release: 0.49.0

Co-authored-by: Kyle Mendell <kmendell@ofkm.us>

.env.example

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# See the README for more information: https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id?tab=readme-ov-file#environment-variables
+# See the documentation for more information: https://pocket-id.org/docs/configuration/environment-variables
 PUBLIC_APP_URL=http://localhost
 TRUST_PROXY=false
 MAXMIND_LICENSE_KEY=

.github/FUNDING.yml

@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
 # These are supported funding model platforms
-github: stonith404
+github: [stonith404, kmendell]

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/language-request.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+name: "🌐 Language request"
+description: "You want to contribute to a language that isn't on Crowdin yet?"
+title: "🌐 Language Request: <language name in english>"
+labels: [language-request]
+body:
+  - type: input
+    id: language-name-native
+    attributes:
+      label: "🌐 Language Name (native)"
+      placeholder: "Schweizerdeutsch"
+    validations:
+      required: true
+  - type: input
+    id: language-code
+    attributes:
+      label: "🌐 ISO 639-1 Language Code"
+      description: "You can find your language code [here](https://www.andiamo.co.uk/resources/iso-language-codes/)."
+      placeholder: "de-CH"
+    validations:
+      required: true

.github/workflows/backend-linter.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+name: Run Backend Linter
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches: [main]
+    paths:
+      - "backend/**"
+  pull_request:
+    branches: [main]
+    paths:
+      - "backend/**"
+
+permissions:
+  # Required: allow read access to the content for analysis.
+  contents: read
+  # Optional: allow read access to pull request. Use with `only-new-issues` option.
+  pull-requests: read
+  # Optional: allow write access to checks to allow the action to annotate code in the PR.
+  checks: write
+
+jobs:
+  golangci-lint:
+    name: Run Golangci-lint
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout code
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+      - name: Set up Go
+        uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+        with:
+          go-version-file: backend/go.mod
+
+      - name: Run Golangci-lint
+        uses: golangci/golangci-lint-action@dec74fa03096ff515422f71d18d41307cacde373 # v7.0.0
+        with:
+          version: v2.0.2
+          working-directory: backend
+          only-new-issues: ${{ github.event_name == 'pull_request' }}

.github/workflows/e2e-tests.yml

@@ -15,25 +15,35 @@ on:
 
 jobs:
   build:
+    if: github.event.pull_request.head.ref != 'i18n_crowdin'
     timeout-minutes: 20
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
       - name: Set up Docker Buildx
         uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v3
 
       - name: Build and export
         uses: docker/build-push-action@v6
         with:
-          tags: pocket-id/pocket-id:test
+          push: false
+          load: false
+          tags: pocket-id:test
           outputs: type=docker,dest=/tmp/docker-image.tar
+          build-args: BUILD_TAGS=e2etest
+          cache-from: type=gha
+          cache-to: type=gha,mode=max
 
       - name: Upload Docker image artifact
         uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
         with:
           name: docker-image
           path: /tmp/docker-image.tar
+          retention-days: 1
 
   test-sqlite:
+    if: github.event.pull_request.head.ref != 'i18n_crowdin'
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     needs: build
     steps:
@@ -44,12 +54,22 @@ jobs:
           cache: "npm"
           cache-dependency-path: frontend/package-lock.json
 
+      - name: Cache Playwright Browsers
+        uses: actions/cache@v3
+        id: playwright-cache
+        with:
+          path: ~/.cache/ms-playwright
+          key: ${{ runner.os }}-playwright-${{ hashFiles('frontend/package-lock.json') }}
+          restore-keys: |
+            ${{ runner.os }}-playwright-
+
       - name: Download Docker image artifact
         uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
         with:
           name: docker-image
           path: /tmp
-      - name: Load Docker Image
+
+      - name: Load Docker image
         run: docker load -i /tmp/docker-image.tar
 
       - name: Install frontend dependencies
@@ -58,6 +78,7 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Install Playwright Browsers
         working-directory: ./frontend
+        if: steps.playwright-cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
         run: npx playwright install --with-deps chromium
 
       - name: Run Docker Container with Sqlite DB
@@ -65,21 +86,34 @@ jobs:
           docker run -d --name pocket-id-sqlite \
           -p 80:80 \
           -e APP_ENV=test \
-          pocket-id/pocket-id:test
+          pocket-id:test
+
+          docker logs -f pocket-id-sqlite &> /tmp/backend.log &
 
       - name: Run Playwright tests
         working-directory: ./frontend
         run: npx playwright test
 
-      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+      - name: Upload Frontend Test Report
-        if: always()
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+        if: always() && github.event.pull_request.head.ref != 'i18n_crowdin'
         with:
           name: playwright-report-sqlite
           path: frontend/tests/.report
           include-hidden-files: true
           retention-days: 15
 
+      - name: Upload Backend Test Report
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+        if: always() && github.event.pull_request.head.ref != 'i18n_crowdin'
+        with:
+          name: backend-sqlite
+          path: /tmp/backend.log
+          include-hidden-files: true
+          retention-days: 15
+
   test-postgres:
+    if: github.event.pull_request.head.ref != 'i18n_crowdin'
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     needs: build
     steps:
@@ -90,12 +124,39 @@ jobs:
           cache: "npm"
           cache-dependency-path: frontend/package-lock.json
 
+      - name: Cache Playwright Browsers
+        uses: actions/cache@v3
+        id: playwright-cache
+        with:
+          path: ~/.cache/ms-playwright
+          key: ${{ runner.os }}-playwright-${{ hashFiles('frontend/package-lock.json') }}
+          restore-keys: |
+            ${{ runner.os }}-playwright-
+
+      - name: Cache PostgreSQL Docker image
+        uses: actions/cache@v3
+        id: postgres-cache
+        with:
+          path: /tmp/postgres-image.tar
+          key: postgres-17-${{ runner.os }}
+
+      - name: Pull and save PostgreSQL image
+        if: steps.postgres-cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
+        run: |
+          docker pull postgres:17
+          docker save postgres:17 > /tmp/postgres-image.tar
+
+      - name: Load PostgreSQL image from cache
+        if: steps.postgres-cache.outputs.cache-hit == 'true'
+        run: docker load < /tmp/postgres-image.tar
+
       - name: Download Docker image artifact
         uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
         with:
           name: docker-image
           path: /tmp
-      - name: Load Docker Image
+
+      - name: Load Docker image
         run: docker load -i /tmp/docker-image.tar
 
