privateLanIPNets {
-			if ipNet.Contains(ip) {
-				return "Internal Network", "LAN", nil
-			}
+		if utils.IsPrivateIP(ip) {
+			return "Internal Network", "LAN", nil
 		}
-		for _, ipNet := range localhostIPNets {
-			if ipNet.Contains(ip) {
-				return "Internal Network", "localhost", nil
-			}
+		if utils.IsLocalhostIP(ip) {
+			return "Internal Network", "localhost", nil
 		}
 	}
 

backend/internal/service/geolite_service_test.go

@@ -1,220 +0,0 @@
-package service
-
-import (
-	"net"
-	"net/http"
-	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/common"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
-)
-
-func TestGeoLiteService_IPv6LocalRanges(t *testing.T) {
-	tests := []struct {
-		name            string
-		localRanges     string
-		testIP          string
-		expectedCountry string
-		expectedCity    string
-		expectError     bool
-	}{
-		{
-			name:            "IPv6 in local range",
-			localRanges:     "2001:0db8:abcd:000::/56,2001:0db8:abcd:001::/56",
-			testIP:          "2001:0db8:abcd:000::1",
-			expectedCountry: "Internal Network",
-			expectedCity:    "LAN",
-			expectError:     false,
-		},
-		{
-			name:        "IPv6 not in local range",
-			localRanges: "2001:0db8:abcd:000::/56",
-			testIP:      "2001:0db8:ffff:000::1",
-			expectError: true,
-		},
-		{
-			name:            "Multiple ranges - second range match",
-			localRanges:     "2001:0db8:abcd:000::/56,2001:0db8:abcd:001::/56",
-			testIP:          "2001:0db8:abcd:001::1",
-			expectedCountry: "Internal Network",
-			expectedCity:    "LAN",
-			expectError:     false,
-		},
-		{
-			name:        "Empty local ranges",
-			localRanges: "",
-			testIP:      "2001:0db8:abcd:000::1",
-			expectError: true,
-		},
-		{
-			name:            "IPv4 private address still works",
-			localRanges:     "2001:0db8:abcd:000::/56",
-			testIP:          "192.168.1.1",
-			expectedCountry: "Internal Network",
-			expectedCity:    "LAN",
-			expectError:     false,
-		},
-		{
-			name:            "IPv6 loopback",
-			localRanges:     "2001:0db8:abcd:000::/56",
-			testIP:          "::1",
-			expectedCountry: "Internal Network",
-			expectedCity:    "localhost",
-			expectError:     false,
-		},
-	}
-
-	for _, tt := range tests {
-		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			originalConfig := common.EnvConfig.LocalIPv6Ranges
-			common.EnvConfig.LocalIPv6Ranges = tt.localRanges
-			defer func() {
-				common.EnvConfig.LocalIPv6Ranges = originalConfig
-			}()
-
-			service := NewGeoLiteService(&http.Client{})
-
-			country, city, err := service.GetLocationByIP(tt.testIP)
-
-			if tt.expectError {
-				if err == nil && country != "Internal Network" {
-					t.Errorf("Expected error or internal network classification for external IP")
-				}
-			} else {
-				require.NoError(t, err)
-				assert.Equal(t, tt.expectedCountry, country)
-				assert.Equal(t, tt.expectedCity, city)
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}
-
-func TestGeoLiteService_isLocalIPv6(t *testing.T) {
-	tests := []struct {
-		name        string
-		localRanges string
-		testIP      string
-		expected    bool
-	}{
-		{
-			name:        "Valid IPv6 in range",
-			localRanges: "2001:0db8:abcd:000::/56",
-			testIP:      "2001:0db8:abcd:000::1",
-			expected:    true,
-		},
-		{
-			name:        "Valid IPv6 not in range",
-			localRanges: "2001:0db8:abcd:000::/56",
-			testIP:      "2001:0db8:ffff:000::1",
-			expected:    false,
-		},
-		{
-			name:        "IPv4 address should return false",
-			localRanges: "2001:0db8:abcd:000::/56",
-			testIP:      "192.168.1.1",
-			expected:    false,
-		},
-		{
-			name:        "No ranges configured",
-			localRanges: "",
-			testIP:      "2001:0db8:abcd:000::1",
-			expected:    false,
-		},
-		{
-			name:        "Edge of range",
-			localRanges: "2001:0db8:abcd:000::/56",
-			testIP:      "2001:0db8:abcd:00ff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff",
-			expected:    true,
-		},
-	}
-
-	for _, tt := range tests {
-		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			originalConfig := common.EnvConfig.LocalIPv6Ranges
-			common.EnvConfig.LocalIPv6Ranges = tt.localRanges
-			defer func() {
-				common.EnvConfig.LocalIPv6Ranges = originalConfig
-			}()
-
-			service := NewGeoLiteService(&http.Client{})
-			ip := net.ParseIP(tt.testIP)
-			if ip == nil {
-				t.Fatalf("Invalid test IP: %s", tt.testIP)
-			}
-
-			result := service.isLocalIPv6(ip)
-			assert.Equal(t, tt.expected, result)
-		})
-	}
-}
-
-func TestGeoLiteService_initializeIPv6LocalRanges(t *testing.T) {
-	tests := []struct {
-		name        string
-		envValue    string
-		expectError bool
-		expectCount int
-	}{
-		{
-			name:        "Valid IPv6 ranges",
-			envValue:    "2001:0db8:abcd:000::/56,2001:0db8:abcd:001::/56",
-			expectError: false,
-			expectCount: 2,
-		},
-		{
-			name:        "Empty environment variable",
-			envValue:    "",
-			expectError: false,
-			expectCount: 0,
-		},
-		{
-			name:        "Invalid CIDR notation",
-			envValue:    "2001:0db8:abcd:000::/999",
-			expectError: true,
-			expectCount: 0,
-		},
-		{
-			name:        "IPv4 range in IPv6 env var",
-			envValue:    "192.168.1.0/24",
-			expectError: true,
-			expectCount: 0,
-		},
-		{
-			name:        "Mixed valid and invalid ranges",
-			envValue:    "2001:0db8:abcd:000::/56,invalid-range",
-			expectError: true,
-			expectCount: 0,
-		},
-		{
-			name:        "Whitespace handling",
-			envValue:    " 2001:0db8:abcd:000::/56 , 2001:0db8:abcd:001::/56 ",
-			expectError: false,
-			expectCount: 2,
-		},
-	}
-
-	for _, tt := range tests {
-		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			originalConfig := common.EnvConfig.LocalIPv6Ranges
-			common.EnvConfig.LocalIPv6Ranges = tt.envValue
-			defer func() {
-				common.EnvConfig.LocalIPv6Ranges = originalConfig
-			}()
-
-			service := &GeoLiteService{
-				httpClient: &http.Client{},
-			}
-
-			err := service.initializeIPv6LocalRanges()
-
-			if tt.expectError {
-				require.Error(t, err)
-			} else {
-				require.NoError(t, err)
-			}
-
-			assert.Len(t, service.localIPv6Ranges, tt.expectCount)
-		})
-	}
-}

backend/internal/service/import_service.go

@@ -0,0 +1,264 @@
+package service
+
+import (
+	"archive/zip"
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"encoding/base64"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"slices"
+	"strings"
+
+	"gorm.io/gorm"
+
+	datatype "github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/model/types"
+	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/storage"
+	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/utils"
+)
+
+// ImportService handles importing Pocket ID data from an exported ZIP archive.
+type ImportService struct {
+	db      *gorm.DB
+	storage storage.FileStorage
+}
+
+type DatabaseExport struct {
+	Provider   string                      `json:"provider"`
+	Version    uint                        `json:"version"`
+	Tables     map[string][]map[string]any `json:"tables"`
+	TableOrder []string                    `json:"tableOrder"`
+}
+
+func NewImportService(db *gorm.DB, storage storage.FileStorage) *ImportService {
+	return &ImportService{
+		db:      db,
+		storage: storage,
+	}
+}
+
+// ImportFromZip performs the full import process from the given ZIP reader.
+func (s *ImportService) ImportFromZip(ctx context.Context, r *zip.Reader) error {
+	dbData, err := processZipDatabaseJson(r.File)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	err = s.ImportDatabase(dbData)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	err = s.importUploads(ctx, r.File)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// ImportDatabase only imports the database data from the given DatabaseExport struct.
+func (s *ImportService) ImportDatabase(dbData DatabaseExport) error {
+	err := s.resetSchema(dbData.Version, dbData.Provider)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	err = s.insertData(dbData)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// processZipDatabaseJson extracts database.json from the ZIP archive
+func processZipDatabaseJson(files []*zip.File) (dbData DatabaseExport, err error) {
+	for _, f := range files {
+		if f.Name == "database.json" {
+			return parseDatabaseJsonStream(f)
+		}
+	}
+	return dbData, errors.New("database.json not found in the ZIP file")
+}
+
+func parseDatabaseJsonStream(f *zip.File) (dbData DatabaseExport, err error) {
+	rc, err := f.Open()
+	if err != nil {
+		return dbData, fmt.Errorf("failed to open database.json: %w", err)
+	}
+	defer rc.Close()
+
+	err = json.NewDecoder(rc).Decode(&dbData)
+	if err != nil {
+		return dbData, fmt.Errorf("failed to decode database.json: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return dbData, nil
+}
+
+// importUploads imports files from the uploads/ directory in the ZIP archive
+func (s *ImportService) importUploads(ctx context.Context, files []*zip.File) error {
+	const maxFileSize = 50 << 20 // 50 MiB
+	const uploadsPrefix = "uploads/"
+
+	for _, f := range files {
+		if !strings.HasPrefix(f.Name, uploadsPrefix) {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		if f.UncompressedSize64 > maxFileSize {
+			return fmt.Errorf("file %s too large (%d bytes)", f.Name, f.UncompressedSize64)
+		}
+
+		targetPath := strings.TrimPrefix(f.Name, uploadsPrefix)
+		if strings.HasSuffix(f.Name, "/") || targetPath == "" {
+			continue // Skip directories
+		}
+
+		err := s.storage.DeleteAll(ctx, targetPath)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to delete existing file %s: %w", targetPath, err)
+		}
+
+		rc, err := f.Open()
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		buf, err := io.ReadAll(rc)
+		rc.Close()
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("read file %s: %w", f.Name, err)
+		}
+
+		err = s.storage.Save(ctx, targetPath, bytes.NewReader(buf))
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to save file %s: %w", targetPath, err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// resetSchema drops the existing schema and migrates to the target version
+func (s *ImportService) resetSchema(targetVersion uint, exportDbProvider string) error {
+	sqlDb, err := s.db.DB()
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to get sql.DB: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	m, err := utils.GetEmbeddedMigrateInstance(sqlDb)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to get migrate instance: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	err = m.Drop()
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to drop existing schema: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Needs to be called again to re-create the schema_migrations table
+	m, err = utils.GetEmbeddedMigrateInstance(sqlDb)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to get migrate instance: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	err = m.Migrate(targetVersion)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("migration failed: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// insertData populates the DB with the imported data
+func (s *ImportService) insertData(dbData DatabaseExport) error {
+	schema, err := utils.LoadDBSchemaTypes(s.db)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to load schema types: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return s.db.Transaction(func(tx *gorm.DB) error {
+		// Iterate through all tables
+		// Some tables need to be processed in order
+		tables := make([]string, 0, len(dbData.Tables))
+		tables = append(tables, dbData.TableOrder...)
+
+		for t := range dbData.Tables {
+			// Skip tables already present where the order matters
+			// Also skip the schema_migrations table
+			if slices.Contains(dbData.TableOrder, t) || t == "schema_migrations" {
+				continue
+			}
+			tables = append(tables, t)
+		}
+
+		// Insert rows
+		for _, table := range tables {
+			for _, row := range dbData.Tables[table] {
+				err = normalizeRowWithSchema(row, table, schema)
+				if err != nil {
+					return fmt.Errorf("failed to normalize row for table '%s': %w", table, err)
+				}
+				err = tx.Table(table).Create(row).Error
+				if err != nil {
+					return fmt.Errorf("failed inserting into table '%s': %w", table, err)
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		return nil
+	})
+}
+
+// normalizeRowWithSchema converts row values based on the DB schema
+func normalizeRowWithSchema(row map[string]any, table string, schema utils.DBSchemaTypes) error {
+	if schema[table] == nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("schema not found for table '%s'", table)
+	}
+
+	for col, val := range row {
+		if val == nil {
+			// If the value is nil, skip the column
+			continue
+		}
+
+		colType := schema[table][col]
+
+		switch colType.Name {
+		case "timestamp", "timestamptz", "timestamp with time zone", "datetime":
+			// Dates are stored as strings
+			str, ok := val.(string)
+			if !ok {
+				return fmt.Errorf("value for column '%s/%s' was expected to be a string, but was '%T'", table, col, val)
+			}
+			d, err := datatype.DateTimeFromString(str)
+			if err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("failed to decode value for column '%s/%s' as timestamp: %w", table, col, err)
+			}
+			row[col] = d
+
+		case "blob", "bytea", "jsonb":
+			// Binary data and jsonb data is stored in the file as base64-encoded string
+			str, ok := val.(string)
+			if !ok {
+				return fmt.Errorf("value for column '%s/%s' was expected to be a string, but was '%T'", table, col, val)
+			}
+			b, err := base64.StdEncoding.DecodeString(str)
+			if err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("failed to decode value for column '%s/%s' from base64: %w", table, col, err)
+			}
+
+			// For jsonb, we additionally cast to json.RawMessage
+			if colType.Name == "jsonb" {
+				row[col] = json.RawMessage(b)
+			} else {
+				row[col] = b
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}

backend/internal/service/jwt_service.go

@@ -18,14 +18,6 @@ import (
 )
 
 const (
-	// PrivateKeyFile is the path in the data/keys folder where the key is stored
-	// This is a JSON file containing a key encoded as JWK
-	PrivateKeyFile = "jwt_private_key.json"
-
-	// PrivateKeyFileEncrypted is the path in the data/keys folder where the encrypted key is stored
-	// This is a encrypted JSON file containing a key encoded as JWK
-	PrivateKeyFileEncrypted = "jwt_private_key.json.enc"
-
 	// KeyUsageSigning is the usage for the private keys, for the "use" property
 	KeyUsageSigning = "sig"
 
@@ -56,6 +48,7 @@ const (
 )
 
 type JwtService struct {
+	db               *gorm.DB
 	envConfig        *common.EnvConfigSchema
 	privateKey       jwk.Key
 	keyId            string
@@ -66,7 +59,6 @@ type JwtService struct {
 func NewJwtService(db *gorm.DB, appConfigService *AppConfigService) (*JwtService, error) {
 	service := &JwtService{}
 
-	// Ensure keys are generated or loaded
 	err := service.init(db, appConfigService, &common.EnvConfig)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -78,14 +70,15 @@ func NewJwtService(db *gorm.DB, appConfigService *AppConfigService) (*JwtService
 func (s *JwtService) init(db *gorm.DB, appConfigService *AppConfigService, envConfig *common.EnvConfigSchema) (err error) {
 	s.appConfigService = appConfigService
 	s.envConfig = envConfig
+	s.db = db
 
 	// Ensure keys are generated or loaded
-	return s.loadOrGenerateKey(db)
+	return s.LoadOrGenerateKey()
 }
 
-func (s *JwtService) loadOrGenerateKey(db *gorm.DB) error {
+func (s *JwtService) LoadOrGenerateKey() error {
 	// Get the key provider
-	keyProvider, err := jwkutils.GetKeyProvider(db, s.envConfig, s.appConfigService.GetDbConfig().InstanceID.Value)
+	keyProvider, err := jwkutils.GetKeyProvider(s.db, s.envConfig, s.appConfigService.GetDbConfig().InstanceID.Value)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to get key provider: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -93,7 +86,7 @@ func (s *JwtService) loadOrGenerateKey(db *gorm.DB) error {
 	// Try loading a key
 	key, err := keyProvider.LoadKey()
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to load key (provider type '%s'): %w", s.envConfig.KeysStorage, err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to load key: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	// If we have a key, store it in the object and we're done
@@ -114,7 +107,7 @@ func (s *JwtService) loadOrGenerateKey(db *gorm.DB) error {
 	// Save the newly-generated key
 	err = keyProvider.SaveKey(s.privateKey)
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to save private key (provider type '%s'): %w", s.envConfig.KeysStorage, err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to save private key: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	return nil

backend/internal/service/ldap_service.go

@@ -11,12 +11,15 @@ import (
 	"log/slog"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/url"
+	"path"
 	"strings"
 	"time"
 	"unicode/utf8"
 
 	"github.com/go-ldap/ldap/v3"
 	"github.com/google/uuid"
+	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/storage"
+	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/utils"
 	"golang.org/x/text/unicode/norm"
 	"gorm.io/gorm"
 
@@ -31,15 +34,23 @@ type LdapService struct {
 	appConfigService *AppConfigService
 	userService      *UserService
 	groupService     *UserGroupService
+	fileStorage      storage.FileStorage
 }
 
-func NewLdapService(db *gorm.DB, httpClient *http.Client, appConfigService *AppConfigService, userService *UserService, groupService *UserGroupService) *LdapService {
+type savePicture struct {
+	userID   string
+	username string
+	picture  string
+}
+
+func NewLdapService(db *gorm.DB, httpClient *http.Client, appConfigService *AppConfigService, userService *UserService, groupService *UserGroupService, fileStorage storage.FileStorage) *LdapService {
 	return &LdapService{
 		db:               db,
 		httpClient:       httpClient,
 		appConfigService: appConfigService,
 		userService:      userService,
 		groupService:     groupService,
+		fileStorage:      fileStorage,
 	}
 }
 
@@ -67,12 +78,6 @@ func (s *LdapService) createClient() (*ldap.Conn, error) {
 }
 
 func (s *LdapService) SyncAll(ctx context.Context) error {
-	// Start a transaction
-	tx := s.db.Begin()
-	defer func() {
-		tx.Rollback()
-	}()
-
 	// Setup LDAP connection
 	client, err := s.createClient()
 	if err != nil {
@@ -80,7 +85,13 @@ func (s *LdapService) SyncAll(ctx context.Context) error {
 	}
 	defer client.Close()
 
-	err = s.SyncUsers(ctx, tx, client)
+	// Start a transaction
+	tx := s.db.Begin()
+	defer func() {
+		tx.Rollback()
+	}()
+
+	savePictures, deleteFiles, err := s.SyncUsers(ctx, tx, client)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to sync users: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -96,6 +107,25 @@ func (s *LdapService) SyncAll(ctx context.Context) error {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to commit changes to database: %w", err)
 	}
 
+	// Now that we've committed the transaction, we can perform operations on the storage layer
+	// First, save all new pictures
+	for _, sp := range savePictures {
+		err = s.saveProfilePicture(ctx, sp.userID, sp.picture)
+		if err != nil {
+			// This is not a fatal error
+			slog.Warn("Error saving profile picture for LDAP user", slog.String("username", sp.username), slog.Any("error", err))
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Delete all old files
+	for _, path := range deleteFiles {
+		err = s.fileStorage.Delete(ctx, path)
+		if err != nil {
+			// This is not a fatal error
+			slog.Error("Failed to delete file after LDAP sync", slog.String("path", path), slog.Any("error", err))
+		}
+	}
+
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -265,7 +295,7 @@ func (s *LdapService) SyncGroups(ctx context.Context, tx *gorm.DB, client *ldap.
 }
 
 //nolint:gocognit
-func (s *LdapService) SyncUsers(ctx context.Context, tx *gorm.DB, client *ldap.Conn) error {
+func (s *LdapService) SyncUsers(ctx context.Context, tx *gorm.DB, client *ldap.Conn) (savePictures []savePicture, deleteFiles []string, err error) {
 	dbConfig := s.appConfigService.GetDbConfig()
 
 	searchAttrs := []string{
@@ -293,11 +323,12 @@ func (s *LdapService) SyncUsers(ctx context.Context, tx *gorm.DB, client *ldap.C
 
 	result, err := client.Search(searchReq)
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to query LDAP: %w", err)
+		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to query LDAP: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	// Create a mapping for users that exist
 	ldapUserIDs := make(map[string]struct{}, len(result.Entries))
+	savePictures = make([]savePicture, 0, len(result.Entries))
 
 	for _, value := range result.Entries {
 		ldapId := convertLdapIdToString(value.GetAttributeValue(dbConfig.LdapAttributeUserUniqueIdentifier.Value))
@@ -328,19 +359,19 @@ func (s *LdapService) SyncUsers(ctx context.Context, tx *gorm.DB, client *ldap.C
 				Error
 
 			if err != nil {
-				return fmt.Errorf("failed to enable user %s: %w", databaseUser.Username, err)
+				return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to enable user %s: %w", databaseUser.Username, err)
 			}
 		}
 
 		if err != nil && !errors.Is(err, gorm.ErrRecordNotFound) {
 			// This could error with ErrRecordNotFound and we want to ignore that here
-			return fmt.Errorf("failed to query for LDAP user ID '%s': %w", ldapId, err)
+			return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to query for LDAP user ID '%s': %w", ldapId, err)
 		}
 