       - name: Install frontend dependencies
@@ -104,6 +165,7 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Install Playwright Browsers
         working-directory: ./frontend
+        if: steps.playwright-cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
         run: npx playwright install --with-deps chromium
 
       - name: Create Docker network
@@ -137,17 +199,29 @@ jobs:
           -p 80:80 \
           -e APP_ENV=test \
           -e DB_PROVIDER=postgres \
-          -e POSTGRES_CONNECTION_STRING=postgresql://postgres:postgres@pocket-id-db:5432/pocket-id \
+          -e DB_CONNECTION_STRING=postgresql://postgres:postgres@pocket-id-db:5432/pocket-id \
-          pocket-id/pocket-id:test
+          pocket-id:test
+
+          docker logs -f pocket-id-postgres &> /tmp/backend.log &
 
       - name: Run Playwright tests
         working-directory: ./frontend
         run: npx playwright test
 
-      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+      - name: Upload Frontend Test Report
-        if: always()
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+        if: always() && github.event.pull_request.head.ref != 'i18n_crowdin'
         with:
           name: playwright-report-postgres
           path: frontend/tests/.report
           include-hidden-files: true
           retention-days: 15
+
+      - name: Upload Backend Test Report
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+        if: always() && github.event.pull_request.head.ref != 'i18n_crowdin'
+        with:
+          name: backend-postgres
+          path: /tmp/backend.log
+          include-hidden-files: true
+          retention-days: 15

.github/workflows/unit-tests.yml

@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Run backend unit tests
         working-directory: backend
         run: |
+          set -e -o pipefail
           go test -v ./... | tee /tmp/TestResults.log
       - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
         if: always()

.github/workflows/update-aaguids.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+name: Update AAGUIDs
+
+on:
+  schedule:
+    - cron: "0 0 * * 1" # Runs every Monday at midnight
+  workflow_dispatch: # Allows manual triggering of the workflow
+
+permissions: 
+    contents: write
+    
+jobs:
+  update-aaguids:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout repository
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+      - name: Fetch JSON data
+        run: |
+          curl -o data.json https://raw.githubusercontent.com/pocket-id/passkey-aaguids/refs/heads/main/combined_aaguid.json
+
+      - name: Process JSON data
+        run: |
+          mkdir -p backend/resources
+          jq -c 'map_values(.name)' data.json > backend/resources/aaguids.json
+
+      - name: Commit changes
+        run: |
+          git config --local user.email "action@github.com"
+          git config --local user.name "GitHub Action"
+          git add backend/resources/aaguids.json
+          git diff --staged --quiet || git commit -m "chore: update AAGUIDs"
+          git push

.version

@@ -1 +1 @@
-0.42.0
+0.49.0

.vscode/extensions.json

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+{
+  "recommendations": [
+    "inlang.vs-code-extension"
+  ]
+}

.vscode/launch.json

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
       "name": "Backend",
       "type": "go",
       "request": "launch",
-      "envFile": "${workspaceFolder}/backend/.env.example",
+      "envFile": "${workspaceFolder}/backend/cmd/.env",
       "env": {
         "APP_ENV": "development"
       },
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
       "name": "Frontend",
       "type": "node",
       "request": "launch",
-      "envFile": "${workspaceFolder}/frontend/.env.example",
+      "envFile": "${workspaceFolder}/frontend/.env",
       "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}/frontend",
       "runtimeExecutable": "npm",
       "runtimeArgs": [

.vscode/settings.json

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+{
+    "go.buildTags": "e2etest"
+}