 		// Check if user is admin by checking if they are in the admin group
 		isAdmin := false
 		for _, group := range value.GetAttributeValues("memberOf") {
-			if getDNProperty(dbConfig.LdapAttributeGroupName.Value, group) == dbConfig.LdapAttributeAdminGroup.Value {
+			if getDNProperty(dbConfig.LdapAttributeGroupName.Value, group) == dbConfig.LdapAdminGroupName.Value {
 				isAdmin = true
 				break
 			}
@@ -348,13 +379,18 @@ func (s *LdapService) SyncUsers(ctx context.Context, tx *gorm.DB, client *ldap.C
 
 		newUser := dto.UserCreateDto{
 			Username:    value.GetAttributeValue(dbConfig.LdapAttributeUserUsername.Value),
-			Email:       value.GetAttributeValue(dbConfig.LdapAttributeUserEmail.Value),
+			Email:       utils.PtrOrNil(value.GetAttributeValue(dbConfig.LdapAttributeUserEmail.Value)),
 			FirstName:   value.GetAttributeValue(dbConfig.LdapAttributeUserFirstName.Value),
 			LastName:    value.GetAttributeValue(dbConfig.LdapAttributeUserLastName.Value),
 			DisplayName: value.GetAttributeValue(dbConfig.LdapAttributeUserDisplayName.Value),
 			IsAdmin:     isAdmin,
 			LdapID:      ldapId,
 		}
+
+		if newUser.DisplayName == "" {
+			newUser.DisplayName = strings.TrimSpace(newUser.FirstName + " " + newUser.LastName)
+		}
+
 		dto.Normalize(newUser)
 
 		err = newUser.Validate()
@@ -363,32 +399,35 @@ func (s *LdapService) SyncUsers(ctx context.Context, tx *gorm.DB, client *ldap.C
 			continue
 		}
 
+		userID := databaseUser.ID
 		if databaseUser.ID == "" {
-			_, err = s.userService.createUserInternal(ctx, newUser, true, tx)
+			createdUser, err := s.userService.createUserInternal(ctx, newUser, true, tx)
 			if errors.Is(err, &common.AlreadyInUseError{}) {
 				slog.Warn("Skipping creating LDAP user", slog.String("username", newUser.Username), slog.Any("error", err))
 				continue
 			} else if err != nil {
-				return fmt.Errorf("error creating user '%s': %w", newUser.Username, err)
+				return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("error creating user '%s': %w", newUser.Username, err)
 			}
+			userID = createdUser.ID
 		} else {
 			_, err = s.userService.updateUserInternal(ctx, databaseUser.ID, newUser, false, true, tx)
 			if errors.Is(err, &common.AlreadyInUseError{}) {
 				slog.Warn("Skipping updating LDAP user", slog.String("username", newUser.Username), slog.Any("error", err))
 				continue
 			} else if err != nil {
-				return fmt.Errorf("error updating user '%s': %w", newUser.Username, err)
+				return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("error updating user '%s': %w", newUser.Username, err)
 			}
 		}
 
 		// Save profile picture
 		pictureString := value.GetAttributeValue(dbConfig.LdapAttributeUserProfilePicture.Value)
 		if pictureString != "" {
-			err = s.saveProfilePicture(ctx, databaseUser.ID, pictureString)
-			if err != nil {
-				// This is not a fatal error
-				slog.Warn("Error saving profile picture for user", slog.String("username", newUser.Username), slog.Any("error", err))
-			}
+			// Storage operations must be executed outside of a transaction
+			savePictures = append(savePictures, savePicture{
+				userID:   databaseUser.ID,
+				username: userID,
+				picture:  pictureString,
+			})
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -400,10 +439,11 @@ func (s *LdapService) SyncUsers(ctx context.Context, tx *gorm.DB, client *ldap.C
 		Select("id, username, ldap_id, disabled").
 		Error
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to fetch users from database: %w", err)
+		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to fetch users from database: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	// Mark users as disabled or delete users that no longer exist in LDAP
+	deleteFiles = make([]string, 0, len(ldapUserIDs))
 	for _, user := range ldapUsersInDb {
 		// Skip if the user ID exists in the fetched LDAP results
 		if _, exists := ldapUserIDs[*user.LdapID]; exists {
@@ -411,30 +451,34 @@ func (s *LdapService) SyncUsers(ctx context.Context, tx *gorm.DB, client *ldap.C
 		}
 
 		if dbConfig.LdapSoftDeleteUsers.IsTrue() {
-			err = s.userService.disableUserInternal(ctx, user.ID, tx)
+			err = s.userService.disableUserInternal(ctx, tx, user.ID)
 			if err != nil {
-				return fmt.Errorf("failed to disable user %s: %w", user.Username, err)
+				return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to disable user %s: %w", user.Username, err)
 			}
 
 			slog.Info("Disabled user", slog.String("username", user.Username))
 		} else {
-			err = s.userService.deleteUserInternal(ctx, user.ID, true, tx)
-			target := &common.LdapUserUpdateError{}
-			if errors.As(err, &target) {
-				return fmt.Errorf("failed to delete user %s: LDAP user must be disabled before deletion", user.Username)
-			} else if err != nil {
-				return fmt.Errorf("failed to delete user %s: %w", user.Username, err)
+			err = s.userService.deleteUserInternal(ctx, tx, user.ID, true)
+			if err != nil {
+				target := &common.LdapUserUpdateError{}
+				if errors.As(err, &target) {
+					return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to delete user %s: LDAP user must be disabled before deletion", user.Username)
+				}
+				return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to delete user %s: %w", user.Username, err)
 			}
 
 			slog.Info("Deleted user", slog.String("username", user.Username))
+
+			// Storage operations must be executed outside of a transaction
+			deleteFiles = append(deleteFiles, path.Join("profile-pictures", user.ID+".png"))
 		}
 	}
 
-	return nil
+	return savePictures, deleteFiles, nil
 }
 
 func (s *LdapService) saveProfilePicture(parentCtx context.Context, userId string, pictureString string) error {
-	var reader io.Reader
+	var reader io.ReadSeeker
 
 	_, err := url.ParseRequestURI(pictureString)
 	if err == nil {
@@ -454,7 +498,12 @@ func (s *LdapService) saveProfilePicture(parentCtx context.Context, userId strin
 		}
 		defer res.Body.Close()
 
-		reader = res.Body
+		data, err := io.ReadAll(res.Body)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to read profile picture: %w", err)
+		}
+
+		reader = bytes.NewReader(data)
 	} else if decodedPhoto, err := base64.StdEncoding.DecodeString(pictureString); err == nil {
 		// If the photo is a base64 encoded string, decode it
 		reader = bytes.NewReader(decodedPhoto)
@@ -464,7 +513,7 @@ func (s *LdapService) saveProfilePicture(parentCtx context.Context, userId strin
 	}
 
 	// Update the profile picture
-	err = s.userService.UpdateProfilePicture(userId, reader)
+	err = s.userService.UpdateProfilePicture(parentCtx, userId, reader)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to update profile picture: %w", err)
 	}

backend/internal/service/oidc_service.go

@@ -3,15 +3,18 @@ package service
 import (
 	"context"
 	"crypto/sha256"
+	"crypto/subtle"
 	"crypto/tls"
 	"encoding/base64"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
+	"io"
 	"log/slog"
 	"mime/multipart"
 	"net/http"
-	"os"
+	"net/url"
+	"path"
 	"regexp"
 	"slices"
 	"strings"
@@ -30,6 +33,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/dto"
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/model"
 	datatype "github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/model/types"
+	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/storage"
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/utils"
 )
 
@@ -54,8 +58,9 @@ type OidcService struct {
 	customClaimService *CustomClaimService
 	webAuthnService    *WebAuthnService
 
-	httpClient *http.Client
-	jwkCache   *jwk.Cache
+	httpClient  *http.Client
+	jwkCache    *jwk.Cache
+	fileStorage storage.FileStorage
 }
 
 func NewOidcService(
@@ -66,6 +71,8 @@ func NewOidcService(
 	auditLogService *AuditLogService,
 	customClaimService *CustomClaimService,
 	webAuthnService *WebAuthnService,
+	httpClient *http.Client,
+	fileStorage storage.FileStorage,
 ) (s *OidcService, err error) {
 	s = &OidcService{
 		db:                 db,
@@ -74,6 +81,8 @@ func NewOidcService(
 		auditLogService:    auditLogService,
 		customClaimService: customClaimService,
 		webAuthnService:    webAuthnService,
+		httpClient:         httpClient,
+		fileStorage:        fileStorage,
 	}
 
 	// Note: we don't pass the HTTP Client with OTel instrumented to this because requests are always made in background and not tied to a specific trace
@@ -388,7 +397,7 @@ func (s *OidcService) createTokenFromAuthorizationCode(ctx context.Context, inpu
 
 	// If the client is public or PKCE is enabled, the code verifier must match the code challenge
 	if client.IsPublic || client.PkceEnabled {
-		if !s.validateCodeVerifier(input.CodeVerifier, *authorizationCodeMetaData.CodeChallenge, *authorizationCodeMetaData.CodeChallengeMethodSha256) {
+		if !validateCodeVerifier(input.CodeVerifier, *authorizationCodeMetaData.CodeChallenge, *authorizationCodeMetaData.CodeChallengeMethodSha256) {
 			return CreatedTokens{}, &common.OidcInvalidCodeVerifierError{}
 		}
 	}
@@ -469,7 +478,7 @@ func (s *OidcService) createTokenFromRefreshToken(ctx context.Context, input dto
 	var storedRefreshToken model.OidcRefreshToken
 	err = tx.
 		WithContext(ctx).
-		Preload("User").
+		Preload("User.UserGroups").
 		Where(
 			"token = ? AND expires_at > ? AND user_id = ? AND client_id = ?",
 			utils.CreateSha256Hash(rt),
@@ -669,24 +678,26 @@ func (s *OidcService) introspectRefreshToken(ctx context.Context, clientID strin
 }
 
 func (s *OidcService) GetClient(ctx context.Context, clientID string) (model.OidcClient, error) {
-	return s.getClientInternal(ctx, clientID, s.db)
+	return s.getClientInternal(ctx, clientID, s.db, false)
 }
 
-func (s *OidcService) getClientInternal(ctx context.Context, clientID string, tx *gorm.DB) (model.OidcClient, error) {
+func (s *OidcService) getClientInternal(ctx context.Context, clientID string, tx *gorm.DB, forUpdate bool) (model.OidcClient, error) {
 	var client model.OidcClient
-	err := tx.
+	q := tx.
 		WithContext(ctx).
 		Preload("CreatedBy").
-		Preload("AllowedUserGroups").
-		First(&client, "id = ?", clientID).
-		Error
-	if err != nil {
-		return model.OidcClient{}, err
+		Preload("AllowedUserGroups")
+	if forUpdate {
+		q = q.Clauses(clause.Locking{Strength: "UPDATE"})
+	}
+	q = q.First(&client, "id = ?", clientID)
+	if q.Error != nil {
+		return model.OidcClient{}, q.Error
 	}
 	return client, nil
 }
 
-func (s *OidcService) ListClients(ctx context.Context, name string, sortedPaginationRequest utils.SortedPaginationRequest) ([]model.OidcClient, utils.PaginationResponse, error) {
+func (s *OidcService) ListClients(ctx context.Context, name string, listRequestOptions utils.ListRequestOptions) ([]model.OidcClient, utils.PaginationResponse, error) {
 	var clients []model.OidcClient
 
 	query := s.db.
@@ -699,17 +710,17 @@ func (s *OidcService) ListClients(ctx context.Context, name string, sortedPagina
 	}
 
 	// As allowedUserGroupsCount is not a column, we need to manually sort it
-	if sortedPaginationRequest.Sort.Column == "allowedUserGroupsCount" && utils.IsValidSortDirection(sortedPaginationRequest.Sort.Direction) {
+	if listRequestOptions.Sort.Column == "allowedUserGroupsCount" && utils.IsValidSortDirection(listRequestOptions.Sort.Direction) {
 		query = query.Select("oidc_clients.*, COUNT(oidc_clients_allowed_user_groups.oidc_client_id)").
 			Joins("LEFT JOIN oidc_clients_allowed_user_groups ON oidc_clients.id = oidc_clients_allowed_user_groups.oidc_client_id").
 			Group("oidc_clients.id").
-			Order("COUNT(oidc_clients_allowed_user_groups.oidc_client_id) " + sortedPaginationRequest.Sort.Direction)
+			Order("COUNT(oidc_clients_allowed_user_groups.oidc_client_id) " + listRequestOptions.Sort.Direction)
 
-		response, err := utils.Paginate(sortedPaginationRequest.Pagination.Page, sortedPaginationRequest.Pagination.Limit, query, &clients)
+		response, err := utils.Paginate(listRequestOptions.Pagination.Page, listRequestOptions.Pagination.Limit, query, &clients)
 		return clients, response, err
 	}
 
-	response, err := utils.PaginateAndSort(sortedPaginationRequest, query, &clients)
+	response, err := utils.PaginateFilterAndSort(listRequestOptions, query, &clients)
 	return clients, response, err
 }
 
@@ -733,6 +744,21 @@ func (s *OidcService) CreateClient(ctx context.Context, input dto.OidcClientCrea
 		return model.OidcClient{}, err
 	}
 
+	// All storage operations must be executed outside of a transaction
+	if input.LogoURL != nil {
+		err = s.downloadAndSaveLogoFromURL(ctx, client.ID, *input.LogoURL, true)
+		if err != nil {
+			return model.OidcClient{}, fmt.Errorf("failed to download logo: %w", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if input.DarkLogoURL != nil {
+		err = s.downloadAndSaveLogoFromURL(ctx, client.ID, *input.DarkLogoURL, false)
+		if err != nil {
+			return model.OidcClient{}, fmt.Errorf("failed to download dark logo: %w", err)
+		}
+	}
+
 	return client, nil
 }
 
@@ -743,21 +769,16 @@ func (s *OidcService) UpdateClient(ctx context.Context, clientID string, input d
 	}()
 
 	var client model.OidcClient
-	err := tx.
-		WithContext(ctx).
+	err := tx.WithContext(ctx).
 		Preload("CreatedBy").
-		First(&client, "id = ?", clientID).
-		Error
+		First(&client, "id = ?", clientID).Error
 	if err != nil {
 		return model.OidcClient{}, err
 	}
 
 	updateOIDCClientModelFromDto(&client, &input)
 
-	err = tx.
-		WithContext(ctx).
-		Save(&client).
-		Error
+	err = tx.WithContext(ctx).Save(&client).Error
 	if err != nil {
 		return model.OidcClient{}, err
 	}
@@ -767,6 +788,21 @@ func (s *OidcService) UpdateClient(ctx context.Context, clientID string, input d
 		return model.OidcClient{}, err
 	}
 
+	// All storage operations must be executed outside of a transaction
+	if input.LogoURL != nil {
+		err = s.downloadAndSaveLogoFromURL(ctx, client.ID, *input.LogoURL, true)
+		if err != nil {
+			return model.OidcClient{}, fmt.Errorf("failed to download logo: %w", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if input.DarkLogoURL != nil {
+		err = s.downloadAndSaveLogoFromURL(ctx, client.ID, *input.DarkLogoURL, false)
+		if err != nil {
+			return model.OidcClient{}, fmt.Errorf("failed to download dark logo: %w", err)
+		}
+	}
+
 	return client, nil
 }
 
@@ -799,12 +835,24 @@ func (s *OidcService) DeleteClient(ctx context.Context, clientID string) error {
 	err := s.db.
 		WithContext(ctx).
 		Where("id = ?", clientID).
+		Clauses(clause.Returning{}).
 		Delete(&client).
 		Error
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 
+	// Delete images if present
+	// Note that storage operations must be done outside of a transaction
+	if client.ImageType != nil && *client.ImageType != "" {
+		old := path.Join("oidc-client-images", client.ID+"."+*client.ImageType)
+		_ = s.fileStorage.Delete(ctx, old)
+	}
+	if client.DarkImageType != nil && *client.DarkImageType != "" {
+		old := path.Join("oidc-client-images", client.ID+"-dark."+*client.DarkImageType)
+		_ = s.fileStorage.Delete(ctx, old)
+	}
+
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -850,69 +898,66 @@ func (s *OidcService) CreateClientSecret(ctx context.Context, clientID string) (
 	return clientSecret, nil
 }
 
-func (s *OidcService) GetClientLogo(ctx context.Context, clientID string) (string, string, error) {
+func (s *OidcService) GetClientLogo(ctx context.Context, clientID string, light bool) (io.ReadCloser, int64, string, error) {
 	var client model.OidcClient
 	err := s.db.
 		WithContext(ctx).
 		First(&client, "id = ?", clientID).
 		Error
 	if err != nil {
-		return "", "", err
+		return nil, 0, "", err
 	}
 
-	if client.ImageType == nil {
-		return "", "", errors.New("image not found")
+	var suffix string
+	var ext string
+	switch {
+	case !light && client.DarkImageType != nil:
+		// Dark logo if requested and exists
+		suffix = "-dark"
+		ext = *client.DarkImageType
+	case client.ImageType != nil:
+		// Light logo if requested or no dark logo is available
+		ext = *client.ImageType
+	default:
+		return nil, 0, "", errors.New("image not found")
 	}
 
-	imagePath := common.EnvConfig.UploadPath + "/oidc-client-images/" + client.ID + "." + *client.ImageType
-	mimeType := utils.GetImageMimeType(*client.ImageType)
+	mimeType := utils.GetImageMimeType(ext)
+	if mimeType == "" {
+		return nil, 0, "", fmt.Errorf("unsupported image type '%s'", ext)
+	}
+	key := path.Join("oidc-client-images", client.ID+suffix+"."+ext)
+	reader, size, err := s.fileStorage.Open(ctx, key)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, 0, "", err
+	}
 
-	return imagePath, mimeType, nil
+	return reader, size, mimeType, nil
 }
 
-func (s *OidcService) UpdateClientLogo(ctx context.Context, clientID string, file *multipart.FileHeader) error {
+func (s *OidcService) UpdateClientLogo(ctx context.Context, clientID string, file *multipart.FileHeader, light bool) error {
 	fileType := strings.ToLower(utils.GetFileExtension(file.Filename))
 	if mimeType := utils.GetImageMimeType(fileType); mimeType == "" {
 		return &common.FileTypeNotSupportedError{}
 	}
 
-	imagePath := common.EnvConfig.UploadPath + "/oidc-client-images/" + clientID + "." + fileType
-	err := utils.SaveFile(file, imagePath)
+	var darkSuffix string
+	if !light {
+		darkSuffix = "-dark"
+	}
+
+	imagePath := path.Join("oidc-client-images", clientID+darkSuffix+"."+fileType)
+	reader, err := file.Open()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer reader.Close()
+	err = s.fileStorage.Save(ctx, imagePath, reader)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 
-	tx := s.db.Begin()
-	defer func() {
-		tx.Rollback()
-	}()
-
-	var client model.OidcClient
-	err = tx.
-		WithContext(ctx).
-		First(&client, "id = ?", clientID).
-		Error
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	if client.ImageType != nil && fileType != *client.ImageType {
-		oldImagePath := fmt.Sprintf("%s/oidc-client-images/%s.%s", common.EnvConfig.UploadPath, client.ID, *client.ImageType)
-		if err := os.Remove(oldImagePath); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-	}
-
-	client.ImageType = &fileType
-	err = tx.
-		WithContext(ctx).
-		Save(&client).
-		Error
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	err = tx.Commit().Error
+	err = s.updateClientLogoType(ctx, clientID, fileType, light)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -921,6 +966,30 @@ func (s *OidcService) UpdateClientLogo(ctx context.Context, clientID string, fil
 }
 
 func (s *OidcService) DeleteClientLogo(ctx context.Context, clientID string) error {
+	return s.deleteClientLogoInternal(ctx, clientID, "", func(client *model.OidcClient) (string, error) {
+		if client.ImageType == nil {
+			return "", errors.New("image not found")
+		}
+
+		oldImageType := *client.ImageType
+		client.ImageType = nil
+		return oldImageType, nil
+	})
+}
+
+func (s *OidcService) DeleteClientDarkLogo(ctx context.Context, clientID string) error {
+	return s.deleteClientLogoInternal(ctx, clientID, "-dark", func(client *model.OidcClient) (string, error) {
+		if client.DarkImageType == nil {
+			return "", errors.New("image not found")
+		}
+
+		oldImageType := *client.DarkImageType
+		client.DarkImageType = nil
+		return oldImageType, nil
+	})
+}
+
+func (s *OidcService) deleteClientLogoInternal(ctx context.Context, clientID string, imagePathSuffix string, setClientImage func(*model.OidcClient) (string, error)) error {
 	tx := s.db.Begin()
 	defer func() {
 		tx.Rollback()
@@ -935,12 +1004,11 @@ func (s *OidcService) DeleteClientLogo(ctx context.Context, clientID string) err
 		return err
 	}
 
-	if client.ImageType == nil {
-		return errors.New("image not found")
+	oldImageType, err := setClientImage(&client)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
 	}
 
-	oldImageType := *client.ImageType
-	client.ImageType = nil
 	err = tx.
 		WithContext(ctx).
 		Save(&client).
@@ -949,12 +1017,14 @@ func (s *OidcService) DeleteClientLogo(ctx context.Context, clientID string) err
 		return err
 	}
 
-	imagePath := common.EnvConfig.UploadPath + "/oidc-client-images/" + client.ID + "." + oldImageType
-	if err := os.Remove(imagePath); err != nil {
+	err = tx.Commit().Error
+	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 
-	err = tx.Commit().Error
+	// All storage operations must be performed outside of a database transaction
+	imagePath := path.Join("oidc-client-images", client.ID+imagePathSuffix+"."+oldImageType)
+	err = s.fileStorage.Delete(ctx, imagePath)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -968,7 +1038,7 @@ func (s *OidcService) UpdateAllowedUserGroups(ctx context.Context, id string, in
 		tx.Rollback()
 	}()
 
-	client, err = s.getClientInternal(ctx, id, tx)
+	client, err = s.getClientInternal(ctx, id, tx, true)
 	if err != nil {
 		return model.OidcClient{}, err
 	}
@@ -1090,13 +1160,20 @@ func (s *OidcService) createAuthorizationCode(ctx context.Context, clientID stri
 	return randomString, nil
 }
 