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -1,3 +1,127 @@
+## [](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/compare/v0.48.0...v) (2025-04-20)
+
+
+### Features
+
+* add ability to disable API key expiration email ([9122e75](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/9122e75101ad39a40135ccf931eb2bfd351b5db6))
+* add ability to send login code via email ([#457](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/issues/457)) ([fe1c4b1](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/fe1c4b18cdcc46a4256e0c111b34f1ce00f8e0e1))
+* add description to callback URL inputs ([eb689eb](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/eb689eb56ec9eaf8b0fb1485040e26f841b9225d))
+* send email to user when api key expires within 7 days ([#451](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/issues/451)) ([26f01f2](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/26f01f205be01fb8abd8c2e564c90c0fc4480ea5))
+
+
+### Bug Fixes
+
+* disable animations not respected on authorize and logout page ([e571996](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/e571996cb57d04232c1f47ab337ad656f48bb3cb))
+* hide alternative sign in button if user is already authenticated ([4e05b82](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/4e05b82f02740a4bae07cec6c6a64acd34ca0fc3))
+* locale change in dropdown doesn't work on first try ([60bad9e](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/60bad9e9859d81c9967e6939e1ed10a65145a936))
+* remove limit of 20 callback URLs ([c37a3e0](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/c37a3e0ed177c3bd2b9a618d1f4b0709004478b0))
+
+## [](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/compare/v0.47.0...v) (2025-04-18)
+
+
+### Features
+
+* add gif support for logo and background image ([56a8b5d](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/56a8b5d0c02643f869b77cf8475ddf2f9473880b))
+* disable/enable users ([#437](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/issues/437)) ([c843a60](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/c843a60131b813177b1e270c4f5d97613c700efa))
+
+
+### Bug Fixes
+
+* add "type" as reserved claim ([0111a58](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/0111a58dac0342c5ac2fa25a050e8773810d2b0a))
+* callback URL doesn't get rejected if it starts with a different string ([f0dce41](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/f0dce41fbc5649b3a8fe65de36ca20efa521b880))
+* profile picture empty for users without first or last name ([#449](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/issues/449)) ([5a6dfd9](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/5a6dfd9e505f4c84e91b4b378b082fab10e8a8a8))
+* user querying fails on global audit log page with Postgres ([84f1d5c](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/84f1d5c906ec3f9a74ad3d2f36526eea847af5dd))
+
+## [](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/compare/v0.46.0...v) (2025-04-16)
+
+
+### Features
+
+* add qrcode representation of one time link ([#424](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/issues/424)) ([#436](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/issues/436)) ([abf17f6](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/abf17f62114a2de549b62cec462b9b0659ee23a7))
+* disable animations setting toggle ([#442](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/issues/442)) ([b45cf68](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/b45cf68295975f51777dab95950b98b8db0a9ae5))
+
+
+### Bug Fixes
+
+* define token type as claim for better client compatibility ([adf7458](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/adf74586afb6ef9a00fb122c150b0248c5bc23f0))
+
+## [](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/compare/v0.45.0...v) (2025-04-13)
+
+
+### Features
+
+* global audit log ([#320](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/issues/320)) ([b65e693](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/b65e693e12be2e7e4cb75a74d6fd43bacb3f6a94))
+* implement token introspection ([#405](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/issues/405)) ([7e5d16b](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/7e5d16be9bdfccfa113924547e313886681d11bb))
+* modernize ui ([#381](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/issues/381)) ([9881a1d](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/9881a1df9efe32608ab116db71c0e4f66dae171c))
+* **onboarding:** Added button when you don't have a passkey added. ([#426](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/issues/426)) ([72061ba](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/72061ba4278a007437cee3a205c3076d58bde644))
+
+
+### Bug Fixes
+
+* add missing rollback for LDAP sync ([658a9ca](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/658a9ca6dd8d2304ff3639a000bab02e91ff68a6))
+* create reusable default profile pictures ([#406](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/issues/406)) ([734c681](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/734c6813eaef166235ae801747e3652d17ae0e2a))
+* ensure file descriptors are closed + other bugs ([#413](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/issues/413)) ([2f76461](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/2f7646105e26423f47cbe49dae97e40c4a01a025))
+* ensure indexes on audit_logs table ([#415](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/issues/415)) ([9e88926](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/9e88926283a7a663bfc7fd4f4aa16bd02f614176))
+* ignore profile picture cache after profile picture gets updated ([4ba6893](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/4ba68938dd2a631c633fcb65d8c35cb039d3f59c))
+* improve LDAP error handling ([#425](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/issues/425)) ([796bc7e](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/796bc7ed3453839b1dc8d846b71fe9fac9a2d646))
+* use transactions when operations involve multiple database queries ([#392](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/issues/392)) ([ec626ee](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/ec626ee7977306539fd1d70cc9091590f0a54af6))
+* use UUID for temporary file names ([ccc18d7](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/ccc18d716f16a7ef1775d30982e2ba7b5ff159a6))
+
+
+### Performance Improvements
+
+* run async operations in parallel in server load functions ([1762629](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/17626295964244c5582806bd0f413da2c799d5ad))
+
+## [](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/compare/v0.44.0...v) (2025-03-29)
+
+
+### Features
+
+* add support for ECDSA and EdDSA keys ([#359](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/issues/359)) ([96876a9](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/96876a99c586508b72c27669ab200ff6a29db771))
+
+
+### Bug Fixes
+
+* ldap users aren't deleted if removed from ldap server ([7e65827](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/7e658276f04d08a1f5117796e55d45e310204dab))
+* use value receiver for `AuditLogData` ([cbd1bbd](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/cbd1bbdf741eedd03e93598d67623c75c74b6212))
+* use WAL for SQLite by default and set busy_timeout ([#388](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/issues/388)) ([519d58d](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/519d58d88c906abc5139e35933bdeba0396c10a2))
+
+## [](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/compare/v0.43.1...v) (2025-03-25)
+
+
+### Features
+
+* add OIDC refresh_token support ([#325](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/issues/325)) ([b8dcda8](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/b8dcda80497e554d163a370eff81fe000f8831f4))
+
+
+### Bug Fixes
+
+* hash the refresh token in the DB (security) ([#379](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/issues/379)) ([8c96381](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/8c963818bb90c84dac04018eec93790900d4b0ce))
+* skip ldap objects without a valid unique id ([#376](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/issues/376)) ([cdfe816](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/cdfe8161d4429bdfe879887fe0b563a67c14f50b))
+* stop container if Caddy, the frontend or the backend fails ([e6f5019](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/e6f50191cf05a5d0ac0e0000cf66423646f1920e))
+
+## [](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/compare/v0.43.0...v) (2025-03-20)
+
+
+### Bug Fixes
+
+* wrong base locale causes crash ([3120ebf](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/3120ebf239b90f0bc0a0af33f30622e034782398))
+
+## [](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/compare/v0.42.1...v) (2025-03-20)
+
+
+### Features
+
+* add support for translations ([#349](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/issues/349)) ([269b5a3](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/269b5a3c9249bb8081c74741141d3d5a69ea42a2))
+* **passkeys:** name new passkeys based on agguids ([#332](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/issues/332)) ([041c565](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/041c565dc10f15edb3e8ab58e9a4df5e48a2a6d3))
+
+## [](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/compare/v0.42.0...v) (2025-03-18)
+
+
+### Bug Fixes
+
+* kid not added to JWTs ([f7e36a4](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/f7e36a422ea6b5327360c9a13308ae408ff7fffe))
+
 ## [](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/compare/v0.41.0...v) (2025-03-18)
 
 

CONTRIBUTING.md

@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ The backend is built with [Gin](https://gin-gonic.com) and written in Go.
 
 1. Open the `backend` folder
 2. Copy the `.env.example` file to `.env` and change the `APP_ENV` to `development`
-3. Start the backend with `go run cmd/main.go`
+3. Start the backend with `go run -tags e2etest ./cmd`
 
 ### Frontend
 

Dockerfile

@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+# Tags passed to "go build"
+ARG BUILD_TAGS=""
+
 # Stage 1: Build Frontend
 FROM node:22-alpine AS frontend-builder
 WORKDIR /app/frontend
@@ -8,7 +11,8 @@ RUN npm run build
 RUN npm prune --production
 
 # Stage 2: Build Backend
-FROM golang:1.23-alpine AS backend-builder
+FROM golang:1.24-alpine AS backend-builder
+ARG BUILD_TAGS
 WORKDIR /app/backend
 COPY ./backend/go.mod ./backend/go.sum ./
 RUN go mod download
@@ -17,7 +21,12 @@ RUN apk add --no-cache gcc musl-dev
 
 COPY ./backend ./
 WORKDIR /app/backend/cmd
-RUN CGO_ENABLED=1 GOOS=linux go build -o /app/backend/pocket-id-backend .
+RUN CGO_ENABLED=1 \
+  GOOS=linux \
+  go build \
+  -tags "${BUILD_TAGS}" \
+  -o /app/backend/pocket-id-backend \
+  .
 