-func (s *OidcService) validateCodeVerifier(codeVerifier, codeChallenge string, codeChallengeMethodSha256 bool) bool {
+func validateCodeVerifier(codeVerifier, codeChallenge string, codeChallengeMethodSha256 bool) bool {
 	if codeVerifier == "" || codeChallenge == "" {
 		return false
 	}
 
 	if !codeChallengeMethodSha256 {
-		return codeVerifier == codeChallenge
+		return subtle.ConstantTimeCompare([]byte(codeVerifier), []byte(codeChallenge)) == 1
+	}
+
+	// Base64 URL decode the challenge
+	// If it's not valid base64url, fail the operation
+	codeChallengeBytes, err := base64.RawURLEncoding.DecodeString(codeChallenge)
+	if err != nil {
+		return false
 	}
 
 	// Compute SHA-256 hash of the codeVerifier
@@ -1104,10 +1181,7 @@ func (s *OidcService) validateCodeVerifier(codeVerifier, codeChallenge string, c
 	h.Write([]byte(codeVerifier))
 	codeVerifierHash := h.Sum(nil)
 
-	// Base64 URL encode the verifier hash
-	encodedVerifierHash := base64.RawURLEncoding.EncodeToString(codeVerifierHash)
-
-	return encodedVerifierHash == codeChallenge
+	return subtle.ConstantTimeCompare(codeVerifierHash, codeChallengeBytes) == 1
 }
 
 func (s *OidcService) getCallbackURL(client *model.OidcClient, inputCallbackURL string, tx *gorm.DB, ctx context.Context) (callbackURL string, err error) {
@@ -1331,9 +1405,10 @@ func (s *OidcService) GetDeviceCodeInfo(ctx context.Context, userCode string, us
 
 	return &dto.DeviceCodeInfoDto{
 		Client: dto.OidcClientMetaDataDto{
-			ID:      deviceAuth.Client.ID,
-			Name:    deviceAuth.Client.Name,
-			HasLogo: deviceAuth.Client.HasLogo,
+			ID:          deviceAuth.Client.ID,
+			Name:        deviceAuth.Client.Name,
+			HasLogo:     deviceAuth.Client.HasLogo(),
+			HasDarkLogo: deviceAuth.Client.HasDarkLogo(),
 		},
 		Scope:                 deviceAuth.Scope,
 		AuthorizationRequired: !hasAuthorizedClient,
@@ -1357,7 +1432,7 @@ func (s *OidcService) GetAllowedGroupsCountOfClient(ctx context.Context, id stri
 	return count, nil
 }
 
-func (s *OidcService) ListAuthorizedClients(ctx context.Context, userID string, sortedPaginationRequest utils.SortedPaginationRequest) ([]model.UserAuthorizedOidcClient, utils.PaginationResponse, error) {
+func (s *OidcService) ListAuthorizedClients(ctx context.Context, userID string, listRequestOptions utils.ListRequestOptions) ([]model.UserAuthorizedOidcClient, utils.PaginationResponse, error) {
 
 	query := s.db.
 		WithContext(ctx).
@@ -1366,7 +1441,7 @@ func (s *OidcService) ListAuthorizedClients(ctx context.Context, userID string,
 		Where("user_id = ?", userID)
 
 	var authorizedClients []model.UserAuthorizedOidcClient
-	response, err := utils.PaginateAndSort(sortedPaginationRequest, query, &authorizedClients)
+	response, err := utils.PaginateFilterAndSort(listRequestOptions, query, &authorizedClients)
 
 	return authorizedClients, response, err
 }
@@ -1399,7 +1474,7 @@ func (s *OidcService) RevokeAuthorizedClient(ctx context.Context, userID string,
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (s *OidcService) ListAccessibleOidcClients(ctx context.Context, userID string, sortedPaginationRequest utils.SortedPaginationRequest) ([]dto.AccessibleOidcClientDto, utils.PaginationResponse, error) {
+func (s *OidcService) ListAccessibleOidcClients(ctx context.Context, userID string, listRequestOptions utils.ListRequestOptions) ([]dto.AccessibleOidcClientDto, utils.PaginationResponse, error) {
 	tx := s.db.Begin()
 	defer func() {
 		tx.Rollback()
@@ -1446,13 +1521,13 @@ func (s *OidcService) ListAccessibleOidcClients(ctx context.Context, userID stri
 
 	// Handle custom sorting for lastUsedAt column
 	var response utils.PaginationResponse
-	if sortedPaginationRequest.Sort.Column == "lastUsedAt" && utils.IsValidSortDirection(sortedPaginationRequest.Sort.Direction) {
+	if listRequestOptions.Sort.Column == "lastUsedAt" && utils.IsValidSortDirection(listRequestOptions.Sort.Direction) {
 		query = query.
 			Joins("LEFT JOIN user_authorized_oidc_clients ON oidc_clients.id = user_authorized_oidc_clients.client_id AND user_authorized_oidc_clients.user_id = ?", userID).
-			Order("user_authorized_oidc_clients.last_used_at " + sortedPaginationRequest.Sort.Direction + " NULLS LAST")
+			Order("user_authorized_oidc_clients.last_used_at " + listRequestOptions.Sort.Direction + " NULLS LAST")
 	}
 
-	response, err = utils.PaginateAndSort(sortedPaginationRequest, query, &clients)
+	response, err = utils.PaginateFilterAndSort(listRequestOptions, query, &clients)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, utils.PaginationResponse{}, err
 	}
@@ -1465,10 +1540,11 @@ func (s *OidcService) ListAccessibleOidcClients(ctx context.Context, userID stri
 		}
 		dtos[i] = dto.AccessibleOidcClientDto{
 			OidcClientMetaDataDto: dto.OidcClientMetaDataDto{
-				ID:        client.ID,
-				Name:      client.Name,
-				LaunchURL: client.LaunchURL,
-				HasLogo:   client.HasLogo,
+				ID:          client.ID,
+				Name:        client.Name,
+				LaunchURL:   client.LaunchURL,
+				HasLogo:     client.HasLogo(),
+				HasDarkLogo: client.HasDarkLogo(),
 			},
 			LastUsedAt: lastUsedAt,
 		}
@@ -1745,7 +1821,7 @@ func (s *OidcService) GetClientPreview(ctx context.Context, clientID string, use
 		tx.Rollback()
 	}()
 
-	client, err := s.getClientInternal(ctx, clientID, tx)
+	client, err := s.getClientInternal(ctx, clientID, tx, false)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -1889,3 +1965,161 @@ func (s *OidcService) IsClientAccessibleToUser(ctx context.Context, clientID str
 
 	return s.IsUserGroupAllowedToAuthorize(user, client), nil
 }
+
+var errLogoTooLarge = errors.New("logo is too large")
+
+func httpClientWithCheckRedirect(source *http.Client, checkRedirect func(req *http.Request, via []*http.Request) error) *http.Client {
+	if source == nil {
+		source = http.DefaultClient
+	}
+
+	// Create a new client that clones the transport
+	client := &http.Client{
+		Transport: source.Transport,
+	}
+
+	// Assign the CheckRedirect function
+	client.CheckRedirect = checkRedirect
+
+	return client
+}
+
+func (s *OidcService) downloadAndSaveLogoFromURL(parentCtx context.Context, clientID string, raw string, light bool) error {
+	u, err := url.Parse(raw)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(parentCtx, 15*time.Second)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	// Prevents SSRF by allowing only public IPs
+	ok, err := utils.IsURLPrivate(ctx, u)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	} else if ok {
+		return errors.New("private IP addresses are not allowed")
+	}
+
+	// We need to check this on redirects too
+	client := httpClientWithCheckRedirect(s.httpClient, func(r *http.Request, via []*http.Request) error {
+		if len(via) >= 10 {
+			return errors.New("stopped after 10 redirects")
+		}
+
+		ok, err := utils.IsURLPrivate(r.Context(), r.URL)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		} else if ok {
+			return errors.New("private IP addresses are not allowed")
+		}
+
+		return nil
+	})
+
+	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodGet, raw, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	req.Header.Set("User-Agent", "pocket-id/oidc-logo-fetcher")
+	req.Header.Set("Accept", "image/*")
+
+	resp, err := client.Do(req)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer resp.Body.Close()
+
+	if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to fetch logo: %s", resp.Status)
+	}
+
+	const maxLogoSize int64 = 2 * 1024 * 1024 // 2MB
+	if resp.ContentLength > maxLogoSize {
+		return errLogoTooLarge
+	}
+
+	// Prefer extension in path if supported
+	ext := utils.GetFileExtension(u.Path)
+	if ext == "" || utils.GetImageMimeType(ext) == "" {
+		// Otherwise, try to detect from content type
+		ext = utils.GetImageExtensionFromMimeType(resp.Header.Get("Content-Type"))
+	}
+
+	if ext == "" {
+		return &common.FileTypeNotSupportedError{}
+	}
+
+	var darkSuffix string
+	if !light {
+		darkSuffix = "-dark"
+	}
+
+	imagePath := path.Join("oidc-client-images", clientID+darkSuffix+"."+ext)
+	err = s.fileStorage.Save(ctx, imagePath, utils.NewLimitReader(resp.Body, maxLogoSize+1))
+	if errors.Is(err, utils.ErrSizeExceeded) {
+		return errLogoTooLarge
+	} else if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	err = s.updateClientLogoType(ctx, clientID, ext, light)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (s *OidcService) updateClientLogoType(ctx context.Context, clientID string, ext string, light bool) error {
+	var darkSuffix string
+	if !light {
+		darkSuffix = "-dark"
+	}
+
+	tx := s.db.Begin()
+	defer func() {
+		tx.Rollback()
+	}()
+
+	// We need to acquire an update lock for the row to be locked, since we'll update it later
+	var client model.OidcClient
+	err := tx.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		Clauses(clause.Locking{Strength: "UPDATE"}).
+		First(&client, "id = ?", clientID).
+		Error
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to look up client: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	var currentType *string
+	if light {
+		currentType = client.ImageType
+		client.ImageType = &ext
+	} else {
+		currentType = client.DarkImageType
+		client.DarkImageType = &ext
+	}
+
+	err = tx.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		Save(&client).
+		Error
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to save updated client: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	err = tx.Commit().Error
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to commit transaction: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Storage operations must be executed outside of a transaction
+	if currentType != nil && *currentType != ext {
+		old := path.Join("oidc-client-images", client.ID+darkSuffix+"."+*currentType)
+		_ = s.fileStorage.Delete(ctx, old)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}

backend/internal/service/oidc_service_test.go

@@ -5,8 +5,13 @@ import (
 	"crypto/ecdsa"
 	"crypto/elliptic"
 	"crypto/rand"
+	"crypto/sha256"
+	"encoding/base64"
 	"encoding/json"
+	"io"
 	"net/http"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
@@ -19,6 +24,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/common"
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/dto"
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/model"
+	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/storage"
 	testutils "github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/utils/testing"
 )
 
@@ -142,6 +148,7 @@ func TestOidcService_verifyClientCredentialsInternal(t *testing.T) {
 	var err error
 	// Create a test database
 	db := testutils.NewDatabaseForTest(t)
+	common.EnvConfig.EncryptionKey = []byte("0123456789abcdef0123456789abcdef")
 
 	// Create two JWKs for testing
 	privateJWK, jwkSetJSON := generateTestECDSAKey(t)
@@ -510,3 +517,460 @@ func TestOidcService_verifyClientCredentialsInternal(t *testing.T) {
 		})
 	})
 }
+
+func TestValidateCodeVerifier_Plain(t *testing.T) {
+	require.False(t, validateCodeVerifier("", "", false))
+	require.False(t, validateCodeVerifier("", "", true))
+
+	t.Run("plain", func(t *testing.T) {
+		require.False(t, validateCodeVerifier("", "challenge", false))
+		require.False(t, validateCodeVerifier("verifier", "", false))
+		require.True(t, validateCodeVerifier("plainVerifier", "plainVerifier", false))
+		require.False(t, validateCodeVerifier("plainVerifier", "otherVerifier", false))
+	})
+
+	t.Run("SHA 256", func(t *testing.T) {
+		codeVerifier := "dBjftJeZ4CVP-mB92K27uhbUJU1p1r_wW1gFWFOEjXk"
+		hash := sha256.Sum256([]byte(codeVerifier))
+		codeChallenge := base64.RawURLEncoding.EncodeToString(hash[:])
+
+		require.True(t, validateCodeVerifier(codeVerifier, codeChallenge, true))
+		require.False(t, validateCodeVerifier("wrongVerifier", codeChallenge, true))
+		require.False(t, validateCodeVerifier(codeVerifier, "!", true))
+
+		// Invalid base64
+		require.False(t, validateCodeVerifier("NOT!VALID", codeChallenge, true))
+	})
+}
+
+func TestOidcService_updateClientLogoType(t *testing.T) {
+	// Create a test database
+	db := testutils.NewDatabaseForTest(t)
+
+	// Create database storage
+	dbStorage, err := storage.NewDatabaseStorage(db)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Init the OidcService
+	s := &OidcService{
+		db:          db,
+		fileStorage: dbStorage,
+	}
+
+	// Create a test client
+	client := model.OidcClient{
+		Name:         "Test Client",
+		CallbackURLs: model.UrlList{"https://example.com/callback"},
+	}
+	err = db.Create(&client).Error
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Helper function to check if a file exists in storage
+	fileExists := func(t *testing.T, path string) bool {
+		t.Helper()
+		_, _, err := dbStorage.Open(t.Context(), path)
+		return err == nil
+	}
+
+	// Helper function to create a dummy file in storage
+	createDummyFile := func(t *testing.T, path string) {
+		t.Helper()
+		err := dbStorage.Save(t.Context(), path, strings.NewReader("dummy content"))
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+	}
+
+	t.Run("Updates light logo type for client without previous logo", func(t *testing.T) {
+		// Update the logo type
+		err := s.updateClientLogoType(t.Context(), client.ID, "png", true)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		// Verify the client was updated
+		var updatedClient model.OidcClient
+		err = db.First(&updatedClient, "id = ?", client.ID).Error
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.NotNil(t, updatedClient.ImageType)
+		assert.Equal(t, "png", *updatedClient.ImageType)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("Updates dark logo type for client without previous dark logo", func(t *testing.T) {
+		// Update the dark logo type
+		err := s.updateClientLogoType(t.Context(), client.ID, "jpg", false)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		// Verify the client was updated
+		var updatedClient model.OidcClient
+		err = db.First(&updatedClient, "id = ?", client.ID).Error
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.NotNil(t, updatedClient.DarkImageType)
+		assert.Equal(t, "jpg", *updatedClient.DarkImageType)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("Updates light logo type and deletes old file when type changes", func(t *testing.T) {
+		// Create the old PNG file in storage
+		oldPath := "oidc-client-images/" + client.ID + ".png"
+		createDummyFile(t, oldPath)
+		require.True(t, fileExists(t, oldPath), "Old file should exist before update")
+
+		// Client currently has a PNG logo, update to WEBP
+		err := s.updateClientLogoType(t.Context(), client.ID, "webp", true)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		// Verify the client was updated
+		var updatedClient model.OidcClient
+		err = db.First(&updatedClient, "id = ?", client.ID).Error
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.NotNil(t, updatedClient.ImageType)
+		assert.Equal(t, "webp", *updatedClient.ImageType)
+
+		// Old PNG file should be deleted
+		assert.False(t, fileExists(t, oldPath), "Old PNG file should have been deleted")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("Updates dark logo type and deletes old file when type changes", func(t *testing.T) {
+		// Create the old JPG dark file in storage
+		oldPath := "oidc-client-images/" + client.ID + "-dark.jpg"
+		createDummyFile(t, oldPath)
+		require.True(t, fileExists(t, oldPath), "Old dark file should exist before update")
+
+		// Client currently has a JPG dark logo, update to WEBP
+		err := s.updateClientLogoType(t.Context(), client.ID, "webp", false)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		// Verify the client was updated
+		var updatedClient model.OidcClient
+		err = db.First(&updatedClient, "id = ?", client.ID).Error
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.NotNil(t, updatedClient.DarkImageType)
+		assert.Equal(t, "webp", *updatedClient.DarkImageType)
+
+		// Old JPG dark file should be deleted
+		assert.False(t, fileExists(t, oldPath), "Old JPG dark file should have been deleted")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("Does not delete file when type remains the same", func(t *testing.T) {
+		// Create the WEBP file in storage
+		webpPath := "oidc-client-images/" + client.ID + ".webp"
+		createDummyFile(t, webpPath)
+		require.True(t, fileExists(t, webpPath), "WEBP file should exist before update")
+
+		// Update to the same type (WEBP)
+		err := s.updateClientLogoType(t.Context(), client.ID, "webp", true)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		// Verify the client still has WEBP
+		var updatedClient model.OidcClient
+		err = db.First(&updatedClient, "id = ?", client.ID).Error
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.NotNil(t, updatedClient.ImageType)
+		assert.Equal(t, "webp", *updatedClient.ImageType)
+
+		// WEBP file should still exist since type didn't change
+		assert.True(t, fileExists(t, webpPath), "WEBP file should still exist")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("Returns error for non-existent client", func(t *testing.T) {
+		err := s.updateClientLogoType(t.Context(), "non-existent-client-id", "png", true)
+		require.Error(t, err)
+		require.ErrorContains(t, err, "failed to look up client")
+	})
+}
+
+func TestOidcService_downloadAndSaveLogoFromURL(t *testing.T) {
+	// Create a test database
+	db := testutils.NewDatabaseForTest(t)
+
+	// Create database storage
+	dbStorage, err := storage.NewDatabaseStorage(db)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Create a test client
+	client := model.OidcClient{
+		Name:         "Test Client",
+		CallbackURLs: model.UrlList{"https://example.com/callback"},
+	}
+	err = db.Create(&client).Error
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Helper function to check if a file exists in storage
+	fileExists := func(t *testing.T, path string) bool {
+		t.Helper()
+		_, _, err := dbStorage.Open(t.Context(), path)
+		return err == nil
+	}
+
+	// Helper function to get file content from storage
+	getFileContent := func(t *testing.T, path string) []byte {
+		t.Helper()
+		reader, _, err := dbStorage.Open(t.Context(), path)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		defer reader.Close()
+		content, err := io.ReadAll(reader)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		return content
+	}
+
+	t.Run("Successfully downloads and saves PNG logo from URL", func(t *testing.T) {
+		// Create mock PNG content
+		pngContent := []byte("fake-png-content")
+
+		// Create a mock HTTP response with headers
+		//nolint:bodyclose
+		pngResponse := testutils.NewMockResponse(http.StatusOK, string(pngContent))
+		pngResponse.Header.Set("Content-Type", "image/png")
+
+		// Create a mock HTTP client with responses
+		mockResponses := map[string]*http.Response{
+			//nolint:bodyclose
+			"https://example.com/logo.png": pngResponse,
+		}
+		httpClient := &http.Client{
+			Transport: &testutils.MockRoundTripper{
+				Responses: mockResponses,
+			},
+		}
+
+		// Init the OidcService with mock HTTP client
+		s := &OidcService{
+			db:          db,
+			fileStorage: dbStorage,
+			httpClient:  httpClient,
+		}
+
+		// Download and save the logo
+		err := s.downloadAndSaveLogoFromURL(t.Context(), client.ID, "https://example.com/logo.png", true)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		// Verify the file was saved
+		logoPath := "oidc-client-images/" + client.ID + ".png"
+		require.True(t, fileExists(t, logoPath), "Logo file should exist in storage")
+
+		// Verify the content
+		savedContent := getFileContent(t, logoPath)
+		assert.Equal(t, pngContent, savedContent)
+
+		// Verify the client was updated
+		var updatedClient model.OidcClient
+		err = db.First(&updatedClient, "id = ?", client.ID).Error
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.NotNil(t, updatedClient.ImageType)
+		assert.Equal(t, "png", *updatedClient.ImageType)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("Successfully downloads and saves dark logo", func(t *testing.T) {
+		// Create mock WEBP content
+		webpContent := []byte("fake-webp-content")
+
+		//nolint:bodyclose
+		webpResponse := testutils.NewMockResponse(http.StatusOK, string(webpContent))
+		webpResponse.Header.Set("Content-Type", "image/webp")
+
+		mockResponses := map[string]*http.Response{
+			//nolint:bodyclose
+			"https://example.com/dark-logo.webp": webpResponse,
+		}
+		httpClient := &http.Client{
+			Transport: &testutils.MockRoundTripper{
+				Responses: mockResponses,
+			},
+		}
+
+		s := &OidcService{
+			db:          db,
+			fileStorage: dbStorage,
+			httpClient:  httpClient,
+		}
+
+		// Download and save the dark logo
+		err := s.downloadAndSaveLogoFromURL(t.Context(), client.ID, "https://example.com/dark-logo.webp", false)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		// Verify the dark logo file was saved
+		darkLogoPath := "oidc-client-images/" + client.ID + "-dark.webp"
+		require.True(t, fileExists(t, darkLogoPath), "Dark logo file should exist in storage")
+
+		// Verify the content
+		savedContent := getFileContent(t, darkLogoPath)
+		assert.Equal(t, webpContent, savedContent)
+
+		// Verify the client was updated
+		var updatedClient model.OidcClient
+		err = db.First(&updatedClient, "id = ?", client.ID).Error
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.NotNil(t, updatedClient.DarkImageType)
+		assert.Equal(t, "webp", *updatedClient.DarkImageType)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("Detects extension from URL path", func(t *testing.T) {
+		svgContent := []byte("<svg></svg>")
+
+		mockResponses := map[string]*http.Response{
+			//nolint:bodyclose
+			"https://example.com/icon.svg": testutils.NewMockResponse(http.StatusOK, string(svgContent)),
+		}
+		httpClient := &http.Client{
+			Transport: &testutils.MockRoundTripper{
+				Responses: mockResponses,
+			},
+		}
+
+		s := &OidcService{
+			db:          db,
+			fileStorage: dbStorage,
+			httpClient:  httpClient,
+		}
+
+		err := s.downloadAndSaveLogoFromURL(t.Context(), client.ID, "https://example.com/icon.svg", true)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		// Verify SVG file was saved
+		logoPath := "oidc-client-images/" + client.ID + ".svg"
+		require.True(t, fileExists(t, logoPath), "SVG logo should exist")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("Detects extension from Content-Type when path has no extension", func(t *testing.T) {
+		jpgContent := []byte("fake-jpg-content")
+
+		//nolint:bodyclose
+		jpgResponse := testutils.NewMockResponse(http.StatusOK, string(jpgContent))
+		jpgResponse.Header.Set("Content-Type", "image/jpeg")
+
+		mockResponses := map[string]*http.Response{
+			//nolint:bodyclose
+			"https://example.com/logo": jpgResponse,
+		}
+		httpClient := &http.Client{
+			Transport: &testutils.MockRoundTripper{
+				Responses: mockResponses,
+			},
+		}
+
+		s := &OidcService{
+			db:          db,
+			fileStorage: dbStorage,
+			httpClient:  httpClient,
+		}
+
+		err := s.downloadAndSaveLogoFromURL(t.Context(), client.ID, "https://example.com/logo", true)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		// Verify JPG file was saved (jpeg extension is normalized to jpg)
+		logoPath := "oidc-client-images/" + client.ID + ".jpg"
+		require.True(t, fileExists(t, logoPath), "JPG logo should exist")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("Returns error for invalid URL", func(t *testing.T) {
+		s := &OidcService{
+			db:          db,
+			fileStorage: dbStorage,
+			httpClient:  &http.Client{},
+		}
+
+		err := s.downloadAndSaveLogoFromURL(t.Context(), client.ID, "://invalid-url", true)
+		require.Error(t, err)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("Returns error for non-200 status code", func(t *testing.T) {
+		mockResponses := map[string]*http.Response{
+			//nolint:bodyclose
+			"https://example.com/not-found.png": testutils.NewMockResponse(http.StatusNotFound, "Not Found"),
+		}
+		httpClient := &http.Client{
+			Transport: &testutils.MockRoundTripper{
+				Responses: mockResponses,
+			},
+		}
+
+		s := &OidcService{
+			db:          db,
+			fileStorage: dbStorage,
+			httpClient:  httpClient,
+		}
+
+		err := s.downloadAndSaveLogoFromURL(t.Context(), client.ID, "https://example.com/not-found.png", true)
+		require.Error(t, err)
+		require.ErrorContains(t, err, "failed to fetch logo")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("Returns error for too large content", func(t *testing.T) {
+		// Create content larger than 2MB (maxLogoSize)
+		largeContent := strings.Repeat("x", 2<<20+100) // 2.1MB
+
+		//nolint:bodyclose
+		largeResponse := testutils.NewMockResponse(http.StatusOK, largeContent)
+		largeResponse.Header.Set("Content-Type", "image/png")
+		largeResponse.Header.Set("Content-Length", strconv.Itoa(len(largeContent)))
+
+		mockResponses := map[string]*http.Response{
+			//nolint:bodyclose
+			"https://example.com/large.png": largeResponse,
+		}
+		httpClient := &http.Client{
+			Transport: &testutils.MockRoundTripper{
+				Responses: mockResponses,
+			},
+		}
+
+		s := &OidcService{
+			db:          db,
+			fileStorage: dbStorage,
+			httpClient:  httpClient,
+		}
+
+		err := s.downloadAndSaveLogoFromURL(t.Context(), client.ID, "https://example.com/large.png", true)
+		require.Error(t, err)
+		require.ErrorIs(t, err, errLogoTooLarge)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("Returns error for unsupported file type", func(t *testing.T) {
+		//nolint:bodyclose
+		textResponse := testutils.NewMockResponse(http.StatusOK, "text content")
+		textResponse.Header.Set("Content-Type", "text/plain")
+
+		mockResponses := map[string]*http.Response{
+			//nolint:bodyclose
+			"https://example.com/file.txt": textResponse,
+		}
+		httpClient := &http.Client{
+			Transport: &testutils.MockRoundTripper{
+				Responses: mockResponses,
+			},
+		}
+
+		s := &OidcService{
+			db:          db,
+			fileStorage: dbStorage,
+			httpClient:  httpClient,
+		}
+
+		err := s.downloadAndSaveLogoFromURL(t.Context(), client.ID, "https://example.com/file.txt", true)
+		require.Error(t, err)
+		var fileTypeErr *common.FileTypeNotSupportedError
+		require.ErrorAs(t, err, &fileTypeErr)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("Returns error for non-existent client", func(t *testing.T) {
+		//nolint:bodyclose
+		pngResponse := testutils.NewMockResponse(http.StatusOK, "content")
+		pngResponse.Header.Set("Content-Type", "image/png")
+
+		mockResponses := map[string]*http.Response{
+			//nolint:bodyclose
+			"https://example.com/logo.png": pngResponse,
+		}
+		httpClient := &http.Client{
+			Transport: &testutils.MockRoundTripper{
+				Responses: mockResponses,
+			},
+		}
+
+		s := &OidcService{
+			db:          db,
+			fileStorage: dbStorage,
+			httpClient:  httpClient,
+		}
+
+		err := s.downloadAndSaveLogoFromURL(t.Context(), "non-existent-client-id", "https://example.com/logo.png", true)
+		require.Error(t, err)
+		require.ErrorContains(t, err, "failed to look up client")
+	})
+}

backend/internal/service/user_group_service.go

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ func NewUserGroupService(db *gorm.DB, appConfigService *AppConfigService) *UserG
 	return &UserGroupService{db: db, appConfigService: appConfigService}
 }
 
-func (s *UserGroupService) List(ctx context.Context, name string, sortedPaginationRequest utils.SortedPaginationRequest) (groups []model.UserGroup, response utils.PaginationResponse, err error) {
+func (s *UserGroupService) List(ctx context.Context, name string, listRequestOptions utils.ListRequestOptions) (groups []model.UserGroup, response utils.PaginationResponse, err error) {
 	query := s.db.
 		WithContext(ctx).
 		Preload("CustomClaims").
@@ -32,17 +32,14 @@ func (s *UserGroupService) List(ctx context.Context, name string, sortedPaginati
 	}
 
 	// As userCount is not a column we need to manually sort it
-	if sortedPaginationRequest.Sort.Column == "userCount" && utils.IsValidSortDirection(sortedPaginationRequest.Sort.Direction) {
+	if listRequestOptions.Sort.Column == "userCount" && utils.IsValidSortDirection(listRequestOptions.Sort.Direction) {
 		query = query.Select("user_groups.*, COUNT(user_groups_users.user_id)").
 			Joins("LEFT JOIN user_groups_users ON user_groups.id = user_groups_users.user_group_id").
 			Group("user_groups.id").
-			Order("COUNT(user_groups_users.user_id) " + sortedPaginationRequest.Sort.Direction)
-
-		response, err := utils.Paginate(sortedPaginationRequest.Pagination.Page, sortedPaginationRequest.Pagination.Limit, query, &groups)
-		return groups, response, err
+			Order("COUNT(user_groups_users.user_id) " + listRequestOptions.Sort.Direction)
 	}
 
-	response, err = utils.PaginateAndSort(sortedPaginationRequest, query, &groups)
+	response, err = utils.PaginateFilterAndSort(listRequestOptions, query, &groups)
 	return groups, response, err
 }
 

backend/internal/service/user_service.go

@@ -7,20 +7,23 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
+	"io/fs"
 	"log/slog"
 	"net/url"
-	"os"
+	"path"
 	"strings"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/google/uuid"
 	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace"
 	"gorm.io/gorm"
+	"gorm.io/gorm/clause"
 
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/common"
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/dto"
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/model"
 	datatype "github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/model/types"
+	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/storage"
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/utils"
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/utils/email"
 	profilepicture "github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/utils/image"
@@ -33,9 +36,11 @@ type UserService struct {
 	emailService       *EmailService
 	appConfigService   *AppConfigService
 	customClaimService *CustomClaimService
+	appImagesService   *AppImagesService
+	fileStorage        storage.FileStorage
 }
 
-func NewUserService(db *gorm.DB, jwtService *JwtService, auditLogService *AuditLogService, emailService *EmailService, appConfigService *AppConfigService, customClaimService *CustomClaimService) *UserService {
+func NewUserService(db *gorm.DB, jwtService *JwtService, auditLogService *AuditLogService, emailService *EmailService, appConfigService *AppConfigService, customClaimService *CustomClaimService, appImagesService *AppImagesService, fileStorage storage.FileStorage) *UserService {
 	return &UserService{
 		db:                 db,
 		jwtService:         jwtService,
@@ -43,10 +48,12 @@ func NewUserService(db *gorm.DB, jwtService *JwtService, auditLogService *AuditL
 		emailService:       emailService,
 		appConfigService:   appConfigService,
 		customClaimService: customClaimService,
+		appImagesService:   appImagesService,
+		fileStorage:        fileStorage,
 	}
 }
 
-func (s *UserService) ListUsers(ctx context.Context, searchTerm string, sortedPaginationRequest utils.SortedPaginationRequest) ([]model.User, utils.PaginationResponse, error) {
+func (s *UserService) ListUsers(ctx context.Context, searchTerm string, listRequestOptions utils.ListRequestOptions) ([]model.User, utils.PaginationResponse, error) {
 	var users []model.User
 	query := s.db.WithContext(ctx).
 		Model(&model.User{}).
@@ -60,7 +67,7 @@ func (s *UserService) ListUsers(ctx context.Context, searchTerm string, sortedPa
 			searchPattern, searchPattern, searchPattern, searchPattern)
 	}
 
-	pagination, err := utils.PaginateAndSort(sortedPaginationRequest, query, &users)
+	pagination, err := utils.PaginateFilterAndSort(listRequestOptions, query, &users)
 
 	return users, pagination, err
 }
@@ -87,39 +94,42 @@ func (s *UserService) GetProfilePicture(ctx context.Context, userID string) (io.
 		return nil, 0, &common.InvalidUUIDError{}
 	}
 
-	// First check for a custom uploaded profile picture (userID.png)
-	profilePicturePath := common.EnvConfig.UploadPath + "/profile-pictures/" + userID + ".png"
-	file, err := os.Open(profilePicturePath)
-	if err == nil {
-		// Get the file size
-		fileInfo, err := file.Stat()
-		if err != nil {
-			file.Close()
-			return nil, 0, err
-		}
-		return file, fileInfo.Size(), nil
-	}
-
-	// If no custom picture exists, get the user's data for creating initials
 	user, err := s.GetUser(ctx, userID)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, 0, err
 	}
 
-	// Check if we have a cached default picture for these initials
-	defaultProfilePicturesDir := common.EnvConfig.UploadPath + "/profile-pictures/defaults/"
-	defaultPicturePath := defaultProfilePicturesDir + user.Initials() + ".png"
-	file, err = os.Open(defaultPicturePath)
+	profilePicturePath := path.Join("profile-pictures", userID+".png")
+
+	// Try custom profile picture
+	file, size, err := s.fileStorage.Open(ctx, profilePicturePath)
 	if err == nil {
-		fileInfo, err := file.Stat()
-		if err != nil {
-			file.Close()
-			return nil, 0, err
-		}
-		return file, fileInfo.Size(), nil
+		return file, size, nil
+	} else if !errors.Is(err, fs.ErrNotExist) {
+		return nil, 0, err
 	}
 
-	// If no cached default picture exists, create one and save it for future use
+	// Try default global profile picture
+	if s.appImagesService.IsDefaultProfilePictureSet() {
+		reader, size, _, err := s.appImagesService.GetImage(ctx, "default-profile-picture")
+		if err == nil {
+			return reader, size, nil
+		}
+		if !errors.Is(err, &common.ImageNotFoundError{}) {
+			return nil, 0, err
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Try cached default for initials
+	defaultPicturePath := path.Join("profile-pictures", "defaults", user.Initials()+".png")
+	file, size, err = s.fileStorage.Open(ctx, defaultPicturePath)
+	if err == nil {
+		return file, size, nil
+	} else if !errors.Is(err, fs.ErrNotExist) {
+		return nil, 0, err
+	}
+
+	// Create and return generated default with initials
 	defaultPicture, err := profilepicture.CreateDefaultProfilePicture(user.Initials())
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, 0, err
@@ -127,20 +137,16 @@ func (s *UserService) GetProfilePicture(ctx context.Context, userID string) (io.
 
 	// Save the default picture for future use (in a goroutine to avoid blocking)
 	defaultPictureBytes := defaultPicture.Bytes()
+	//nolint:contextcheck
 	go func() {
-		// Ensure the directory exists
-		errInternal := os.MkdirAll(defaultProfilePicturesDir, os.ModePerm)
-		if errInternal != nil {
-			slog.Error("Failed to create directory for default profile picture", slog.Any("error", errInternal))
-			return
-		}
-		errInternal = utils.SaveFileStream(bytes.NewReader(defaultPictureBytes), defaultPicturePath)
-		if errInternal != nil {
-			slog.Error("Failed to cache default profile picture for initials", slog.String("initials", user.Initials()), slog.Any("error", errInternal))
+		// Use bytes.NewReader because we need an io.ReadSeeker
+		rErr := s.fileStorage.Save(context.Background(), defaultPicturePath, bytes.NewReader(defaultPictureBytes))
+		if rErr != nil {
+			slog.Error("Failed to cache default profile picture", slog.String("initials", user.Initials()), slog.Any("error", rErr))
 		}
 	}()
 
-	return io.NopCloser(bytes.NewReader(defaultPictureBytes)), int64(defaultPicture.Len()), nil
+	return io.NopCloser(bytes.NewReader(defaultPictureBytes)), int64(len(defaultPictureBytes)), nil
 }
 
 func (s *UserService) GetUserGroups(ctx context.Context, userID string) ([]model.UserGroup, error) {
@@ -157,7 +163,7 @@ func (s *UserService) GetUserGroups(ctx context.Context, userID string) ([]model
 	return user.UserGroups, nil
 }
 
-func (s *UserService) UpdateProfilePicture(userID string, file io.Reader) error {
+func (s *UserService) UpdateProfilePicture(ctx context.Context, userID string, file io.ReadSeeker) error {
 	// Validate the user ID to prevent directory traversal
 	err := uuid.Validate(userID)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -170,15 +176,8 @@ func (s *UserService) UpdateProfilePicture(userID string, file io.Reader) error
 		return err
 	}
 
-	// Ensure the directory exists
-	profilePictureDir := common.EnvConfig.UploadPath + "/profile-pictures"
-	err = os.MkdirAll(profilePictureDir, os.ModePerm)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	// Create the profile picture file
-	err = utils.SaveFileStream(profilePicture, profilePictureDir+"/"+userID+".png")
+	profilePicturePath := path.Join("profile-pictures", userID+".png")
+	err = s.fileStorage.Save(ctx, profilePicturePath, profilePicture)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -187,17 +186,30 @@ func (s *UserService) UpdateProfilePicture(userID string, file io.Reader) error
 }
 
 func (s *UserService) DeleteUser(ctx context.Context, userID string, allowLdapDelete bool) error {
-	return s.db.Transaction(func(tx *gorm.DB) error {
-		return s.deleteUserInternal(ctx, userID, allowLdapDelete, tx)
+	err := s.db.Transaction(func(tx *gorm.DB) error {
+		return s.deleteUserInternal(ctx, tx, userID, allowLdapDelete)
 	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to delete user '%s': %w", userID, err)
+	}
+
+	// Storage operations must be executed outside of a transaction
+	profilePicturePath := path.Join("profile-pictures", userID+".png")
+	err = s.fileStorage.Delete(ctx, profilePicturePath)
+	if err != nil && !storage.IsNotExist(err) {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to delete profile picture for user '%s': %w", userID, err)
+	}
+
+	return nil
 }
 
-func (s *UserService) deleteUserInternal(ctx context.Context, userID string, allowLdapDelete bool, tx *gorm.DB) error {
+func (s *UserService) deleteUserInternal(ctx context.Context, tx *gorm.DB, userID string, allowLdapDelete bool) error {
 	var user model.User
 
 	err := tx.
 		WithContext(ctx).
 		Where("id = ?", userID).
+		Clauses(clause.Locking{Strength: "UPDATE"}).
 		First(&user).
 		Error
 	if err != nil {
@@ -209,13 +221,6 @@ func (s *UserService) deleteUserInternal(ctx context.Context, userID string, all
 		return &common.LdapUserUpdateError{}
 	}
 
-	// Delete the profile picture
-	profilePicturePath := common.EnvConfig.UploadPath + "/profile-pictures/" + userID + ".png"
-	err = os.Remove(profilePicturePath)
-	if err != nil && !os.IsNotExist(err) {
-		return err
-	}
-
 	err = tx.WithContext(ctx).Delete(&user).Error
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to delete user: %w", err)
@@ -244,6 +249,10 @@ func (s *UserService) CreateUser(ctx context.Context, input dto.UserCreateDto) (
 }
 
 func (s *UserService) createUserInternal(ctx context.Context, input dto.UserCreateDto, isLdapSync bool, tx *gorm.DB) (model.User, error) {
+	if s.appConfigService.GetDbConfig().RequireUserEmail.IsTrue() && input.Email == nil {
+		return model.User{}, &common.UserEmailNotSetError{}
+	}
+
 	user := model.User{
 		FirstName:   input.FirstName,
 		LastName:    input.LastName,
@@ -252,6 +261,7 @@ func (s *UserService) createUserInternal(ctx context.Context, input dto.UserCrea
 		Username:    input.Username,
 		IsAdmin:     input.IsAdmin,
 		Locale:      input.Locale,
+		Disabled:    input.Disabled,
 	}
 	if input.LdapID != "" {
 		user.LdapID = &input.LdapID
@@ -288,16 +298,27 @@ func (s *UserService) applySignupDefaults(ctx context.Context, user *model.User,
 
 	// Apply default user groups
 	var groupIDs []string
-	if v := config.SignupDefaultUserGroupIDs.Value; v != "" && v != "[]" {
-		if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(v), &groupIDs); err != nil {
+	v := config.SignupDefaultUserGroupIDs.Value
+	if v != "" && v != "[]" {
+		err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(v), &groupIDs)
+		if err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("invalid SignupDefaultUserGroupIDs JSON: %w", err)
 		}
 		if len(groupIDs) > 0 {
 			var groups []model.UserGroup
-			if err := tx.WithContext(ctx).Where("id IN ?", groupIDs).Find(&groups).Error; err != nil {
+			err = tx.WithContext(ctx).
+				Where("id IN ?", groupIDs).
+				Find(&groups).
+				Error
+			if err != nil {
 				return fmt.Errorf("failed to find default user groups: %w", err)
 			}
-			if err := tx.WithContext(ctx).Model(user).Association("UserGroups").Replace(groups); err != nil {
+
+			err = tx.WithContext(ctx).
+				Model(user).
+				Association("UserGroups").
+				Replace(groups)
+			if err != nil {
 				return fmt.Errorf("failed to associate default user groups: %w", err)
 			}
 		}
@@ -305,12 +326,15 @@ func (s *UserService) applySignupDefaults(ctx context.Context, user *model.User,
 
 	// Apply default custom claims
 	var claims []dto.CustomClaimCreateDto
-	if v := config.SignupDefaultCustomClaims.Value; v != "" && v != "[]" {
-		if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(v), &claims); err != nil {
+	v = config.SignupDefaultCustomClaims.Value
+	if v != "" && v != "[]" {
+		err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(v), &claims)
+		if err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("invalid SignupDefaultCustomClaims JSON: %w", err)
 		}
 		if len(claims) > 0 {
-			if _, err := s.customClaimService.updateCustomClaimsInternal(ctx, UserID, user.ID, claims, tx); err != nil {
+			_, err = s.customClaimService.updateCustomClaimsInternal(ctx, UserID, user.ID, claims, tx)
+			if err != nil {
 				return fmt.Errorf("failed to apply default custom claims: %w", err)
 			}
 		}
@@ -339,10 +363,15 @@ func (s *UserService) UpdateUser(ctx context.Context, userID string, updatedUser
 }
 
 func (s *UserService) updateUserInternal(ctx context.Context, userID string, updatedUser dto.UserCreateDto, updateOwnUser bool, isLdapSync bool, tx *gorm.DB) (model.User, error) {
+	if s.appConfigService.GetDbConfig().RequireUserEmail.IsTrue() && updatedUser.Email == nil {
+		return model.User{}, &common.UserEmailNotSetError{}
+	}
+
 	var user model.User
 	err := tx.
 		WithContext(ctx).
 		Where("id = ?", userID).
+		Clauses(clause.Locking{Strength: "UPDATE"}).
 		First(&user).
 		Error
 	if err != nil {
@@ -414,13 +443,11 @@ func (s *UserService) RequestOneTimeAccessEmailAsUnauthenticatedUser(ctx context
 
 	var userId string
 	err := s.db.Model(&model.User{}).Select("id").Where("email = ?", userID).First(&userId).Error
-	if err != nil {
+	if errors.Is(err, gorm.ErrRecordNotFound) {
 		// Do not return error if user not found to prevent email enumeration
-		if errors.Is(err, gorm.ErrRecordNotFound) {
-			return nil
-		} else {
-			return err
-		}
+		return nil
+	} else if err != nil {
+		return err
 	}
 
 	return s.requestOneTimeAccessEmailInternal(ctx, userId, redirectPath, 15*time.Minute)
@@ -437,6 +464,10 @@ func (s *UserService) requestOneTimeAccessEmailInternal(ctx context.Context, use
 		return err
 	}
 