 # Stage 3: Production Image
 FROM node:22-alpine

backend/.golangci.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+version: "2"
+run:
+  tests: true
+  timeout: 5m
+linters:
+  default: none
+  enable:
+    - asasalint
+    - asciicheck
+    - bidichk
+    - bodyclose
+    - contextcheck
+    - copyloopvar
+    - durationcheck
+    - errcheck
+    - errchkjson
+    - errorlint
+    - exhaustive
+    - gocheckcompilerdirectives
+    - gochecksumtype
+    - gocognit
+    - gocritic
+    - gosec
+    - gosmopolitan
+    - govet
+    - ineffassign
+    - loggercheck
+    - makezero
+    - musttag
+    - nilerr
+    - nilnesserr
+    - noctx
+    - protogetter
+    - reassign
+    - recvcheck
+    - rowserrcheck
+    - spancheck
+    - sqlclosecheck
+    - staticcheck
+    - testifylint
+    - unused
+    - usestdlibvars
+    - zerologlint
+  exclusions:
+    generated: lax
+    presets:
+      - comments
+      - common-false-positives
+      - legacy
+      - std-error-handling
+    paths:
+      - third_party$
+      - builtin$
+      - examples$
+      - internal/service/test_service.go
+formatters:
+  enable:
+    - goimports
+  exclusions:
+    generated: lax
+    paths:
+      - third_party$
+      - builtin$
+      - examples$

backend/cmd/main.go

@@ -4,6 +4,10 @@ import (
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/bootstrap"
 )
 
+// @title Pocket ID API
+// @version 1.0
+// @description.markdown
+
 func main() {
 	bootstrap.Bootstrap()
 }

backend/go.mod

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 module github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend
 
-go 1.23.1
+go 1.24.0
 
 require (
 	github.com/caarlos0/env/v11 v11.3.1
@@ -14,11 +14,10 @@ require (
 	github.com/go-ldap/ldap/v3 v3.4.10
 	github.com/go-playground/validator/v10 v10.24.0
 	github.com/go-webauthn/webauthn v0.11.2
-	github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v5 v5.2.1
 	github.com/golang-migrate/migrate/v4 v4.18.2
 	github.com/google/uuid v1.6.0
 	github.com/joho/godotenv v1.5.1
-	github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/v3 v3.0.0-alpha3
+	github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/v3 v3.0.0-beta1
 	github.com/mileusna/useragent v1.3.5
 	github.com/oschwald/maxminddb-golang/v2 v2.0.0-beta.2
 	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.10.0
@@ -45,6 +44,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/go-playground/universal-translator v0.18.1 // indirect
 	github.com/go-webauthn/x v0.1.16 // indirect
 	github.com/goccy/go-json v0.10.4 // indirect
+	github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v5 v5.2.2 // indirect
 	github.com/google/go-tpm v0.9.3 // indirect
 	github.com/hashicorp/errwrap v1.1.0 // indirect
 	github.com/hashicorp/go-multierror v1.1.1 // indirect
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ require (
 	go.uber.org/atomic v1.11.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/arch v0.13.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20250106191152-7588d65b2ba8 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/net v0.36.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/net v0.38.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/sync v0.12.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/sys v0.31.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/text v0.23.0 // indirect

backend/go.sum

@@ -78,8 +78,8 @@ github.com/goccy/go-json v0.10.4 h1:JSwxQzIqKfmFX1swYPpUThQZp/Ka4wzJdK0LWVytLPM=
 github.com/goccy/go-json v0.10.4/go.mod h1:oq7eo15ShAhp70Anwd5lgX2pLfOS3QCiwU/PULtXL6M=
 github.com/gogo/protobuf v1.3.2 h1:Ov1cvc58UF3b5XjBnZv7+opcTcQFZebYjWzi34vdm4Q=
 github.com/gogo/protobuf v1.3.2/go.mod h1:P1XiOD3dCwIKUDQYPy72D8LYyHL2YPYrpS2s69NZV8Q=
-github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v5 v5.2.1 h1:OuVbFODueb089Lh128TAcimifWaLhJwVflnrgM17wHk=
+github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v5 v5.2.2 h1:Rl4B7itRWVtYIHFrSNd7vhTiz9UpLdi6gZhZ3wEeDy8=
-github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v5 v5.2.1/go.mod h1:pqrtFR0X4osieyHYxtmOUWsAWrfe1Q5UVIyoH402zdk=
+github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v5 v5.2.2/go.mod h1:pqrtFR0X4osieyHYxtmOUWsAWrfe1Q5UVIyoH402zdk=
 github.com/golang-migrate/migrate/v4 v4.18.2 h1:2VSCMz7x7mjyTXx3m2zPokOY82LTRgxK1yQYKo6wWQ8=
 github.com/golang-migrate/migrate/v4 v4.18.2/go.mod h1:2CM6tJvn2kqPXwnXO/d3rAQYiyoIm180VsO8PRX6Rpk=
 github.com/google/go-cmp v0.6.0 h1:ofyhxvXcZhMsU5ulbFiLKl/XBFqE1GSq7atu8tAmTRI=
@@ -145,8 +145,8 @@ github.com/lestrrat-go/httpcc v1.0.1 h1:ydWCStUeJLkpYyjLDHihupbn2tYmZ7m22BGkcvZZ
 github.com/lestrrat-go/httpcc v1.0.1/go.mod h1:qiltp3Mt56+55GPVCbTdM9MlqhvzyuL6W/NMDA8vA5E=
 github.com/lestrrat-go/httprc/v3 v3.0.0-beta1 h1:pzDjP9dSONCFQC/AE3mWUnHILGiYPiMKzQIS+weKJXA=
 github.com/lestrrat-go/httprc/v3 v3.0.0-beta1/go.mod h1:wdsgouffPvWPEYh8t7PRH/PidR5sfVqt0na4Nhj60Ms=
-github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/v3 v3.0.0-alpha3 h1:HHT8iW+UcPBgBr5A3soZQQsL5cBor/u6BkLB+wzY/R0=
+github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/v3 v3.0.0-beta1 h1:Iqjb8JvWjh34Jv8DeM2wQ1aG5fzFBzwQu7rlqwuJB0I=
-github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/v3 v3.0.0-alpha3/go.mod h1:ak32WoNtHE0aLowVWBcCvXngcAnW4tuC0YhFwOr/kwc=
+github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/v3 v3.0.0-beta1/go.mod h1:ak32WoNtHE0aLowVWBcCvXngcAnW4tuC0YhFwOr/kwc=
 github.com/lestrrat-go/option v1.0.1 h1:oAzP2fvZGQKWkvHa1/SAcFolBEca1oN+mQ7eooNBEYU=
 github.com/lestrrat-go/option v1.0.1/go.mod h1:5ZHFbivi4xwXxhxY9XHDe2FHo6/Z7WWmtT7T5nBBp3I=
 github.com/lib/pq v1.10.9 h1:YXG7RB+JIjhP29X+OtkiDnYaXQwpS4JEWq7dtCCRUEw=
@@ -255,8 +255,8 @@ golang.org/x/net v0.15.0/go.mod h1:idbUs1IY1+zTqbi8yxTbhexhEEk5ur9LInksu6HrEpk=
 golang.org/x/net v0.21.0/go.mod h1:bIjVDfnllIU7BJ2DNgfnXvpSvtn8VRwhlsaeUTyUS44=
 golang.org/x/net v0.25.0/go.mod h1:JkAGAh7GEvH74S6FOH42FLoXpXbE/aqXSrIQjXgsiwM=
 golang.org/x/net v0.33.0/go.mod h1:HXLR5J+9DxmrqMwG9qjGCxZ+zKXxBru04zlTvWlWuN4=
-golang.org/x/net v0.36.0 h1:vWF2fRbw4qslQsQzgFqZff+BItCvGFQqKzKIzx1rmoA=
+golang.org/x/net v0.38.0 h1:vRMAPTMaeGqVhG5QyLJHqNDwecKTomGeqbnfZyKlBI8=
-golang.org/x/net v0.36.0/go.mod h1:bFmbeoIPfrw4sMHNhb4J9f6+tPziuGjq7Jk/38fxi1I=
+golang.org/x/net v0.38.0/go.mod h1:ivrbrMbzFq5J41QOQh0siUuly180yBYtLp+CKbEaFx8=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20190423024810-112230192c58/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20220722155255-886fb9371eb4/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.1.0/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=