+	if user.Email == nil {
+		return &common.UserEmailNotSetError{}
+	}
+
 	oneTimeAccessToken, err := s.createOneTimeAccessTokenInternal(ctx, user.ID, ttl, tx)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -464,7 +495,7 @@ func (s *UserService) requestOneTimeAccessEmailInternal(ctx context.Context, use
 
 		errInternal := SendEmail(innerCtx, s.emailService, email.Address{
 			Name:  user.FullName(),
-			Email: user.Email,
+			Email: *user.Email,
 		}, OneTimeAccessTemplate, &OneTimeAccessTemplateData{
 			Code:              oneTimeAccessToken,
 			LoginLink:         link,
@@ -472,7 +503,7 @@ func (s *UserService) requestOneTimeAccessEmailInternal(ctx context.Context, use
 			ExpirationString:  utils.DurationToString(ttl),
 		})
 		if errInternal != nil {
-			slog.ErrorContext(innerCtx, "Failed to send one-time access token email", slog.Any("error", errInternal), slog.String("address", user.Email))
+			slog.ErrorContext(innerCtx, "Failed to send one-time access token email", slog.Any("error", errInternal), slog.String("address", *user.Email))
 			return
 		}
 	}()
@@ -507,7 +538,9 @@ func (s *UserService) ExchangeOneTimeAccessToken(ctx context.Context, token stri
 	var oneTimeAccessToken model.OneTimeAccessToken
 	err := tx.
 		WithContext(ctx).
-		Where("token = ? AND expires_at > ?", token, datatype.DateTime(time.Now())).Preload("User").
+		Where("token = ? AND expires_at > ?", token, datatype.DateTime(time.Now())).
+		Preload("User").
+		Clauses(clause.Locking{Strength: "UPDATE"}).
 		First(&oneTimeAccessToken).
 		Error
 	if err != nil {
@@ -660,30 +693,20 @@ func (s *UserService) checkDuplicatedFields(ctx context.Context, user model.User
 }
 
 // ResetProfilePicture deletes a user's custom profile picture
-func (s *UserService) ResetProfilePicture(userID string) error {
+func (s *UserService) ResetProfilePicture(ctx context.Context, userID string) error {
 	// Validate the user ID to prevent directory traversal
 	if err := uuid.Validate(userID); err != nil {
 		return &common.InvalidUUIDError{}
 	}
 
-	// Build path to profile picture
-	profilePicturePath := common.EnvConfig.UploadPath + "/profile-pictures/" + userID + ".png"
-
-	// Check if file exists and delete it
-	if _, err := os.Stat(profilePicturePath); err == nil {
-		if err := os.Remove(profilePicturePath); err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("failed to delete profile picture: %w", err)
-		}
-	} else if !os.IsNotExist(err) {
-		// If any error other than "file not exists"
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to check if profile picture exists: %w", err)
+	profilePicturePath := path.Join("profile-pictures", userID+".png")
+	if err := s.fileStorage.Delete(ctx, profilePicturePath); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to delete profile picture: %w", err)
 	}
-	// It's okay if the file doesn't exist - just means there's no custom picture to delete
-
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (s *UserService) disableUserInternal(ctx context.Context, userID string, tx *gorm.DB) error {
+func (s *UserService) disableUserInternal(ctx context.Context, tx *gorm.DB, userID string) error {
 	return tx.
 		WithContext(ctx).
 		Model(&model.User{}).
@@ -724,6 +747,7 @@ func (s *UserService) SignUp(ctx context.Context, signupData dto.SignUpDto, ipAd
 		err := tx.
 			WithContext(ctx).
 			Where("token = ?", signupData.Token).
+			Clauses(clause.Locking{Strength: "UPDATE"}).
 			First(&signupToken).
 			Error
 		if err != nil {
@@ -782,11 +806,11 @@ func (s *UserService) SignUp(ctx context.Context, signupData dto.SignUpDto, ipAd
 	return user, accessToken, nil
 }
 
-func (s *UserService) ListSignupTokens(ctx context.Context, sortedPaginationRequest utils.SortedPaginationRequest) ([]model.SignupToken, utils.PaginationResponse, error) {
+func (s *UserService) ListSignupTokens(ctx context.Context, listRequestOptions utils.ListRequestOptions) ([]model.SignupToken, utils.PaginationResponse, error) {
 	var tokens []model.SignupToken
 	query := s.db.WithContext(ctx).Model(&model.SignupToken{})
 
-	pagination, err := utils.PaginateAndSort(sortedPaginationRequest, query, &tokens)
+	pagination, err := utils.PaginateFilterAndSort(listRequestOptions, query, &tokens)
 	return tokens, pagination, err
 }
 

backend/internal/service/version_service.go

@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ func (s *VersionService) GetLatestVersion(ctx context.Context) (string, error) {
 		}
 
 		if payload.TagName == "" {
-			return "", fmt.Errorf("GitHub API returned empty tag name")
+			return "", errors.New("GitHub API returned empty tag name")
 		}
 
 		return strings.TrimPrefix(payload.TagName, "v"), nil

backend/internal/service/webauthn_service.go

@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@ package service
 
 import (
 	"context"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"net/http"
 	"time"
@@ -81,6 +83,7 @@ func (s *WebAuthnService) BeginRegistration(ctx context.Context, userID string)
 		&user,
 		webauthn.WithResidentKeyRequirement(protocol.ResidentKeyRequirementRequired),
 		webauthn.WithExclusions(user.WebAuthnCredentialDescriptors()),
+		webauthn.WithExtensions(map[string]any{"credProps": true}), // Required for Firefox Android to properly save the key in Google password manager
 	)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to begin WebAuthn registration: %w", err)
@@ -89,6 +92,7 @@ func (s *WebAuthnService) BeginRegistration(ctx context.Context, userID string)
 	sessionToStore := &model.WebauthnSession{
 		ExpiresAt:        datatype.DateTime(session.Expires),
 		Challenge:        session.Challenge,
+		CredentialParams: session.CredParams,
 		UserVerification: string(session.UserVerification),
 	}
 
@@ -112,7 +116,7 @@ func (s *WebAuthnService) BeginRegistration(ctx context.Context, userID string)
 	}, nil
 }
 
-func (s *WebAuthnService) VerifyRegistration(ctx context.Context, sessionID, userID string, r *http.Request) (model.WebauthnCredential, error) {
+func (s *WebAuthnService) VerifyRegistration(ctx context.Context, sessionID string, userID string, r *http.Request, ipAddress string) (model.WebauthnCredential, error) {
 	tx := s.db.Begin()
 	defer func() {
 		tx.Rollback()
@@ -130,9 +134,10 @@ func (s *WebAuthnService) VerifyRegistration(ctx context.Context, sessionID, use
 	}
 
 	session := webauthn.SessionData{
-		Challenge: storedSession.Challenge,
-		Expires:   storedSession.ExpiresAt.ToTime(),
-		UserID:    []byte(userID),
+		Challenge:  storedSession.Challenge,
+		Expires:    storedSession.ExpiresAt.ToTime(),
+		CredParams: storedSession.CredentialParams,
+		UserID:     []byte(userID),
 	}
 
 	var user model.User
@@ -170,6 +175,9 @@ func (s *WebAuthnService) VerifyRegistration(ctx context.Context, sessionID, use
 		return model.WebauthnCredential{}, fmt.Errorf("failed to store WebAuthn credential: %w", err)
 	}
 
+	auditLogData := model.AuditLogData{"credentialID": hex.EncodeToString(credential.ID), "passkeyName": passkeyName}
+	s.auditLogService.Create(ctx, model.AuditLogEventPasskeyAdded, ipAddress, r.UserAgent(), userID, auditLogData, tx)
+
 	err = tx.Commit().Error
 	if err != nil {
 		return model.WebauthnCredential{}, fmt.Errorf("failed to commit transaction: %w", err)
@@ -285,16 +293,30 @@ func (s *WebAuthnService) ListCredentials(ctx context.Context, userID string) ([
 	return credentials, nil
 }
 
-func (s *WebAuthnService) DeleteCredential(ctx context.Context, userID, credentialID string) error {
-	err := s.db.
+func (s *WebAuthnService) DeleteCredential(ctx context.Context, userID string, credentialID string, ipAddress string, userAgent string) error {
+	tx := s.db.Begin()
+	defer func() {
+		tx.Rollback()
+	}()
+
+	credential := &model.WebauthnCredential{}
+	err := tx.
 		WithContext(ctx).
-		Where("id = ? AND user_id = ?", credentialID, userID).
-		Delete(&model.WebauthnCredential{}).
+		Clauses(clause.Returning{}).
+		Delete(credential, "id = ? AND user_id = ?", credentialID, userID).
 		Error
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to delete record: %w", err)
 	}
 
+	auditLogData := model.AuditLogData{"credentialID": hex.EncodeToString(credential.CredentialID), "passkeyName": credential.Name}
+	s.auditLogService.Create(ctx, model.AuditLogEventPasskeyRemoved, ipAddress, userAgent, userID, auditLogData, tx)
+
+	err = tx.Commit().Error
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to commit transaction: %w", err)
+	}
+
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -350,7 +372,7 @@ func (s *WebAuthnService) CreateReauthenticationTokenWithAccessToken(ctx context
 
 	userID, ok := token.Subject()
 	if !ok {
-		return "", fmt.Errorf("access token does not contain user ID")
+		return "", errors.New("access token does not contain user ID")
 	}
 
 	// Check if token is issued less than a minute ago

backend/internal/storage/database.go

@@ -0,0 +1,226 @@
+package storage
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/model"
+	datatype "github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/model/types"
+	"gorm.io/gorm"
+	"gorm.io/gorm/clause"
+)
+
+var TypeDatabase = "database"
+
+type databaseStorage struct {
+	db *gorm.DB
+}
+
+// NewDatabaseStorage creates a new database storage provider
+func NewDatabaseStorage(db *gorm.DB) (FileStorage, error) {
+	if db == nil {
+		return nil, errors.New("database connection is required")
+	}
+	return &databaseStorage{db: db}, nil
+}
+
+func (s *databaseStorage) Type() string {
+	return TypeDatabase
+}
+
+func (s *databaseStorage) Save(ctx context.Context, relativePath string, data io.Reader) error {
+	// Normalize the path
+	relativePath = filepath.ToSlash(filepath.Clean(relativePath))
+
+	// Read all data into memory
+	b, err := io.ReadAll(data)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to read data: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	now := datatype.DateTime(time.Now())
+	storage := model.Storage{
+		Path:      relativePath,
+		Data:      b,
+		Size:      int64(len(b)),
+		ModTime:   now,
+		CreatedAt: now,
+	}
+
+	// Use upsert: insert or update on conflict
+	result := s.db.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		Clauses(clause.OnConflict{
+			Columns:   []clause.Column{{Name: "path"}},
+			DoUpdates: clause.AssignmentColumns([]string{"data", "size", "mod_time"}),
+		}).
+		Create(&storage)
+
+	if result.Error != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to save file to database: %w", result.Error)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (s *databaseStorage) Open(ctx context.Context, relativePath string) (io.ReadCloser, int64, error) {
+	relativePath = filepath.ToSlash(filepath.Clean(relativePath))
+
+	var storage model.Storage
+	result := s.db.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		Where("path = ?", relativePath).
+		First(&storage)
+
+	if result.Error != nil {
+		if errors.Is(result.Error, gorm.ErrRecordNotFound) {
+			return nil, 0, os.ErrNotExist
+		}
+		return nil, 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to read file from database: %w", result.Error)
+	}
+
+	reader := io.NopCloser(bytes.NewReader(storage.Data))
+	return reader, storage.Size, nil
+}
+
+func (s *databaseStorage) Delete(ctx context.Context, relativePath string) error {
+	relativePath = filepath.ToSlash(filepath.Clean(relativePath))
+
+	result := s.db.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		Where("path = ?", relativePath).
+		Delete(&model.Storage{})
+	if result.Error != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to delete file from database: %w", result.Error)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (s *databaseStorage) DeleteAll(ctx context.Context, prefix string) error {
+	prefix = filepath.ToSlash(filepath.Clean(prefix))
+
+	// If empty prefix, delete all
+	if isRootPath(prefix) {
+		result := s.db.
+			WithContext(ctx).
+			Where("1 = 1"). // Delete everything
+			Delete(&model.Storage{})
+		if result.Error != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to delete all files from database: %w", result.Error)
+		}
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	// Ensure prefix ends with / for proper prefix matching
+	if !strings.HasSuffix(prefix, "/") {
+		prefix += "/"
+	}
+
+	query := s.db.WithContext(ctx)
+	query = addPathPrefixClause(s.db.Name(), query, prefix)
+	result := query.Delete(&model.Storage{})
+	if result.Error != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to delete files with prefix '%s' from database: %w", prefix, result.Error)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (s *databaseStorage) List(ctx context.Context, prefix string) ([]ObjectInfo, error) {
+	prefix = filepath.ToSlash(filepath.Clean(prefix))
+
+	var storageItems []model.Storage
+	query := s.db.WithContext(ctx)
+
+	if !isRootPath(prefix) {
+		// Ensure prefix matching
+		if !strings.HasSuffix(prefix, "/") {
+			prefix += "/"
+		}
+		query = addPathPrefixClause(s.db.Name(), query, prefix)
+	}
+
+	result := query.
+		Select("path", "size", "mod_time").
+		Find(&storageItems)
+	if result.Error != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to list files from database: %w", result.Error)
+	}
+
+	objects := make([]ObjectInfo, 0, len(storageItems))
+	for _, item := range storageItems {
+		// Filter out directory-like paths (those that contain additional slashes after the prefix)
+		relativePath := strings.TrimPrefix(item.Path, prefix)
+		if strings.ContainsRune(relativePath, '/') {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		objects = append(objects, ObjectInfo{
+			Path:    item.Path,
+			Size:    item.Size,
+			ModTime: time.Time(item.ModTime),
+		})
+	}
+
+	return objects, nil
+}
+
+func (s *databaseStorage) Walk(ctx context.Context, root string, fn func(ObjectInfo) error) error {
+	root = filepath.ToSlash(filepath.Clean(root))
+
+	var storageItems []model.Storage
+	query := s.db.WithContext(ctx)
+
+	if !isRootPath(root) {
+		// Ensure root matching
+		if !strings.HasSuffix(root, "/") {
+			root += "/"
+		}
+		query = addPathPrefixClause(s.db.Name(), query, root)
+	}
+
+	result := query.
+		Select("path", "size", "mod_time").
+		Find(&storageItems)
+	if result.Error != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to walk files from database: %w", result.Error)
+	}
+
+	for _, item := range storageItems {
+		err := fn(ObjectInfo{
+			Path:    item.Path,
+			Size:    item.Size,
+			ModTime: time.Time(item.ModTime),
+		})
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func isRootPath(path string) bool {
+	return path == "" || path == "/" || path == "."
+}
+
+func addPathPrefixClause(dialect string, query *gorm.DB, prefix string) *gorm.DB {
+	// In SQLite, we use "GLOB" which can use the index
+	switch dialect {
+	case "sqlite":
+		return query.Where("path GLOB ?", prefix+"*")
+	case "postgres":
+		return query.Where("path LIKE ?", prefix+"%")
+	default:
+		// Indicates a development-time error
+		panic(fmt.Errorf("unsupported database dialect: %s", dialect))
+	}
+}

backend/internal/storage/database_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+package storage
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"io"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+
+	testingutil "github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/utils/testing"
+)
+
+func TestDatabaseStorageOperations(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	db := testingutil.NewDatabaseForTest(t)
+	store, err := NewDatabaseStorage(db)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	t.Run("type should be database", func(t *testing.T) {
+		assert.Equal(t, TypeDatabase, store.Type())
+	})
+
+	t.Run("save, open and list files", func(t *testing.T) {
+		err := store.Save(ctx, "images/logo.png", bytes.NewBufferString("logo-data"))
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		reader, size, err := store.Open(ctx, "images/logo.png")
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		defer reader.Close()
+
+		contents, err := io.ReadAll(reader)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.Equal(t, []byte("logo-data"), contents)
+		assert.Equal(t, int64(len(contents)), size)
+
+		err = store.Save(ctx, "images/nested/child.txt", bytes.NewBufferString("child"))
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		files, err := store.List(ctx, "images")
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Len(t, files, 1)
+		assert.Equal(t, "images/logo.png", files[0].Path)
+		assert.Equal(t, int64(len("logo-data")), files[0].Size)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("save should update existing file", func(t *testing.T) {
+		err := store.Save(ctx, "test/update.txt", bytes.NewBufferString("original"))
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		err = store.Save(ctx, "test/update.txt", bytes.NewBufferString("updated"))
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		reader, size, err := store.Open(ctx, "test/update.txt")
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		defer reader.Close()
+
+		contents, err := io.ReadAll(reader)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.Equal(t, []byte("updated"), contents)
+		assert.Equal(t, int64(len("updated")), size)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("delete files individually", func(t *testing.T) {
+		err := store.Save(ctx, "images/delete-me.txt", bytes.NewBufferString("temp"))
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		require.NoError(t, store.Delete(ctx, "images/delete-me.txt"))
+		_, _, err = store.Open(ctx, "images/delete-me.txt")
+		require.Error(t, err)
+		assert.True(t, IsNotExist(err))
+	})
+
+	t.Run("delete missing file should not error", func(t *testing.T) {
+		require.NoError(t, store.Delete(ctx, "images/missing.txt"))
+	})
+
+	t.Run("delete all files", func(t *testing.T) {
+		require.NoError(t, store.Save(ctx, "cleanup/a.txt", bytes.NewBufferString("a")))
+		require.NoError(t, store.Save(ctx, "cleanup/b.txt", bytes.NewBufferString("b")))
+		require.NoError(t, store.Save(ctx, "cleanup/nested/c.txt", bytes.NewBufferString("c")))
+		require.NoError(t, store.DeleteAll(ctx, "/"))
+
+		_, _, err := store.Open(ctx, "cleanup/a.txt")
+		require.Error(t, err)
+		assert.True(t, IsNotExist(err))
+
+		_, _, err = store.Open(ctx, "cleanup/b.txt")
+		require.Error(t, err)
+		assert.True(t, IsNotExist(err))
+
+		_, _, err = store.Open(ctx, "cleanup/nested/c.txt")
+		require.Error(t, err)
+		assert.True(t, IsNotExist(err))
+	})
+
+	t.Run("delete all files under a prefix", func(t *testing.T) {
+		require.NoError(t, store.Save(ctx, "cleanup/a.txt", bytes.NewBufferString("a")))
+		require.NoError(t, store.Save(ctx, "cleanup/b.txt", bytes.NewBufferString("b")))
+		require.NoError(t, store.Save(ctx, "cleanup/nested/c.txt", bytes.NewBufferString("c")))
+		require.NoError(t, store.DeleteAll(ctx, "cleanup"))
+
+		_, _, err := store.Open(ctx, "cleanup/a.txt")
+		require.Error(t, err)
+		assert.True(t, IsNotExist(err))
+
+		_, _, err = store.Open(ctx, "cleanup/b.txt")
+		require.Error(t, err)
+		assert.True(t, IsNotExist(err))
+
+		_, _, err = store.Open(ctx, "cleanup/nested/c.txt")
+		require.Error(t, err)
+		assert.True(t, IsNotExist(err))
+	})
+
+	t.Run("walk files", func(t *testing.T) {
+		require.NoError(t, store.Save(ctx, "walk/file1.txt", bytes.NewBufferString("1")))
+		require.NoError(t, store.Save(ctx, "walk/file2.txt", bytes.NewBufferString("2")))
+		require.NoError(t, store.Save(ctx, "walk/nested/file3.txt", bytes.NewBufferString("3")))
+
+		var paths []string
+		err := store.Walk(ctx, "walk", func(info ObjectInfo) error {
+			paths = append(paths, info.Path)
+			return nil
+		})
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.Len(t, paths, 3)
+		assert.Contains(t, paths, "walk/file1.txt")
+		assert.Contains(t, paths, "walk/file2.txt")
+		assert.Contains(t, paths, "walk/nested/file3.txt")
+	})
+}
+
+func TestNewDatabaseStorage(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("should return error with nil database", func(t *testing.T) {
+		_, err := NewDatabaseStorage(nil)
+		require.Error(t, err)
+		assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), "database connection is required")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("should create storage with valid database", func(t *testing.T) {
+		db := testingutil.NewDatabaseForTest(t)
+		store, err := NewDatabaseStorage(db)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.NotNil(t, store)
+	})
+}