backend/internal/bootstrap/bootstrap.go

@@ -1,17 +1,24 @@
 package bootstrap
 
 import (
+	"context"
+
 	_ "github.com/golang-migrate/migrate/v4/source/file"
+
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/service"
 )
 
 func Bootstrap() {
+	ctx := context.TODO()
+
 	initApplicationImages()
 
+	migrateConfigDBConnstring()
+
 	db := newDatabase()
-	appConfigService := service.NewAppConfigService(db)
+	appConfigService := service.NewAppConfigService(ctx, db)
 
 	migrateKey()
 
-	initRouter(db, appConfigService)
+	initRouter(ctx, db, appConfigService)
 }

backend/internal/bootstrap/config_migration.go

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+package bootstrap
+
+import (
+	"log"
+
+	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/common"
+)
+
+// Performs the migration of the database connection string
+// See: https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/pull/388
+func migrateConfigDBConnstring() {
+	switch common.EnvConfig.DbProvider {
+	case common.DbProviderSqlite:
+		// Check if we're using the deprecated SqliteDBPath env var
+		if common.EnvConfig.SqliteDBPath != "" {
+			connString := "file:" + common.EnvConfig.SqliteDBPath + "?_journal_mode=WAL&_busy_timeout=2500&_txlock=immediate"
+			common.EnvConfig.DbConnectionString = connString
+			common.EnvConfig.SqliteDBPath = ""
+
+			log.Printf("[WARN] Env var 'SQLITE_DB_PATH' is deprecated - use 'DB_CONNECTION_STRING' instead with the value: '%s'", connString)
+		}
+	case common.DbProviderPostgres:
+		// Check if we're using the deprecated PostgresConnectionString alias
+		if common.EnvConfig.PostgresConnectionString != "" {
+			common.EnvConfig.DbConnectionString = common.EnvConfig.PostgresConnectionString
+			common.EnvConfig.PostgresConnectionString = ""
+
+			log.Print("[WARN] Env var 'POSTGRES_CONNECTION_STRING' is deprecated - use 'DB_CONNECTION_STRING' instead with the same value")
+		}
+	default:
+		// We don't do anything here in the default case
+		// This is an error, but will be handled later on
+	}
+}

backend/internal/bootstrap/db_bootstrap.go

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"log"
 	"os"
+	"strings"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/golang-migrate/migrate/v4"
@@ -38,6 +39,7 @@ func newDatabase() (db *gorm.DB) {
 	case common.DbProviderPostgres:
 		driver, err = postgresMigrate.WithInstance(sqlDb, &postgresMigrate.Config{})
 	default:
+		// Should never happen at this point
 		log.Fatalf("unsupported database provider: %s", common.EnvConfig.DbProvider)
 	}
 	if err != nil {
@@ -56,17 +58,17 @@ func migrateDatabase(driver database.Driver) error {
 	// Use the embedded migrations
 	source, err := iofs.New(resources.FS, "migrations/"+string(common.EnvConfig.DbProvider))
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to create embedded migration source: %v", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to create embedded migration source: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	m, err := migrate.NewWithInstance("iofs", source, "pocket-id", driver)
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to create migration instance: %v", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to create migration instance: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	err = m.Up()
 	if err != nil && !errors.Is(err, migrate.ErrNoChange) {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to apply migrations: %v", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to apply migrations: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	return nil
@@ -78,9 +80,18 @@ func connectDatabase() (db *gorm.DB, err error) {
 	// Choose the correct database provider
 	switch common.EnvConfig.DbProvider {
 	case common.DbProviderSqlite:
-		dialector = sqlite.Open(common.EnvConfig.SqliteDBPath)
+		if common.EnvConfig.DbConnectionString == "" {
+			return nil, errors.New("missing required env var 'DB_CONNECTION_STRING' for SQLite database")
+		}
+		if !strings.HasPrefix(common.EnvConfig.DbConnectionString, "file:") {
+			return nil, errors.New("invalid value for env var 'DB_CONNECTION_STRING': does not begin with 'file:'")
+		}
+		dialector = sqlite.Open(common.EnvConfig.DbConnectionString)
 	case common.DbProviderPostgres:
-		dialector = postgres.Open(common.EnvConfig.PostgresConnectionString)
+		if common.EnvConfig.DbConnectionString == "" {
+			return nil, errors.New("missing required env var 'DB_CONNECTION_STRING' for Postgres database")
+		}
+		dialector = postgres.Open(common.EnvConfig.DbConnectionString)
 	default:
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unsupported database provider: %s", common.EnvConfig.DbProvider)
 	}
@@ -91,14 +102,14 @@ func connectDatabase() (db *gorm.DB, err error) {
 			Logger:         getLogger(),
 		})
 		if err == nil {
-			break
+			return db, nil
-		} else {
-			log.Printf("Attempt %d: Failed to initialize database. Retrying...", i)
-			time.Sleep(3 * time.Second)
 		}
+
+		log.Printf("Attempt %d: Failed to initialize database. Retrying...", i)
+		time.Sleep(3 * time.Second)
 	}
 
-	return db, err
+	return nil, err
 }
 
 func getLogger() logger.Interface {

backend/internal/bootstrap/e2etest_router_bootstrap.go

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+//go:build e2etest
+
+package bootstrap
+
+import (
+	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
+	"gorm.io/gorm"
+
+	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/controller"
+	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/service"
+)
+
+// When building for E2E tests, add the e2etest controller
+func init() {
+	registerTestControllers = []func(apiGroup *gin.RouterGroup, db *gorm.DB, appConfigService *service.AppConfigService, jwtService *service.JwtService){
+		func(apiGroup *gin.RouterGroup, db *gorm.DB, appConfigService *service.AppConfigService, jwtService *service.JwtService) {
+			testService := service.NewTestService(db, appConfigService, jwtService)
+			controller.NewTestController(apiGroup, testService)
+		},
+	}
+}

backend/internal/bootstrap/jwk_migration.go

@@ -92,7 +92,10 @@ func loadKeyPEM(path string) (jwk.Key, error) {
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to generate key ID: %w", err)
 	}
-	key.Set(jwk.KeyIDKey, keyId)
+	err = key.Set(jwk.KeyIDKey, keyId)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to set key ID: %w", err)
+	}
 
 	// Populate other required fields
 	_ = key.Set(jwk.KeyUsageKey, service.KeyUsageSigning)

backend/internal/bootstrap/jwk_migration_test.go

@@ -101,25 +101,25 @@ func TestLoadKeyPEM(t *testing.T) {
 		// Check key ID is set
 		var keyID string
 		err = key.Get(jwk.KeyIDKey, &keyID)
-		assert.NoError(t, err)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
 		assert.NotEmpty(t, keyID)
 
 		// Check algorithm is set
 		var alg jwa.SignatureAlgorithm
 		err = key.Get(jwk.AlgorithmKey, &alg)
-		assert.NoError(t, err)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
 		assert.NotEmpty(t, alg)
 
 		// Check key usage is set
 		var keyUsage string
 		err = key.Get(jwk.KeyUsageKey, &keyUsage)
-		assert.NoError(t, err)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
 		assert.Equal(t, service.KeyUsageSigning, keyUsage)
 	})
 
 	t.Run("file not found", func(t *testing.T) {
 		key, err := loadKeyPEM(filepath.Join(tempDir, "nonexistent.pem"))
-		assert.Error(t, err)
+		require.Error(t, err)
 		assert.Nil(t, key)
 	})
 
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ func TestLoadKeyPEM(t *testing.T) {
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 
 		key, err := loadKeyPEM(invalidPath)
-		assert.Error(t, err)
+		require.Error(t, err)
 		assert.Nil(t, key)
 	})
 }

backend/internal/bootstrap/router_bootstrap.go

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package bootstrap
 
 import (
+	"context"
 	"log"
 	"net"
 	"time"
@@ -16,7 +17,10 @@ import (
 	"gorm.io/gorm"
 )
 
-func initRouter(db *gorm.DB, appConfigService *service.AppConfigService) {
+// This is used to register additional controllers for tests
+var registerTestControllers []func(apiGroup *gin.RouterGroup, db *gorm.DB, appConfigService *service.AppConfigService, jwtService *service.JwtService)
+
+func initRouter(ctx context.Context, db *gorm.DB, appConfigService *service.AppConfigService) {
 	// Set the appropriate Gin mode based on the environment
 	switch common.EnvConfig.AppEnv {
 	case "production":
@@ -33,20 +37,19 @@ func initRouter(db *gorm.DB, appConfigService *service.AppConfigService) {
 	// Initialize services
 	emailService, err := service.NewEmailService(appConfigService, db)
 	if err != nil {
-		log.Fatalf("Unable to create email service: %s", err)
+		log.Fatalf("Unable to create email service: %v", err)
 	}
 
-	geoLiteService := service.NewGeoLiteService()
+	geoLiteService := service.NewGeoLiteService(ctx)
 	auditLogService := service.NewAuditLogService(db, appConfigService, emailService, geoLiteService)
 	jwtService := service.NewJwtService(appConfigService)
 	webauthnService := service.NewWebAuthnService(db, jwtService, auditLogService, appConfigService)
 	userService := service.NewUserService(db, jwtService, auditLogService, emailService, appConfigService)
 	customClaimService := service.NewCustomClaimService(db)
 	oidcService := service.NewOidcService(db, jwtService, appConfigService, auditLogService, customClaimService)
-	testService := service.NewTestService(db, appConfigService, jwtService)
 	userGroupService := service.NewUserGroupService(db, appConfigService)
 	ldapService := service.NewLdapService(db, appConfigService, userService, userGroupService)
-	apiKeyService := service.NewApiKeyService(db)
+	apiKeyService := service.NewApiKeyService(db, emailService)
 
 	rateLimitMiddleware := middleware.NewRateLimitMiddleware()
 
@@ -55,11 +58,13 @@ func initRouter(db *gorm.DB, appConfigService *service.AppConfigService) {
 	r.Use(middleware.NewErrorHandlerMiddleware().Add())
 	r.Use(rateLimitMiddleware.Add(rate.Every(time.Second), 60))
 
-	job.RegisterLdapJobs(ldapService, appConfigService)
+	job.RegisterLdapJobs(ctx, ldapService, appConfigService)
-	job.RegisterDbCleanupJobs(db)
+	job.RegisterDbCleanupJobs(ctx, db)
+	job.RegisterFileCleanupJobs(ctx, db)
+	job.RegisterApiKeyExpiryJob(ctx, apiKeyService, appConfigService)
 