backend/internal/storage/filesystem.go

@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+package storage
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"io/fs"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/google/uuid"
+)
+
+type filesystemStorage struct {
+	root             *os.Root
+	absoluteRootPath string
+}
+
+func NewFilesystemStorage(rootPath string) (FileStorage, error) {
+	if err := os.MkdirAll(rootPath, 0700); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create root directory '%s': %w", rootPath, err)
+	}
+	root, err := os.OpenRoot(rootPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to open root directory '%s': %w", rootPath, err)
+	}
+
+	absoluteRootPath, err := filepath.Abs(rootPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to get absolute path of root directory '%s': %w", rootPath, err)
+	}
+
+	return &filesystemStorage{root: root, absoluteRootPath: absoluteRootPath}, err
+}
+
+func (s *filesystemStorage) Type() string {
+	return TypeFileSystem
+}
+
+func (s *filesystemStorage) Save(_ context.Context, path string, data io.Reader) error {
+	path = filepath.FromSlash(path)
+
+	if err := s.root.MkdirAll(filepath.Dir(path), 0700); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to create directories for path '%s': %w", path, err)
+	}
+
+	// Our strategy is to save to a separate file and then rename it to override the original file
+	tmpName := path + "." + uuid.NewString() + "-tmp"
+
+	// Write to the temporary file
+	tmpFile, err := s.root.Create(tmpName)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to open file '%s' for writing: %w", tmpName, err)
+	}
+
+	_, err = io.Copy(tmpFile, data)
+	if err != nil {
+		tmpFile.Close()
+		_ = s.root.Remove(tmpName)
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to write temporary file: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if err = tmpFile.Close(); err != nil {
+		_ = s.root.Remove(tmpName)
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to close temporary file: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Rename to the final file, which overrides existing files
+	// This is an atomic operation
+	if err = s.root.Rename(tmpName, path); err != nil {
+		_ = s.root.Remove(tmpName)
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to move temporary file: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (s *filesystemStorage) Open(_ context.Context, path string) (io.ReadCloser, int64, error) {
+	path = filepath.FromSlash(path)
+
+	file, err := s.root.Open(path)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, 0, err
+	}
+	info, err := file.Stat()
+	if err != nil {
+		file.Close()
+		return nil, 0, err
+	}
+	return file, info.Size(), nil
+}
+
+func (s *filesystemStorage) Delete(_ context.Context, path string) error {
+	path = filepath.FromSlash(path)
+
+	err := s.root.Remove(path)
+	if err != nil && !errors.Is(err, fs.ErrNotExist) {
+		return err
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (s *filesystemStorage) DeleteAll(_ context.Context, path string) error {
+	path = filepath.FromSlash(path)
+
+	// If "/", "." or "" is requested, we delete all contents of the root.
+	if path == "" || path == "/" || path == "." {
+		dir, err := s.root.Open(".")
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to open root directory: %w", err)
+		}
+		defer dir.Close()
+
+		entries, err := dir.ReadDir(-1)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to list root directory: %w", err)
+		}
+		for _, entry := range entries {
+			if err := s.root.RemoveAll(entry.Name()); err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("failed to delete '%s': %w", entry.Name(), err)
+			}
+		}
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	return s.root.RemoveAll(path)
+}
+func (s *filesystemStorage) List(_ context.Context, path string) ([]ObjectInfo, error) {
+	path = filepath.FromSlash(path)
+
+	dir, err := s.root.Open(path)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer dir.Close()
+
+	entries, err := dir.ReadDir(-1)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	objects := make([]ObjectInfo, 0, len(entries))
+	for _, entry := range entries {
+		if entry.IsDir() {
+			continue
+		}
+		info, err := entry.Info()
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		objects = append(objects, ObjectInfo{
+			Path:    filepath.Join(path, entry.Name()),
+			Size:    info.Size(),
+			ModTime: info.ModTime(),
+		})
+	}
+	return objects, nil
+}
+func (s *filesystemStorage) Walk(_ context.Context, root string, fn func(ObjectInfo) error) error {
+	root = filepath.FromSlash(root)
+
+	fullPath := filepath.Clean(filepath.Join(s.absoluteRootPath, root))
+
+	// As we can't use os.Root here, we manually ensure that the fullPath is within the root directory
+	sep := string(filepath.Separator)
+	if !strings.HasPrefix(fullPath+sep, s.absoluteRootPath+sep) {
+		return fmt.Errorf("invalid root path: %s", root)
+	}
+
+	return filepath.WalkDir(fullPath, func(full string, d fs.DirEntry, err error) error {
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if d.IsDir() {
+			return nil
+		}
+		rel, err := filepath.Rel(s.absoluteRootPath, full)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		info, err := d.Info()
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		return fn(ObjectInfo{
+			Path:    filepath.ToSlash(rel),
+			Size:    info.Size(),
+			ModTime: info.ModTime(),
+		})
+	})
+}

backend/internal/storage/filesystem_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+package storage
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"io"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestFilesystemStorageOperations(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	store, err := NewFilesystemStorage(t.TempDir())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	t.Run("save, open and list files", func(t *testing.T) {
+		err := store.Save(ctx, "images/logo.png", bytes.NewBufferString("logo-data"))
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		reader, size, err := store.Open(ctx, "images/logo.png")
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		defer reader.Close()
+
+		contents, err := io.ReadAll(reader)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.Equal(t, []byte("logo-data"), contents)
+		assert.Equal(t, int64(len(contents)), size)
+
+		err = store.Save(ctx, "images/nested/child.txt", bytes.NewBufferString("child"))
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		files, err := store.List(ctx, "images")
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Len(t, files, 1)
+		assert.Equal(t, filepath.Join("images", "logo.png"), files[0].Path)
+		assert.Equal(t, int64(len("logo-data")), files[0].Size)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("delete files individually and idempotently", func(t *testing.T) {
+		err := store.Save(ctx, "images/delete-me.txt", bytes.NewBufferString("temp"))
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		require.NoError(t, store.Delete(ctx, "images/delete-me.txt"))
+		_, _, err = store.Open(ctx, "images/delete-me.txt")
+		require.Error(t, err)
+		assert.True(t, IsNotExist(err))
+
+		// Deleting a missing object should be a no-op.
+		require.NoError(t, store.Delete(ctx, "images/missing.txt"))
+	})
+
+	t.Run("delete all files under a prefix", func(t *testing.T) {
+		require.NoError(t, store.Save(ctx, "images/a.txt", bytes.NewBufferString("a")))
+		require.NoError(t, store.Save(ctx, "images/b.txt", bytes.NewBufferString("b")))
+		require.NoError(t, store.DeleteAll(ctx, "images"))
+
+		_, _, err := store.Open(ctx, "images/a.txt")
+		require.Error(t, err)
+		assert.True(t, IsNotExist(err))
+
+		_, _, err = store.Open(ctx, "images/b.txt")
+		require.Error(t, err)
+		assert.True(t, IsNotExist(err))
+	})
+}

backend/internal/storage/s3.go

@@ -0,0 +1,190 @@
+package storage
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"io/fs"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/aws"
+	awscfg "github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/config"
+	"github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/credentials"
+	"github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/s3"
+	s3types "github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/s3/types"
+	"github.com/aws/smithy-go"
+)
+
+type S3Config struct {
+	Bucket                        string
+	Region                        string
+	Endpoint                      string
+	AccessKeyID                   string
+	SecretAccessKey               string
+	ForcePathStyle                bool
+	DisableDefaultIntegrityChecks bool
+	Root                          string
+}
+
+type s3Storage struct {
+	client *s3.Client
+	bucket string
+	prefix string
+}
+
+func NewS3Storage(ctx context.Context, cfg S3Config) (FileStorage, error) {
+	creds := credentials.NewStaticCredentialsProvider(cfg.AccessKeyID, cfg.SecretAccessKey, "")
+	awsCfg, err := awscfg.LoadDefaultConfig(ctx, awscfg.WithRegion(cfg.Region), awscfg.WithCredentialsProvider(creds))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to load AWS configuration: %w", err)
+	}
+	client := s3.NewFromConfig(awsCfg, func(o *s3.Options) {
+		if cfg.Endpoint != "" {
+			o.BaseEndpoint = aws.String(cfg.Endpoint)
+		}
+		o.UsePathStyle = cfg.ForcePathStyle
+		if cfg.DisableDefaultIntegrityChecks {
+			o.RequestChecksumCalculation = aws.RequestChecksumCalculationWhenRequired
+			o.ResponseChecksumValidation = aws.ResponseChecksumValidationWhenRequired
+		}
+	})
+
+	return &s3Storage{
+		client: client,
+		bucket: cfg.Bucket,
+		prefix: strings.Trim(cfg.Root, "/"),
+	}, nil
+}
+
+func (s *s3Storage) Type() string {
+	return TypeS3
+}
+
+func (s *s3Storage) Save(ctx context.Context, path string, data io.Reader) error {
+	_, err := s.client.PutObject(ctx, &s3.PutObjectInput{
+		Bucket: aws.String(s.bucket),
+		Key:    aws.String(s.buildObjectKey(path)),
+		Body:   data,
+	})
+	return err
+}
+
+func (s *s3Storage) Open(ctx context.Context, path string) (io.ReadCloser, int64, error) {
+	resp, err := s.client.GetObject(ctx, &s3.GetObjectInput{
+		Bucket: aws.String(s.bucket),
+		Key:    aws.String(s.buildObjectKey(path)),
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		if isS3NotFound(err) {
+			return nil, 0, fs.ErrNotExist
+		}
+		return nil, 0, err
+	}
+	return resp.Body, aws.ToInt64(resp.ContentLength), nil
+}
+
+func (s *s3Storage) Delete(ctx context.Context, path string) error {
+	_, err := s.client.DeleteObject(ctx, &s3.DeleteObjectInput{
+		Bucket: aws.String(s.bucket),
+		Key:    aws.String(s.buildObjectKey(path)),
+	})
+	return err
+}
+
+func (s *s3Storage) DeleteAll(ctx context.Context, path string) error {
+
+	paginator := s3.NewListObjectsV2Paginator(s.client, &s3.ListObjectsV2Input{
+		Bucket: aws.String(s.bucket),
+		Prefix: aws.String(s.buildObjectKey(path)),
+	})
+	for paginator.HasMorePages() {
+		page, err := paginator.NextPage(ctx)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if len(page.Contents) == 0 {
+			continue
+		}
+		objects := make([]s3types.ObjectIdentifier, 0, len(page.Contents))
+		for _, obj := range page.Contents {
+			objects = append(objects, s3types.ObjectIdentifier{Key: obj.Key})
+		}
+		_, err = s.client.DeleteObjects(ctx, &s3.DeleteObjectsInput{
+			Bucket: aws.String(s.bucket),
+			Delete: &s3types.Delete{Objects: objects, Quiet: aws.Bool(true)},
+		})
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (s *s3Storage) List(ctx context.Context, path string) ([]ObjectInfo, error) {
+	paginator := s3.NewListObjectsV2Paginator(s.client, &s3.ListObjectsV2Input{
+		Bucket: aws.String(s.bucket),
+		Prefix: aws.String(s.buildObjectKey(path)),
+	})
+	var objects []ObjectInfo
+	for paginator.HasMorePages() {
+		page, err := paginator.NextPage(ctx)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		for _, obj := range page.Contents {
+			if obj.Key == nil {
+				continue
+			}
+			objects = append(objects, ObjectInfo{
+				Path:    aws.ToString(obj.Key),
+				Size:    aws.ToInt64(obj.Size),
+				ModTime: aws.ToTime(obj.LastModified),
+			})
+		}
+	}
+	return objects, nil
+}
+
+func (s *s3Storage) Walk(ctx context.Context, root string, fn func(ObjectInfo) error) error {
+	objects, err := s.List(ctx, root)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	for _, obj := range objects {
+		if err := fn(obj); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (s *s3Storage) buildObjectKey(p string) string {
+	p = filepath.Clean(p)
+	p = filepath.ToSlash(p)
+	p = strings.Trim(p, "/")
+
+	if p == "" || p == "." {
+		return s.prefix
+	}
+
+	if s.prefix == "" {
+		return p
+	}
+
+	return s.prefix + "/" + p
+}
+
+func isS3NotFound(err error) bool {
+	var apiErr smithy.APIError
+	if errors.As(err, &apiErr) {
+		if apiErr.ErrorCode() == "NotFound" || apiErr.ErrorCode() == "NoSuchKey" {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	var missingKey *s3types.NoSuchKey
+	return errors.As(err, &missingKey)
+}

backend/internal/storage/s3_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+package storage
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"testing"
+
+	s3types "github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/s3/types"
+	"github.com/aws/smithy-go"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+)
+
+func TestS3Helpers(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("buildObjectKey trims and joins prefix", func(t *testing.T) {
+		tests := []struct {
+			name     string
+			prefix   string
+			path     string
+			expected string
+		}{
+			{name: "no prefix no path", prefix: "", path: "", expected: ""},
+			{name: "prefix no path", prefix: "root", path: "", expected: "root"},
+			{name: "prefix with nested path", prefix: "root", path: "foo/bar/baz", expected: "root/foo/bar/baz"},
+			{name: "trimmed path and prefix", prefix: "root", path: "/foo//bar/", expected: "root/foo/bar"},
+			{name: "no prefix path only", prefix: "", path: "./images/logo.png", expected: "images/logo.png"},
+		}
+
+		for _, tc := range tests {
+			t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+				s := &s3Storage{
+					bucket: "bucket",
+					prefix: tc.prefix,
+				}
+				assert.Equal(t, tc.expected, s.buildObjectKey(tc.path))
+			})
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("isS3NotFound detects expected errors", func(t *testing.T) {
+		assert.True(t, isS3NotFound(&smithy.GenericAPIError{Code: "NoSuchKey"}))
+		assert.True(t, isS3NotFound(&smithy.GenericAPIError{Code: "NotFound"}))
+		assert.True(t, isS3NotFound(&s3types.NoSuchKey{}))
+		assert.False(t, isS3NotFound(errors.New("boom")))
+	})
+}

backend/internal/storage/storage.go

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+package storage
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"io"
+	"os"
+	"time"
+)
+
+var (
+	TypeFileSystem = "fs"
+	TypeS3         = "s3"
+)
+
+type ObjectInfo struct {
+	Path    string
+	Size    int64
+	ModTime time.Time
+}
+
+type FileStorage interface {
+	Save(ctx context.Context, relativePath string, data io.Reader) error
+	Open(ctx context.Context, relativePath string) (io.ReadCloser, int64, error)
+	Delete(ctx context.Context, relativePath string) error
+	DeleteAll(ctx context.Context, prefix string) error
+	List(ctx context.Context, prefix string) ([]ObjectInfo, error)
+	Walk(ctx context.Context, root string, fn func(ObjectInfo) error) error
+	Type() string
+}
+
+func IsNotExist(err error) bool {
+	return os.IsNotExist(err)
+}

backend/internal/utils/db_migration_util.go

@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+package utils
+
+import (
+	"database/sql"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"log/slog"
+
+	"github.com/golang-migrate/migrate/v4"
+	"github.com/golang-migrate/migrate/v4/database"
+	postgresMigrate "github.com/golang-migrate/migrate/v4/database/postgres"
+	sqliteMigrate "github.com/golang-migrate/migrate/v4/database/sqlite3"
+	"github.com/golang-migrate/migrate/v4/source/iofs"
+	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/common"
+	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/resources"
+)
+
+// MigrateDatabase applies database migrations using embedded migration files or fetches them from GitHub if a downgrade is detected.
+func MigrateDatabase(sqlDb *sql.DB) error {
+	m, err := GetEmbeddedMigrateInstance(sqlDb)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to get migrate instance: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	path := "migrations/" + string(common.EnvConfig.DbProvider)
+	requiredVersion, err := getRequiredMigrationVersion(path)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to get last migration version: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	currentVersion, _, _ := m.Version()
+	if currentVersion > requiredVersion {
+		slog.Warn("Database version is newer than the application supports, possible downgrade detected", slog.Uint64("db_version", uint64(currentVersion)), slog.Uint64("app_version", uint64(requiredVersion)))
+		if !common.EnvConfig.AllowDowngrade {
+			return fmt.Errorf("database version (%d) is newer than application version (%d), downgrades are not allowed (set ALLOW_DOWNGRADE=true to enable)", currentVersion, requiredVersion)
+		}
+		slog.Info("Fetching migrations from GitHub to handle possible downgrades")
+		return migrateDatabaseFromGitHub(sqlDb, requiredVersion)
+	}
+
+	if err := m.Migrate(requiredVersion); err != nil && !errors.Is(err, migrate.ErrNoChange) {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to apply embedded migrations: %w", err)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// GetEmbeddedMigrateInstance creates a migrate.Migrate instance using embedded migration files.
+func GetEmbeddedMigrateInstance(sqlDb *sql.DB) (*migrate.Migrate, error) {
+	path := "migrations/" + string(common.EnvConfig.DbProvider)
+	source, err := iofs.New(resources.FS, path)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create embedded migration source: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	driver, err := newMigrationDriver(sqlDb, common.EnvConfig.DbProvider)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create migration driver: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	m, err := migrate.NewWithInstance("iofs", source, "pocket-id", driver)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create migration instance: %w", err)
+	}
+	return m, nil
+}
+
+// newMigrationDriver creates a database.Driver instance based on the given database provider.
+func newMigrationDriver(sqlDb *sql.DB, dbProvider common.DbProvider) (driver database.Driver, err error) {
+	switch dbProvider {
+	case common.DbProviderSqlite:
+		driver, err = sqliteMigrate.WithInstance(sqlDb, &sqliteMigrate.Config{
+			NoTxWrap: true,
+		})
+	case common.DbProviderPostgres:
+		driver, err = postgresMigrate.WithInstance(sqlDb, &postgresMigrate.Config{})
+	default:
+		// Should never happen at this point
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unsupported database provider: %s", common.EnvConfig.DbProvider)
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create migration driver: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return driver, nil
+}
+
+// migrateDatabaseFromGitHub applies database migrations fetched from GitHub to handle downgrades.
+func migrateDatabaseFromGitHub(sqlDb *sql.DB, version uint) error {
+	srcURL := "github://pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/resources/migrations/" + string(common.EnvConfig.DbProvider)
+
+	driver, err := newMigrationDriver(sqlDb, common.EnvConfig.DbProvider)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to create migration driver: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	m, err := migrate.NewWithDatabaseInstance(srcURL, "pocket-id", driver)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to create GitHub migration instance: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if err := m.Migrate(version); err != nil && !errors.Is(err, migrate.ErrNoChange) {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to apply GitHub migrations: %w", err)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// getRequiredMigrationVersion reads the embedded migration files and returns the highest version number found.
+func getRequiredMigrationVersion(path string) (uint, error) {
+	entries, err := resources.FS.ReadDir(path)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to read migration directory: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	var maxVersion uint
+	for _, entry := range entries {
+		if entry.IsDir() {
+			continue
+		}
+		name := entry.Name()
+		var version uint
+		n, err := fmt.Sscanf(name, "%d_", &version)
+		if err == nil && n == 1 {
+			if version > maxVersion {
+				maxVersion = version
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return maxVersion, nil
+}

backend/internal/utils/db_util.go

@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+package utils
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+
+	"gorm.io/gorm"
+)
+
+// DBTableExists checks if a table exists in the database
+func DBTableExists(db *gorm.DB, tableName string) (exists bool, err error) {
+	switch db.Name() {
+	case "postgres":
+		query := `SELECT EXISTS (
+			SELECT FROM information_schema.tables 
+			WHERE table_schema = 'public' 
+			AND table_name = ?
+		)`
+		err = db.Raw(query, tableName).Scan(&exists).Error
+		if err != nil {
+			return false, err
+		}
+	case "sqlite":
+		query := `SELECT COUNT(*) > 0 FROM sqlite_master WHERE type='table' AND name=?`
+		err = db.Raw(query, tableName).Scan(&exists).Error
+		if err != nil {
+			return false, err
+		}
+	default:
+		return false, fmt.Errorf("unsupported database dialect: %s", db.Name())
+	}
+
+	return exists, nil
+}
+
+type DBSchemaColumn struct {
+	Name     string
+	Nullable bool
+}
+type DBSchemaTableTypes = map[string]DBSchemaColumn
+type DBSchemaTypes = map[string]DBSchemaTableTypes
+
+// LoadDBSchemaTypes retrieves the column types for all tables in the DB
+// Result is a map of "table --> column --> {name: column type name, nullable: boolean}"
+func LoadDBSchemaTypes(db *gorm.DB) (result DBSchemaTypes, err error) {
+	result = make(DBSchemaTypes)
+
+	switch db.Name() {
+	case "postgres":
+		var rows []struct {
+			TableName  string
+			ColumnName string
+			DataType   string
+			Nullable   bool
+		}
+		err := db.
+			Raw(`
+				SELECT table_name, column_name, data_type, is_nullable = 'YES' AS nullable
+				FROM information_schema.columns
+				WHERE table_schema = 'public';
+			`).
+			Scan(&rows).
+			Error
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		for _, r := range rows {
+			t := strings.ToLower(r.DataType)
+			if result[r.TableName] == nil {
+				result[r.TableName] = make(map[string]DBSchemaColumn)
+			}
+			result[r.TableName][r.ColumnName] = DBSchemaColumn{
+				Name:     strings.ToLower(t),
+				Nullable: r.Nullable,
+			}
+		}
+
+	case "sqlite":
+		var tables []string
+		err = db.
+			Raw(`SELECT name FROM sqlite_master WHERE type='table' AND name NOT LIKE 'sqlite_%';`).
+			Scan(&tables).
+			Error
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		for _, table := range tables {
+			var cols []struct {
+				Name    string
+				Type    string
+				Notnull bool
+			}
+			err := db.
+				Raw(`PRAGMA table_info("` + table + `");`).
+				Scan(&cols).
+				Error
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			for _, c := range cols {
+				if result[table] == nil {
+					result[table] = make(map[string]DBSchemaColumn)
+				}
+				result[table][c.Name] = DBSchemaColumn{
+					Name:     strings.ToLower(c.Type),
+					Nullable: !c.Notnull,
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+	default:
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unsupported database dialect: %s", db.Name())
+	}
+
+	return result, nil
+}

backend/internal/utils/file_util.go

@@ -2,19 +2,15 @@ package utils
 
 import (
 	"crypto/rand"
-	"crypto/sha256"
 	"encoding/hex"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
-	"mime/multipart"
+	"mime"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"strings"
 	"syscall"
-
-	"github.com/google/uuid"
-	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/resources"
 )
 
 func GetFileExtension(filename string) string {
@@ -57,108 +53,32 @@ func GetImageMimeType(ext string) string {
 	}
 }
 
-func CopyEmbeddedFileToDisk(srcFilePath, destFilePath string) error {
-	srcFile, err := resources.FS.Open(srcFilePath)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to open embedded file: %w", err)
+func GetImageExtensionFromMimeType(mimeType string) string {
+	// Normalize and strip parameters like `; charset=utf-8`
+	mt := strings.TrimSpace(strings.ToLower(mimeType))
+	if v, _, err := mime.ParseMediaType(mt); err == nil {
+		mt = v
 	}
-	defer srcFile.Close()
-
-	err = os.MkdirAll(filepath.Dir(destFilePath), os.ModePerm)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to create destination directory: %w", err)
+	switch mt {
+	case "image/jpeg", "image/jpg":
+		return "jpg"
+	case "image/png":
+		return "png"
+	case "image/svg+xml":
+		return "svg"
+	case "image/x-icon", "image/vnd.microsoft.icon":
+		return "ico"
+	case "image/gif":
+		return "gif"
+	case "image/webp":
+		return "webp"
+	case "image/avif":
+		return "avif"
+	case "image/heic", "image/heif":
+		return "heic"
+	default:
+		return ""
 	}
-
-	destFile, err := os.Create(destFilePath)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to open destination file: %w", err)
-	}
-	defer destFile.Close()
-
-	_, err = io.Copy(destFile, srcFile)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to write to destination file: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
-
-func EmbeddedFileSha256(filePath string) ([]byte, error) {
-	f, err := resources.FS.Open(filePath)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to open embedded file: %w", err)
-	}
-	defer f.Close()
-
-	h := sha256.New()
-	_, err = io.Copy(h, f)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to read embedded file: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	return h.Sum(nil), nil
-}
-
-func SaveFile(file *multipart.FileHeader, dst string) error {
-	src, err := file.Open()
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	defer src.Close()
-
-	if err = os.MkdirAll(filepath.Dir(dst), 0o750); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	return SaveFileStream(src, dst)
-}
-
-// SaveFileStream saves a stream to a file.
-func SaveFileStream(r io.Reader, dstFileName string) error {
-	// Our strategy is to save to a separate file and then rename it to override the original file
-	tmpFileName := dstFileName + "." + uuid.NewString() + "-tmp"
-
-	// Write to the temporary file
-	tmpFile, err := os.Create(tmpFileName)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to open file '%s' for writing: %w", tmpFileName, err)
-	}
-
-	n, err := io.Copy(tmpFile, r)
-	if err != nil {
-		// Delete the temporary file; we ignore errors here
-		_ = tmpFile.Close()
-		_ = os.Remove(tmpFileName)
-
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to write to file '%s': %w", tmpFileName, err)
-	}
-
-	err = tmpFile.Close()
-	if err != nil {
-		// Delete the temporary file; we ignore errors here
-		_ = os.Remove(tmpFileName)
-
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to close stream to file '%s': %w", tmpFileName, err)
-	}
-
-	if n == 0 {
-		// Delete the temporary file; we ignore errors here
-		_ = os.Remove(tmpFileName)
-
-		return errors.New("no data written")
-	}
-
-	// Rename to the final file, which overrides existing files
-	// This is an atomic operation
-	err = os.Rename(tmpFileName, dstFileName)
-	if err != nil {
-		// Delete the temporary file; we ignore errors here
-		_ = os.Remove(tmpFileName)
-
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to rename file '%s': %w", dstFileName, err)
-	}
-
-	return nil
 }
 
 // FileExists returns true if a file exists on disk and is a regular file

backend/internal/utils/image/profile_picture.go

@@ -12,32 +12,40 @@ import (
 	"golang.org/x/image/font"
 	"golang.org/x/image/font/opentype"
 	"golang.org/x/image/math/fixed"
+	"golang.org/x/image/webp"
 
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/resources"
 )
 
 const profilePictureSize = 300
 
-// CreateProfilePicture resizes the profile picture to a square
-func CreateProfilePicture(file io.Reader) (io.Reader, error) {
+// CreateProfilePicture resizes the profile picture to a square and encodes it as PNG
+func CreateProfilePicture(file io.ReadSeeker) (io.ReadSeeker, error) {
+	// Attempt standard formats first
 	img, _, err := imageorient.Decode(file)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to decode image: %w", err)
+		if _, seekErr := file.Seek(0, io.SeekStart); seekErr != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to seek file: %w", seekErr)
+		}
+		// Try WebP
+		webpImg, webpErr := webp.Decode(file)
+		if webpErr != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to decode image: %w", err)
+		}
+
+		img = webpImg
 	}
 
+	// Resize to square
 	img = imaging.Fill(img, profilePictureSize, profilePictureSize, imaging.Center, imaging.Lanczos)
 
-	pr, pw := io.Pipe()
-	go func() {
-		innerErr := imaging.Encode(pw, img, imaging.PNG)
-		if innerErr != nil {
-			_ = pw.CloseWithError(fmt.Errorf("failed to encode image: %w", innerErr))
-			return
-		}
-		pw.Close()
-	}()
+	// Encode back to PNG
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	if err := imaging.Encode(&buf, img, imaging.PNG); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to encode image: %w", err)
+	}
 
-	return pr, nil
+	return bytes.NewReader(buf.Bytes()), nil
 }
 
 // CreateDefaultProfilePicture creates a profile picture with the initials

backend/internal/utils/ip_util.go

@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+package utils
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"net"
+	"net/url"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/common"
+)
+
+var localIPv6Ranges []*net.IPNet
+
+var localhostIPNets = []*net.IPNet{
+	{IP: net.IPv4(127, 0, 0, 0), Mask: net.CIDRMask(8, 32)}, // 127.0.0.0/8
+	{IP: net.IPv6loopback, Mask: net.CIDRMask(128, 128)},    // ::1/128
+}
+
+var privateLanIPNets = []*net.IPNet{
+	{IP: net.IPv4(10, 0, 0, 0), Mask: net.CIDRMask(8, 32)},     // 10.0.0.0/8
+	{IP: net.IPv4(172, 16, 0, 0), Mask: net.CIDRMask(12, 32)},  // 172.16.0.0/12
+	{IP: net.IPv4(192, 168, 0, 0), Mask: net.CIDRMask(16, 32)}, // 192.168.0.0/16
+}
+
+var tailscaleIPNets = []*net.IPNet{
+	{IP: net.IPv4(100, 64, 0, 0), Mask: net.CIDRMask(10, 32)}, // 100.64.0.0/10
+}
+
+func IsLocalIPv6(ip net.IP) bool {
+	if ip.To4() != nil {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	return listContainsIP(localIPv6Ranges, ip)
+}
+
+func IsLocalhostIP(ip net.IP) bool {
+	return listContainsIP(localhostIPNets, ip)
+}
+
+func IsPrivateLanIP(ip net.IP) bool {
+	if ip.To4() == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	return listContainsIP(privateLanIPNets, ip)
+}
+
+func IsTailscaleIP(ip net.IP) bool {
+	if ip.To4() == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	return listContainsIP(tailscaleIPNets, ip)
+}
+
+func IsPrivateIP(ip net.IP) bool {
+	return IsLocalhostIP(ip) || IsPrivateLanIP(ip) || IsTailscaleIP(ip) || IsLocalIPv6(ip)
+}
+
+func IsURLPrivate(ctx context.Context, u *url.URL) (bool, error) {
+	var r net.Resolver
+	ips, err := r.LookupIPAddr(ctx, u.Hostname())
+	if err != nil || len(ips) == 0 {
+		return false, errors.New("cannot resolve hostname")
+	}
+
+	// Prevents SSRF by allowing only public IPs
+	for _, addr := range ips {
+		if IsPrivateIP(addr.IP) {
+			return true, nil
+		}
+	}
+
+	return false, nil
+}
+
+func listContainsIP(ipNets []*net.IPNet, ip net.IP) bool {
+	for _, ipNet := range ipNets {
+		if ipNet.Contains(ip) {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+func loadLocalIPv6Ranges() {
+	localIPv6Ranges = nil
+	ranges := strings.Split(common.EnvConfig.LocalIPv6Ranges, ",")
+
+	for _, rangeStr := range ranges {
+		rangeStr = strings.TrimSpace(rangeStr)
+		if rangeStr == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		_, ipNet, err := net.ParseCIDR(rangeStr)
+		if err == nil {
+			localIPv6Ranges = append(localIPv6Ranges, ipNet)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func init() {
+	loadLocalIPv6Ranges()
+}

backend/internal/utils/ip_util_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,343 @@
+package utils
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"net"
+	"net/url"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+
+	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/common"
+)
+
+func TestIsLocalhostIP(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		ip       string
+		expected bool
+	}{
+		{"127.0.0.1", true},
+		{"127.255.255.255", true},
+		{"::1", true},
+		{"192.168.1.1", false},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		ip := net.ParseIP(tt.ip)
+		got := IsLocalhostIP(ip)
+		assert.Equal(t, tt.expected, got)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestIsPrivateLanIP(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		ip       string
+		expected bool
+	}{
+		{"10.0.0.1", true},
+		{"172.16.5.4", true},
+		{"192.168.100.200", true},
+		{"8.8.8.8", false},
+		{"::1", false}, // IPv6 should return false
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		ip := net.ParseIP(tt.ip)
+		got := IsPrivateLanIP(ip)
+		assert.Equal(t, tt.expected, got)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestIsTailscaleIP(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		ip       string
+		expected bool
+	}{
+		{"100.64.0.1", true},
+		{"100.127.255.254", true},
+		{"8.8.8.8", false},
+		{"::1", false}, // IPv6 should return false
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		ip := net.ParseIP(tt.ip)
+
+		got := IsTailscaleIP(ip)
+		assert.Equal(t, tt.expected, got)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestIsLocalIPv6(t *testing.T) {
+	// Save and restore env config
+	origRanges := common.EnvConfig.LocalIPv6Ranges
+	defer func() { common.EnvConfig.LocalIPv6Ranges = origRanges }()
+
+	common.EnvConfig.LocalIPv6Ranges = "fd00::/8,fc00::/7"
+	localIPv6Ranges = nil // reset
+	loadLocalIPv6Ranges()
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		ip       string
+		expected bool
+	}{
+		{"fd00::1", true},
+		{"fc00::abcd", true},
+		{"::1", false},         // loopback handled separately
+		{"192.168.1.1", false}, // IPv4 should return false
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		ip := net.ParseIP(tt.ip)
+		got := IsLocalIPv6(ip)
+		assert.Equal(t, tt.expected, got)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestIsPrivateIP(t *testing.T) {
+	// Save and restore env config
+	origRanges := common.EnvConfig.LocalIPv6Ranges
+	t.Cleanup(func() {
+		common.EnvConfig.LocalIPv6Ranges = origRanges
+	})
+
+	common.EnvConfig.LocalIPv6Ranges = "fd00::/8"
+	localIPv6Ranges = nil // reset
+	loadLocalIPv6Ranges()
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		ip       string
+		expected bool
+	}{
+		{"127.0.0.1", true},             // localhost
+		{"192.168.1.1", true},           // private LAN
+		{"100.64.0.1", true},            // Tailscale
+		{"fd00::1", true},               // local IPv6
+		{"8.8.8.8", false},              // public IPv4
+		{"2001:4860:4860::8888", false}, // public IPv6
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		ip := net.ParseIP(tt.ip)
+		got := IsPrivateIP(ip)
+		assert.Equal(t, tt.expected, got)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestListContainsIP(t *testing.T) {
+	_, ipNet1, _ := net.ParseCIDR("10.0.0.0/8")
+	_, ipNet2, _ := net.ParseCIDR("192.168.0.0/16")
+
+	list := []*net.IPNet{ipNet1, ipNet2}
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		ip       string
+		expected bool
+	}{
+		{"10.1.1.1", true},
+		{"192.168.5.5", true},
+		{"172.16.0.1", false},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		ip := net.ParseIP(tt.ip)
+		got := listContainsIP(list, ip)
+		assert.Equal(t, tt.expected, got)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestInit_LocalIPv6Ranges(t *testing.T) {
+	// Save and restore env config
+	origRanges := common.EnvConfig.LocalIPv6Ranges
+	t.Cleanup(func() {
+		common.EnvConfig.LocalIPv6Ranges = origRanges
+	})
+
+	common.EnvConfig.LocalIPv6Ranges = "fd00::/8, invalidCIDR ,fc00::/7"
+	localIPv6Ranges = nil
+	loadLocalIPv6Ranges()
+
+	assert.Len(t, localIPv6Ranges, 2)
+}
+
+func TestIsURLPrivate(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(t.Context(), 5*time.Second)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name        string
+		urlStr      string
+		expectPriv  bool
+		expectError bool
+	}{
+		{
+			name:        "localhost by name",
+			urlStr:      "http://localhost",
+			expectPriv:  true,
+			expectError: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "localhost with port",
+			urlStr:      "http://localhost:8080",
+			expectPriv:  true,
+			expectError: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "127.0.0.1 IP",
+			urlStr:      "http://127.0.0.1",
+			expectPriv:  true,
+			expectError: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "127.0.0.1 with port",
+			urlStr:      "http://127.0.0.1:3000",
+			expectPriv:  true,
+			expectError: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "IPv6 loopback",
+			urlStr:      "http://[::1]",
+			expectPriv:  true,
+			expectError: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "IPv6 loopback with port",
+			urlStr:      "http://[::1]:8080",
+			expectPriv:  true,
+			expectError: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "private IP 10.x.x.x",
+			urlStr:      "http://10.0.0.1",
+			expectPriv:  true,
+			expectError: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "private IP 192.168.x.x",
+			urlStr:      "http://192.168.1.1",
+			expectPriv:  true,
+			expectError: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "private IP 172.16.x.x",
+			urlStr:      "http://172.16.0.1",
+			expectPriv:  true,
+			expectError: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "Tailscale IP",
+			urlStr:      "http://100.64.0.1",
+			expectPriv:  true,
+			expectError: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "public IP - Google DNS",
+			urlStr:      "http://8.8.8.8",
+			expectPriv:  false,
+			expectError: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "public IP - Cloudflare DNS",
+			urlStr:      "http://1.1.1.1",
+			expectPriv:  false,
+			expectError: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "invalid hostname",
+			urlStr:      "http://this-should-not-resolve-ever-123456789.invalid",
+			expectPriv:  false,
+			expectError: true,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			u, err := url.Parse(tt.urlStr)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "Failed to parse URL %s", tt.urlStr)
+
+			isPriv, err := IsURLPrivate(ctx, u)
+
+			if tt.expectError {
+				require.Error(t, err, "IsURLPrivate(%s) expected error but got none", tt.urlStr)
+			} else {
+				require.NoError(t, err, "IsURLPrivate(%s) unexpected error", tt.urlStr)
+				assert.Equal(t, tt.expectPriv, isPriv, "IsURLPrivate(%s)", tt.urlStr)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestIsURLPrivate_WithDomainName(t *testing.T) {
+	// Note: These tests rely on actual DNS resolution
+	// They test real public domains to ensure they are not flagged as private
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(t.Context(), 10*time.Second)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name       string
+		urlStr     string
+		expectPriv bool
+	}{
+		{
+			name:       "Google public domain",
+			urlStr:     "https://www.google.com",
+			expectPriv: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:       "GitHub public domain",
+			urlStr:     "https://github.com",
+			expectPriv: false,
+		},
+		{
+			// localhost.localtest.me is a well-known domain that resolves to 127.0.0.1
+			name:       "localhost.localtest.me resolves to 127.0.0.1",
+			urlStr:     "http://localhost.localtest.me",
+			expectPriv: true,
+		},
+		{
+			// 10.0.0.1.nip.io resolves to 10.0.0.1 (private IP)
+			name:       "nip.io domain resolving to private 10.x IP",
+			urlStr:     "http://10.0.0.1.nip.io",
+			expectPriv: true,
+		},
+		{
+			// 192.168.1.1.nip.io resolves to 192.168.1.1 (private IP)
+			name:       "nip.io domain resolving to private 192.168.x IP",
+			urlStr:     "http://192.168.1.1.nip.io",
+			expectPriv: true,
+		},
+		{
+			// 127.0.0.1.nip.io resolves to 127.0.0.1 (localhost)
+			name:       "nip.io domain resolving to localhost",
+			urlStr:     "http://127.0.0.1.nip.io",
+			expectPriv: true,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			u, err := url.Parse(tt.urlStr)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "Failed to parse URL %s", tt.urlStr)
+
+			isPriv, err := IsURLPrivate(ctx, u)
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Skipf("DNS resolution failed for %s (network issue?): %v", tt.urlStr, err)
+				return
+			}
+
+			assert.Equal(t, tt.expectPriv, isPriv, "IsURLPrivate(%s)", tt.urlStr)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestIsURLPrivate_ContextCancellation(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(t.Context())
+	cancel() // Cancel immediately
+
+	u, err := url.Parse("http://example.com")
+	require.NoError(t, err, "Failed to parse URL")
+
+	_, err = IsURLPrivate(ctx, u)
+	assert.Error(t, err, "IsURLPrivate with cancelled context expected error but got none")
+}

backend/internal/utils/json_util.go

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package utils
 import (
 	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
+	"fmt"
 	"time"
 )
 
@@ -40,3 +41,14 @@ func (d *JSONDuration) UnmarshalJSON(b []byte) error {
 		return errors.New("invalid duration")
 	}
 }
+
+func UnmarshalJSONFromDatabase(data interface{}, value any) error {
+	switch v := value.(type) {
+	case []byte:
+		return json.Unmarshal(v, data)
+	case string:
+		return json.Unmarshal([]byte(v), data)
+	default:
+		return fmt.Errorf("unsupported type: %T", value)
+	}
+}

backend/internal/utils/jwk/key_provider.go

@@ -28,22 +28,14 @@ func GetKeyProvider(db *gorm.DB, envConfig *common.EnvConfigSchema, instanceID s
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to load encryption key: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	// Get the key provider
-	switch envConfig.KeysStorage {
-	case "file", "":
-		keyProvider = &KeyProviderFile{}
-	case "database":
-		keyProvider = &KeyProviderDatabase{}
-	default:
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid key storage '%s'", envConfig.KeysStorage)
-	}
+	keyProvider = &KeyProviderDatabase{}
 	err = keyProvider.Init(KeyProviderOpts{
 		DB:        db,
 		EnvConfig: envConfig,
 		Kek:       kek,
 	})
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to init key provider of type '%s': %w", envConfig.KeysStorage, err)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to init key provider: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	return keyProvider, nil

backend/internal/utils/jwk/key_provider_file.go

@@ -1,202 +0,0 @@
-package jwk
-
-import (
-	"encoding/base64"
-	"fmt"
-	"os"
-	"path/filepath"
-
-	"github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/v3/jwk"
-
-	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/common"
-	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/utils"
-	cryptoutils "github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/utils/crypto"
-)
-
-const (
-	// PrivateKeyFile is the path in the data/keys folder where the key is stored
-	// This is a JSON file containing a key encoded as JWK
-	PrivateKeyFile = "jwt_private_key.json"
-
-	// PrivateKeyFileEncrypted is the path in the data/keys folder where the encrypted key is stored
-	// This is a encrypted JSON file containing a key encoded as JWK
-	PrivateKeyFileEncrypted = "jwt_private_key.json.enc"
-)
-
-type KeyProviderFile struct {
-	envConfig *common.EnvConfigSchema
-	kek       []byte
-}
-
-func (f *KeyProviderFile) Init(opts KeyProviderOpts) error {
-	f.envConfig = opts.EnvConfig
-	f.kek = opts.Kek
-
-	return nil
-}
-
-func (f *KeyProviderFile) LoadKey() (jwk.Key, error) {
-	if len(f.kek) > 0 {
-		return f.loadEncryptedKey()
-	}
-	return f.loadKey()
-}
-
-func (f *KeyProviderFile) SaveKey(key jwk.Key) error {
-	if len(f.kek) > 0 {
-		return f.saveKeyEncrypted(key)
-	}
-	return f.saveKey(key)
-}
-
-func (f *KeyProviderFile) loadKey() (jwk.Key, error) {
-	var key jwk.Key
-
-	// First, check if we have a JWK file
-	// If we do, then we just load that
-	jwkPath := f.jwkPath()
-	ok, err := utils.FileExists(jwkPath)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to check if private key file exists at path '%s': %w", jwkPath, err)
-	}
-	if !ok {
-		// File doesn't exist, no key was loaded
-		return nil, nil
-	}
-
-	data, err := os.ReadFile(jwkPath)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to read private key file at path '%s': %w", jwkPath, err)
-	}
-
-	key, err = jwk.ParseKey(data)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to parse private key file at path '%s': %w", jwkPath, err)
-	}
-
-	return key, nil
-}
-
-func (f *KeyProviderFile) loadEncryptedKey() (key jwk.Key, err error) {
-	// First, check if we have an encrypted JWK file
-	// If we do, then we just load that
-	encJwkPath := f.encJwkPath()
-	ok, err := utils.FileExists(encJwkPath)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to check if encrypted private key file exists at path '%s': %w", encJwkPath, err)
-	}
-	if ok {
-		encB64, err := os.ReadFile(encJwkPath)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to read encrypted private key file at path '%s': %w", encJwkPath, err)
-		}
-
-		// Decode from base64
-		enc := make([]byte, base64.StdEncoding.DecodedLen(len(encB64)))
-		n, err := base64.StdEncoding.Decode(enc, encB64)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to read encrypted private key file at path '%s': not a valid base64-encoded file: %w", encJwkPath, err)
-		}
-
-		// Decrypt the data
-		data, err := cryptoutils.Decrypt(f.kek, enc[:n], nil)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to decrypt private key file at path '%s': %w", encJwkPath, err)
-		}
-
-		// Parse the key
-		key, err = jwk.ParseKey(data)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to parse encrypted private key file at path '%s': %w", encJwkPath, err)
-		}
-
-		return key, nil
-	}
-
-	// Check if we have an un-encrypted JWK file
-	key, err = f.loadKey()
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to load un-encrypted key file: %w", err)
-	}
-	if key == nil {
-		// No key exists, encrypted or un-encrypted
-		return nil, nil
-	}
-
-	// If we are here, we have loaded a key that was un-encrypted
-	// We need to replace the plaintext key with the encrypted one before we return
-	err = f.saveKeyEncrypted(key)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to save encrypted key file: %w", err)
-	}
-	jwkPath := f.jwkPath()
-	err = os.Remove(jwkPath)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to remove un-encrypted key file at path '%s': %w", jwkPath, err)
-	}
-
-	return key, nil
-}
-
-func (f *KeyProviderFile) saveKey(key jwk.Key) error {
-	err := os.MkdirAll(f.envConfig.KeysPath, 0700)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to create directory '%s' for key file: %w", f.envConfig.KeysPath, err)
-	}
-
-	jwkPath := f.jwkPath()
-	keyFile, err := os.OpenFile(jwkPath, os.O_RDWR|os.O_CREATE|os.O_TRUNC, 0600)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to create key file at path '%s': %w", jwkPath, err)
-	}
-	defer keyFile.Close()
-
-	// Write the JSON file to disk
-	err = EncodeJWK(keyFile, key)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to write key file at path '%s': %w", jwkPath, err)
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
-
-func (f *KeyProviderFile) saveKeyEncrypted(key jwk.Key) error {
-	err := os.MkdirAll(f.envConfig.KeysPath, 0700)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to create directory '%s' for encrypted key file: %w", f.envConfig.KeysPath, err)
-	}
-
-	// Encode the key to JSON
-	data, err := EncodeJWKBytes(key)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to encode key to JSON: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	// Encrypt the key then encode to Base64
-	enc, err := cryptoutils.Encrypt(f.kek, data, nil)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to encrypt key: %w", err)
-	}
-	encB64 := make([]byte, base64.StdEncoding.EncodedLen(len(enc)))
-	base64.StdEncoding.Encode(encB64, enc)
-
-	// Write to disk
-	encJwkPath := f.encJwkPath()
-	err = os.WriteFile(encJwkPath, encB64, 0600)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to write encrypted key file at path '%s': %w", encJwkPath, err)
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
-
-func (f *KeyProviderFile) jwkPath() string {
-	return filepath.Join(f.envConfig.KeysPath, PrivateKeyFile)
-}
-
-func (f *KeyProviderFile) encJwkPath() string {
-	return filepath.Join(f.envConfig.KeysPath, PrivateKeyFileEncrypted)
-}
-
-// Compile-time interface check
-var _ KeyProvider = (*KeyProviderFile)(nil)