 	// Initialize middleware for specific routes
-	authMiddleware := middleware.NewAuthMiddleware(apiKeyService, jwtService)
+	authMiddleware := middleware.NewAuthMiddleware(apiKeyService, userService, jwtService)
 	fileSizeLimitMiddleware := middleware.NewFileSizeLimitMiddleware()
 
 	// Set up API routes
@@ -75,7 +80,9 @@ func initRouter(db *gorm.DB, appConfigService *service.AppConfigService) {
 
 	// Add test controller in non-production environments
 	if common.EnvConfig.AppEnv != "production" {
-		controller.NewTestController(apiGroup, testService)
+		for _, f := range registerTestControllers {
+			f(apiGroup, db, appConfigService, jwtService)
+		}
 	}
 
 	// Set up base routes

backend/internal/common/env_config.go

@@ -20,8 +20,9 @@ type EnvConfigSchema struct {
 	AppEnv                   string     `env:"APP_ENV"`
 	AppURL                   string     `env:"PUBLIC_APP_URL"`
 	DbProvider               DbProvider `env:"DB_PROVIDER"`
-	SqliteDBPath             string     `env:"SQLITE_DB_PATH"`
+	DbConnectionString       string     `env:"DB_CONNECTION_STRING"`
-	PostgresConnectionString string     `env:"POSTGRES_CONNECTION_STRING"`
+	SqliteDBPath             string     `env:"SQLITE_DB_PATH"`             // Deprecated: use "DB_CONNECTION_STRING" instead
+	PostgresConnectionString string     `env:"POSTGRES_CONNECTION_STRING"` // Deprecated: use "DB_CONNECTION_STRING" instead
 	UploadPath               string     `env:"UPLOAD_PATH"`
 	KeysPath                 string     `env:"KEYS_PATH"`
 	Port                     string     `env:"BACKEND_PORT"`
@@ -35,7 +36,8 @@ type EnvConfigSchema struct {
 var EnvConfig = &EnvConfigSchema{
 	AppEnv:                   "production",
 	DbProvider:               "sqlite",
-	SqliteDBPath:             "data/pocket-id.db",
+	DbConnectionString:       "file:data/pocket-id.db?_journal_mode=WAL&_busy_timeout=2500&_txlock=immediate",
+	SqliteDBPath:             "",
 	PostgresConnectionString: "",
 	UploadPath:               "data/uploads",
 	KeysPath:                 "data/keys",
@@ -56,12 +58,12 @@ func init() {
 	// Validate the environment variables
 	switch EnvConfig.DbProvider {
 	case DbProviderSqlite:
-		if EnvConfig.SqliteDBPath == "" {
+		if EnvConfig.DbConnectionString == "" {
-			log.Fatal("Missing SQLITE_DB_PATH environment variable")
+			log.Fatal("Missing required env var 'DB_CONNECTION_STRING' for SQLite database")
 		}
 	case DbProviderPostgres:
-		if EnvConfig.PostgresConnectionString == "" {
+		if EnvConfig.DbConnectionString == "" {
-			log.Fatal("Missing POSTGRES_CONNECTION_STRING environment variable")
+			log.Fatal("Missing required env var 'DB_CONNECTION_STRING' for Postgres database")
 		}
 	default:
 		log.Fatal("Invalid DB_PROVIDER value. Must be 'sqlite' or 'postgres'")

backend/internal/common/errors.go

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package common
 
 import (
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"net/http"
 )
@@ -17,10 +18,16 @@ type AlreadyInUseError struct {
 }
 
 func (e *AlreadyInUseError) Error() string {
-	return fmt.Sprintf("%s is already in use", e.Property)
+	return e.Property + " is already in use"
 }
 func (e *AlreadyInUseError) HttpStatusCode() int { return 400 }
 
+func (e *AlreadyInUseError) Is(target error) bool {
+	// Ignore the field property when checking if an error is of the type AlreadyInUseError
+	x := &AlreadyInUseError{}
+	return errors.As(target, &x)
+}
+
 type SetupAlreadyCompletedError struct{}
 
 func (e *SetupAlreadyCompletedError) Error() string       { return "setup already completed" }
@@ -75,11 +82,6 @@ type FileTypeNotSupportedError struct{}
 func (e *FileTypeNotSupportedError) Error() string       { return "file type not supported" }
 func (e *FileTypeNotSupportedError) HttpStatusCode() int { return 400 }
 
-type InvalidCredentialsError struct{}
-
-func (e *InvalidCredentialsError) Error() string       { return "no user found with provided credentials" }
-func (e *InvalidCredentialsError) HttpStatusCode() int { return 400 }
-
 type FileTooLargeError struct {
 	MaxSize string
 }
@@ -222,8 +224,7 @@ type InvalidUUIDError struct{}
 func (e *InvalidUUIDError) Error() string {
 	return "Invalid UUID"
 }
-
+func (e *InvalidUUIDError) HttpStatusCode() int { return http.StatusBadRequest }
-type InvalidEmailError struct{}
 
 type OneTimeAccessDisabledError struct{}
 
@@ -237,21 +238,61 @@ type InvalidAPIKeyError struct{}
 func (e *InvalidAPIKeyError) Error() string {
 	return "Invalid Api Key"
 }
+func (e *InvalidAPIKeyError) HttpStatusCode() int { return http.StatusUnauthorized }
 
 type NoAPIKeyProvidedError struct{}
 
 func (e *NoAPIKeyProvidedError) Error() string {
 	return "No API Key Provided"
 }
+func (e *NoAPIKeyProvidedError) HttpStatusCode() int { return http.StatusUnauthorized }
 
 type APIKeyNotFoundError struct{}
 
 func (e *APIKeyNotFoundError) Error() string {
 	return "API Key Not Found"
 }
+func (e *APIKeyNotFoundError) HttpStatusCode() int { return http.StatusUnauthorized }
 