backend/internal/utils/jwk/key_provider_file_test.go

@@ -1,320 +0,0 @@
-package jwk
-
-import (
-	"crypto/ecdsa"
-	"crypto/elliptic"
-	"crypto/rand"
-	"encoding/base64"
-	"os"
-	"path/filepath"
-	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/v3/jwk"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
-
-	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/common"
-	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/utils"
-	cryptoutils "github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/utils/crypto"
-)
-
-func TestKeyProviderFile_LoadKey(t *testing.T) {
-	// Generate a test key to use in our tests
-	pk, err := ecdsa.GenerateKey(elliptic.P256(), rand.Reader)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	key, err := jwk.Import(pk)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	t.Run("LoadKey with no existing key", func(t *testing.T) {
-		tempDir := t.TempDir()
-
-		provider := &KeyProviderFile{}
-		err := provider.Init(KeyProviderOpts{
-			EnvConfig: &common.EnvConfigSchema{
-				KeysPath: tempDir,
-			},
-		})
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-
-		// Load key when none exists
-		loadedKey, err := provider.LoadKey()
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-		assert.Nil(t, loadedKey, "Expected nil key when no key exists")
-	})
-
-	t.Run("LoadKey with no existing key (with kek)", func(t *testing.T) {
-		tempDir := t.TempDir()
-
-		provider := &KeyProviderFile{}
-		err = provider.Init(KeyProviderOpts{
-			EnvConfig: &common.EnvConfigSchema{
-				KeysPath: tempDir,
-			},
-			Kek: makeKEK(t),
-		})
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-
-		// Load key when none exists
-		loadedKey, err := provider.LoadKey()
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-		assert.Nil(t, loadedKey, "Expected nil key when no key exists")
-	})
-
-	t.Run("LoadKey with unencrypted key", func(t *testing.T) {
-		tempDir := t.TempDir()
-
-		provider := &KeyProviderFile{}
-		err := provider.Init(KeyProviderOpts{
-			EnvConfig: &common.EnvConfigSchema{
-				KeysPath: tempDir,
-			},
-		})
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-
-		// Save a key
-		err = provider.SaveKey(key)
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-
-		// Make sure the key file exists
-		keyPath := filepath.Join(tempDir, PrivateKeyFile)
-		exists, err := utils.FileExists(keyPath)
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-		assert.True(t, exists, "Expected key file to exist")
-
-		// Load the key
-		loadedKey, err := provider.LoadKey()
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-		assert.NotNil(t, loadedKey, "Expected non-nil key when key exists")
-
-		// Verify the loaded key is the same as the original
-		keyBytes, err := EncodeJWKBytes(key)
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-
-		loadedKeyBytes, err := EncodeJWKBytes(loadedKey)
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-
-		assert.Equal(t, keyBytes, loadedKeyBytes, "Expected loaded key to match original key")
-	})
-
-	t.Run("LoadKey with encrypted key", func(t *testing.T) {
-		tempDir := t.TempDir()
-
-		provider := &KeyProviderFile{}
-		err = provider.Init(KeyProviderOpts{
-			EnvConfig: &common.EnvConfigSchema{
-				KeysPath: tempDir,
-			},
-			Kek: makeKEK(t),
-		})
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-
-		// Save a key (will be encrypted)
-		err = provider.SaveKey(key)
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-
-		// Make sure the encrypted key file exists
-		encKeyPath := filepath.Join(tempDir, PrivateKeyFileEncrypted)
-		exists, err := utils.FileExists(encKeyPath)
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-		assert.True(t, exists, "Expected encrypted key file to exist")
-
-		// Make sure the unencrypted key file does not exist
-		keyPath := filepath.Join(tempDir, PrivateKeyFile)
-		exists, err = utils.FileExists(keyPath)
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-		assert.False(t, exists, "Expected unencrypted key file to not exist")
-
-		// Load the key
-		loadedKey, err := provider.LoadKey()
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-		assert.NotNil(t, loadedKey, "Expected non-nil key when encrypted key exists")
-
-		// Verify the loaded key is the same as the original
-		keyBytes, err := EncodeJWKBytes(key)
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-
-		loadedKeyBytes, err := EncodeJWKBytes(loadedKey)
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-
-		assert.Equal(t, keyBytes, loadedKeyBytes, "Expected loaded key to match original key")
-	})
-
-	t.Run("LoadKey replaces unencrypted key with encrypted key when kek is provided", func(t *testing.T) {
-		tempDir := t.TempDir()
-
-		// First, create an unencrypted key
-		providerNoKek := &KeyProviderFile{}
-		err := providerNoKek.Init(KeyProviderOpts{
-			EnvConfig: &common.EnvConfigSchema{
-				KeysPath: tempDir,
-			},
-		})
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-
-		// Save an unencrypted key
-		err = providerNoKek.SaveKey(key)
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-
-		// Verify unencrypted key exists
-		keyPath := filepath.Join(tempDir, PrivateKeyFile)
-		exists, err := utils.FileExists(keyPath)
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-		assert.True(t, exists, "Expected unencrypted key file to exist")
-
-		// Now create a provider with a kek
-		kek := make([]byte, 32)
-		_, err = rand.Read(kek)
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-
-		providerWithKek := &KeyProviderFile{}
-		err = providerWithKek.Init(KeyProviderOpts{
-			EnvConfig: &common.EnvConfigSchema{
-				KeysPath: tempDir,
-			},
-			Kek: kek,
-		})
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-
-		// Load the key - this should convert the unencrypted key to encrypted
-		loadedKey, err := providerWithKek.LoadKey()
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-		assert.NotNil(t, loadedKey, "Expected non-nil key when loading and converting key")
-
-		// Verify the unencrypted key no longer exists
-		exists, err = utils.FileExists(keyPath)
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-		assert.False(t, exists, "Expected unencrypted key file to be removed")
-
-		// Verify the encrypted key file exists
-		encKeyPath := filepath.Join(tempDir, PrivateKeyFileEncrypted)
-		exists, err = utils.FileExists(encKeyPath)
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-		assert.True(t, exists, "Expected encrypted key file to exist after conversion")
-
-		// Verify the key data
-		keyBytes, err := EncodeJWKBytes(key)
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-
-		loadedKeyBytes, err := EncodeJWKBytes(loadedKey)
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-
-		assert.Equal(t, keyBytes, loadedKeyBytes, "Expected loaded key to match original key after conversion")
-	})
-}
-
-func TestKeyProviderFile_SaveKey(t *testing.T) {
-	// Generate a test key to use in our tests
-	pk, err := ecdsa.GenerateKey(elliptic.P256(), rand.Reader)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	key, err := jwk.Import(pk)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	t.Run("SaveKey unencrypted", func(t *testing.T) {
-		tempDir := t.TempDir()
-
-		provider := &KeyProviderFile{}
-		err := provider.Init(KeyProviderOpts{
-			EnvConfig: &common.EnvConfigSchema{
-				KeysPath: tempDir,
-			},
-		})
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-
-		// Save the key
-		err = provider.SaveKey(key)
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-
-		// Verify the key file exists
-		keyPath := filepath.Join(tempDir, PrivateKeyFile)
-		exists, err := utils.FileExists(keyPath)
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-		assert.True(t, exists, "Expected key file to exist")
-
-		// Verify the content of the key file
-		data, err := os.ReadFile(keyPath)
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-
-		parsedKey, err := jwk.ParseKey(data)
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-
-		// Compare the saved key with the original
-		keyBytes, err := EncodeJWKBytes(key)
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-
-		parsedKeyBytes, err := EncodeJWKBytes(parsedKey)
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-
-		assert.Equal(t, keyBytes, parsedKeyBytes, "Expected saved key to match original key")
-	})
-
-	t.Run("SaveKey encrypted", func(t *testing.T) {
-		tempDir := t.TempDir()
-
-		// Generate a 64-byte kek
-		kek := makeKEK(t)
-
-		provider := &KeyProviderFile{}
-		err = provider.Init(KeyProviderOpts{
-			EnvConfig: &common.EnvConfigSchema{
-				KeysPath: tempDir,
-			},
-			Kek: kek,
-		})
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-
-		// Save the key (will be encrypted)
-		err = provider.SaveKey(key)
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-
-		// Verify the encrypted key file exists
-		encKeyPath := filepath.Join(tempDir, PrivateKeyFileEncrypted)
-		exists, err := utils.FileExists(encKeyPath)
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-		assert.True(t, exists, "Expected encrypted key file to exist")
-
-		// Verify the unencrypted key file doesn't exist
-		keyPath := filepath.Join(tempDir, PrivateKeyFile)
-		exists, err = utils.FileExists(keyPath)
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-		assert.False(t, exists, "Expected unencrypted key file to not exist")
-
-		// Manually decrypt the encrypted key file to verify it contains the correct key
-		encB64, err := os.ReadFile(encKeyPath)
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-
-		// Decode from base64
-		enc := make([]byte, base64.StdEncoding.DecodedLen(len(encB64)))
-		n, err := base64.StdEncoding.Decode(enc, encB64)
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-		enc = enc[:n] // Trim any padding
-
-		// Decrypt the data
-		data, err := cryptoutils.Decrypt(kek, enc, nil)
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-
-		// Parse the key
-		parsedKey, err := jwk.ParseKey(data)
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-
-		// Compare the decrypted key with the original
-		keyBytes, err := EncodeJWKBytes(key)
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-
-		parsedKeyBytes, err := EncodeJWKBytes(parsedKey)
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-
-		assert.Equal(t, keyBytes, parsedKeyBytes, "Expected decrypted key to match original key")
-	})
-}
-
-func makeKEK(t *testing.T) []byte {
-	t.Helper()
-
-	// Generate a 32-byte kek
-	kek := make([]byte, 32)
-	_, err := rand.Read(kek)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	return kek
-}

backend/internal/utils/list_request_util.go

@@ -0,0 +1,205 @@
+package utils
+
+import (
+	"reflect"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
+	"gorm.io/gorm"
+	"gorm.io/gorm/clause"
+)
+
+type PaginationResponse struct {
+	TotalPages   int64 `json:"totalPages"`
+	TotalItems   int64 `json:"totalItems"`
+	CurrentPage  int   `json:"currentPage"`
+	ItemsPerPage int   `json:"itemsPerPage"`
+}
+
+type ListRequestOptions struct {
+	Pagination struct {
+		Page  int `form:"pagination[page]"`
+		Limit int `form:"pagination[limit]"`
+	} `form:"pagination"`
+	Sort struct {
+		Column    string `form:"sort[column]"`
+		Direction string `form:"sort[direction]"`
+	} `form:"sort"`
+	Filters map[string][]any
+}
+
+type FieldMeta struct {
+	ColumnName   string
+	IsSortable   bool
+	IsFilterable bool
+}
+
+func ParseListRequestOptions(ctx *gin.Context) (listRequestOptions ListRequestOptions) {
+	if err := ctx.ShouldBindQuery(&listRequestOptions); err != nil {
+		return listRequestOptions
+	}
+
+	listRequestOptions.Filters = parseNestedFilters(ctx)
+	return listRequestOptions
+}
+
+func PaginateFilterAndSort(params ListRequestOptions, query *gorm.DB, result interface{}) (PaginationResponse, error) {
+	meta := extractModelMetadata(result)
+
+	query = applyFilters(params.Filters, query, meta)
+	query = applySorting(params.Sort.Column, params.Sort.Direction, query, meta)
+
+	return Paginate(params.Pagination.Page, params.Pagination.Limit, query, result)
+}
+
+func Paginate(page int, pageSize int, query *gorm.DB, result interface{}) (PaginationResponse, error) {
+	if page < 1 {
+		page = 1
+	}
+
+	if pageSize < 1 {
+		pageSize = 20
+	} else if pageSize > 100 {
+		pageSize = 100
+	}
+
+	var totalItems int64
+	if err := query.Count(&totalItems).Error; err != nil {
+		return PaginationResponse{}, err
+	}
+
+	totalPages := (totalItems + int64(pageSize) - 1) / int64(pageSize)
+	if totalItems == 0 {
+		totalPages = 1
+	}
+
+	if int64(page) > totalPages {
+		page = int(totalPages)
+	}
+
+	offset := (page - 1) * pageSize
+
+	if err := query.Offset(offset).Limit(pageSize).Find(result).Error; err != nil {
+		return PaginationResponse{}, err
+	}
+
+	return PaginationResponse{
+		TotalPages:   totalPages,
+		TotalItems:   totalItems,
+		CurrentPage:  page,
+		ItemsPerPage: pageSize,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+func NormalizeSortDirection(direction string) string {
+	d := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(direction))
+	if d != "asc" && d != "desc" {
+		return "asc"
+	}
+	return d
+}
+
+func IsValidSortDirection(direction string) bool {
+	d := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(direction))
+	return d == "asc" || d == "desc"
+}
+
+// parseNestedFilters handles ?filters[field][0]=val1&filters[field][1]=val2
+func parseNestedFilters(ctx *gin.Context) map[string][]any {
+	result := make(map[string][]any)
+	query := ctx.Request.URL.Query()
+
+	for key, values := range query {
+		if !strings.HasPrefix(key, "filters[") {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		// Keys can be "filters[field]" or "filters[field][0]"
+		raw := strings.TrimPrefix(key, "filters[")
+		// Take everything up to the first closing bracket
+		if idx := strings.IndexByte(raw, ']'); idx != -1 {
+			field := raw[:idx]
+			for _, v := range values {
+				result[field] = append(result[field], ConvertStringToType(v))
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return result
+}
+
+// applyFilters applies filtering to the GORM query based on the provided filters
+func applyFilters(filters map[string][]any, query *gorm.DB, meta map[string]FieldMeta) *gorm.DB {
+	for key, values := range filters {
+		if key == "" || len(values) == 0 {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		fieldName := CapitalizeFirstLetter(key)
+		fieldMeta, ok := meta[fieldName]
+		if !ok || !fieldMeta.IsFilterable {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		query = query.Where(fieldMeta.ColumnName+" IN ?", values)
+	}
+	return query
+}
+
+// applySorting applies sorting to the GORM query based on the provided column and direction
+func applySorting(sortColumn string, sortDirection string, query *gorm.DB, meta map[string]FieldMeta) *gorm.DB {
+	fieldName := CapitalizeFirstLetter(sortColumn)
+	fieldMeta, ok := meta[fieldName]
+	if !ok || !fieldMeta.IsSortable {
+		return query
+	}
+
+	sortDirection = NormalizeSortDirection(sortDirection)
+
+	query = query.Clauses(clause.OrderBy{
+		Columns: []clause.OrderByColumn{
+			{Column: clause.Column{Name: fieldMeta.ColumnName}, Desc: sortDirection == "desc"},
+		},
+	})
+	return query
+}
+
+// extractModelMetadata extracts FieldMeta from the model struct using reflection
+func extractModelMetadata(model interface{}) map[string]FieldMeta {
+	meta := make(map[string]FieldMeta)
+
+	// Unwrap pointers and slices to get the element struct type
+	t := reflect.TypeOf(model)
+	for t.Kind() == reflect.Ptr || t.Kind() == reflect.Slice {
+		t = t.Elem()
+		if t == nil {
+			return meta
+		}
+	}
+
+	// recursive parser that merges fields from embedded structs
+	var parseStruct func(reflect.Type)
+	parseStruct = func(st reflect.Type) {
+		for i := 0; i < st.NumField(); i++ {
+			field := st.Field(i)
+			ft := field.Type
+
+			// If the field is an embedded/anonymous struct, recurse into it
+			if field.Anonymous && ft.Kind() == reflect.Struct {
+				parseStruct(ft)
+				continue
+			}
+
+			// Normal field: record metadata
+			name := field.Name
+			meta[name] = FieldMeta{
+				ColumnName:   CamelCaseToSnakeCase(name),
+				IsSortable:   field.Tag.Get("sortable") == "true",
+				IsFilterable: field.Tag.Get("filterable") == "true",
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	parseStruct(t)
+	return meta
+}

backend/internal/utils/paging_util.go

@@ -1,99 +0,0 @@
-package utils
-
-import (
-	"reflect"
-	"strconv"
-	"strings"
-
-	"gorm.io/gorm"
-	"gorm.io/gorm/clause"
-)
-
-type PaginationResponse struct {
-	TotalPages   int64 `json:"totalPages"`
-	TotalItems   int64 `json:"totalItems"`
-	CurrentPage  int   `json:"currentPage"`
-	ItemsPerPage int   `json:"itemsPerPage"`
-}
-
-type SortedPaginationRequest struct {
-	Pagination struct {
-		Page  int `form:"pagination[page]"`
-		Limit int `form:"pagination[limit]"`
-	} `form:"pagination"`
-	Sort struct {
-		Column    string `form:"sort[column]"`
-		Direction string `form:"sort[direction]"`
-	} `form:"sort"`
-}
-
-func PaginateAndSort(sortedPaginationRequest SortedPaginationRequest, query *gorm.DB, result interface{}) (PaginationResponse, error) {
-	pagination := sortedPaginationRequest.Pagination
-	sort := sortedPaginationRequest.Sort
-
-	capitalizedSortColumn := CapitalizeFirstLetter(sort.Column)
-
-	sortField, sortFieldFound := reflect.TypeOf(result).Elem().Elem().FieldByName(capitalizedSortColumn)
-	isSortable, _ := strconv.ParseBool(sortField.Tag.Get("sortable"))
-
-	sort.Direction = NormalizeSortDirection(sort.Direction)
-
-	if sortFieldFound && isSortable {
-		columnName := CamelCaseToSnakeCase(sort.Column)
-		query = query.Clauses(clause.OrderBy{
-			Columns: []clause.OrderByColumn{
-				{Column: clause.Column{Name: columnName}, Desc: sort.Direction == "desc"},
-			},
-		})
-	}
-
-	return Paginate(pagination.Page, pagination.Limit, query, result)
-}
-
-func Paginate(page int, pageSize int, query *gorm.DB, result interface{}) (PaginationResponse, error) {
-	if page < 1 {
-		page = 1
-	}
-
-	if pageSize < 1 {
-		pageSize = 20
-	} else if pageSize > 100 {
-		pageSize = 100
-	}
-
-	offset := (page - 1) * pageSize
-
-	var totalItems int64
-	if err := query.Count(&totalItems).Error; err != nil {
-		return PaginationResponse{}, err
-	}
-
-	if err := query.Offset(offset).Limit(pageSize).Find(result).Error; err != nil {
-		return PaginationResponse{}, err
-	}
-
-	totalPages := (totalItems + int64(pageSize) - 1) / int64(pageSize)
-	if totalItems == 0 {
-		totalPages = 1
-	}
-
-	return PaginationResponse{
-		TotalPages:   totalPages,
-		TotalItems:   totalItems,
-		CurrentPage:  page,
-		ItemsPerPage: pageSize,
-	}, nil
-}
-
-func NormalizeSortDirection(direction string) string {
-	d := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(direction))
-	if d != "asc" && d != "desc" {
-		return "asc"
-	}
-	return d
-}
-
-func IsValidSortDirection(direction string) bool {
-	d := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(direction))
-	return d == "asc" || d == "desc"
-}

backend/internal/utils/ptr_util.go

@@ -1,13 +1,16 @@
 package utils
 
+// Ptr returns a pointer to the given value.
 func Ptr[T any](v T) *T {
 	return &v
 }
 
-func PtrValueOrZero[T any](ptr *T) T {
-	if ptr == nil {
-		var zero T
-		return zero
+// PtrOrNil returns a pointer to v if v is not the zero value of its type,
+// otherwise it returns nil.
+func PtrOrNil[T comparable](v T) *T {
+	var zero T
+	if v == zero {
+		return nil
 	}
-	return *ptr
+	return &v
 }

backend/internal/utils/servicerunner.go

@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@ func (r *ServiceRunner) Run(ctx context.Context) error {
 
 			// Ignore context canceled errors here as they generally indicate that the service is stopping
 			if rErr != nil && !errors.Is(rErr, context.Canceled) {
+				cancel()
 				errCh <- rErr
 				return
 			}