 type APIKeyExpirationDateError struct{}
 
 func (e *APIKeyExpirationDateError) Error() string {
 	return "API Key expiration time must be in the future"
 }
+func (e *APIKeyExpirationDateError) HttpStatusCode() int { return http.StatusBadRequest }
+
+type OidcInvalidRefreshTokenError struct{}
+
+func (e *OidcInvalidRefreshTokenError) Error() string {
+	return "refresh token is invalid or expired"
+}
+func (e *OidcInvalidRefreshTokenError) HttpStatusCode() int {
+	return http.StatusBadRequest
+}
+
+type OidcMissingRefreshTokenError struct{}
+
+func (e *OidcMissingRefreshTokenError) Error() string {
+	return "refresh token is required"
+}
+func (e *OidcMissingRefreshTokenError) HttpStatusCode() int {
+	return http.StatusBadRequest
+}
+
+type OidcMissingAuthorizationCodeError struct{}
+
+func (e *OidcMissingAuthorizationCodeError) Error() string {
+	return "authorization code is required"
+}
+func (e *OidcMissingAuthorizationCodeError) HttpStatusCode() int {
+	return http.StatusBadRequest
+}
+
+type UserDisabledError struct{}
+
+func (e *UserDisabledError) Error() string {
+	return "User account is disabled"
+}
+func (e *UserDisabledError) HttpStatusCode() int {
+	return http.StatusForbidden
+}

backend/internal/controller/api_key_controller.go

@@ -43,25 +43,25 @@ func NewApiKeyController(group *gin.RouterGroup, authMiddleware *middleware.Auth
 // @Param sort_column query string false "Column to sort by" default("created_at")
 // @Param sort_direction query string false "Sort direction (asc or desc)" default("desc")
 // @Success 200 {object} dto.Paginated[dto.ApiKeyDto]
-// @Router /api-keys [get]
+// @Router /api/api-keys [get]
 func (c *ApiKeyController) listApiKeysHandler(ctx *gin.Context) {
 	userID := ctx.GetString("userID")
 
 	var sortedPaginationRequest utils.SortedPaginationRequest
 	if err := ctx.ShouldBindQuery(&sortedPaginationRequest); err != nil {
-		ctx.Error(err)
+		_ = ctx.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
-	apiKeys, pagination, err := c.apiKeyService.ListApiKeys(userID, sortedPaginationRequest)
+	apiKeys, pagination, err := c.apiKeyService.ListApiKeys(ctx.Request.Context(), userID, sortedPaginationRequest)
 	if err != nil {
-		ctx.Error(err)
+		_ = ctx.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
 	var apiKeysDto []dto.ApiKeyDto
 	if err := dto.MapStructList(apiKeys, &apiKeysDto); err != nil {
-		ctx.Error(err)
+		_ = ctx.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -77,25 +77,25 @@ func (c *ApiKeyController) listApiKeysHandler(ctx *gin.Context) {
 // @Tags API Keys
 // @Param api_key body dto.ApiKeyCreateDto true "API key information"
 // @Success 201 {object} dto.ApiKeyResponseDto "Created API key with token"
-// @Router /api-keys [post]
+// @Router /api/api-keys [post]
 func (c *ApiKeyController) createApiKeyHandler(ctx *gin.Context) {
 	userID := ctx.GetString("userID")
 
 	var input dto.ApiKeyCreateDto
 	if err := ctx.ShouldBindJSON(&input); err != nil {
-		ctx.Error(err)
+		_ = ctx.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
-	apiKey, token, err := c.apiKeyService.CreateApiKey(userID, input)
+	apiKey, token, err := c.apiKeyService.CreateApiKey(ctx.Request.Context(), userID, input)
 	if err != nil {
-		ctx.Error(err)
+		_ = ctx.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
 	var apiKeyDto dto.ApiKeyDto
 	if err := dto.MapStruct(apiKey, &apiKeyDto); err != nil {
-		ctx.Error(err)
+		_ = ctx.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -111,13 +111,13 @@ func (c *ApiKeyController) createApiKeyHandler(ctx *gin.Context) {
 // @Tags API Keys
 // @Param id path string true "API Key ID"
 // @Success 204 "No Content"
-// @Router /api-keys/{id} [delete]
+// @Router /api/api-keys/{id} [delete]
 func (c *ApiKeyController) revokeApiKeyHandler(ctx *gin.Context) {
 	userID := ctx.GetString("userID")
 	apiKeyID := ctx.Param("id")
 
-	if err := c.apiKeyService.RevokeApiKey(userID, apiKeyID); err != nil {
+	if err := c.apiKeyService.RevokeApiKey(ctx.Request.Context(), userID, apiKeyID); err != nil {
-		ctx.Error(err)
+		_ = ctx.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 

backend/internal/controller/app_config_controller.go

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 package controller
 
 import (
-	"fmt"
 	"net/http"
+	"strconv"
 
 	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/common"
@@ -60,19 +60,15 @@ type AppConfigController struct {
 // @Failure 500 {object} object "{"error": "error message"}"
 // @Router /application-configuration [get]
 func (acc *AppConfigController) listAppConfigHandler(c *gin.Context) {
-	configuration, err := acc.appConfigService.ListAppConfig(false)
+	configuration := acc.appConfigService.ListAppConfig(false)
-	if err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
-		return
-	}
 
 	var configVariablesDto []dto.PublicAppConfigVariableDto
 	if err := dto.MapStructList(configuration, &configVariablesDto); err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
-	c.JSON(200, configVariablesDto)
+	c.JSON(http.StatusOK, configVariablesDto)
 }
 
 // listAllAppConfigHandler godoc
@@ -85,19 +81,15 @@ func (acc *AppConfigController) listAppConfigHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 // @Security BearerAuth
 // @Router /application-configuration/all [get]
 func (acc *AppConfigController) listAllAppConfigHandler(c *gin.Context) {
-	configuration, err := acc.appConfigService.ListAppConfig(true)
+	configuration := acc.appConfigService.ListAppConfig(true)
-	if err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
-		return
-	}
 
 	var configVariablesDto []dto.AppConfigVariableDto
 	if err := dto.MapStructList(configuration, &configVariablesDto); err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
-	c.JSON(200, configVariablesDto)
+	c.JSON(http.StatusOK, configVariablesDto)
 }
 
 // updateAppConfigHandler godoc
@@ -109,23 +101,23 @@ func (acc *AppConfigController) listAllAppConfigHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 // @Param body body dto.AppConfigUpdateDto true "Application Configuration"
 // @Success 200 {array} dto.AppConfigVariableDto
 // @Security BearerAuth
-// @Router /application-configuration [put]
+// @Router /api/application-configuration [put]
 func (acc *AppConfigController) updateAppConfigHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 	var input dto.AppConfigUpdateDto
 	if err := c.ShouldBindJSON(&input); err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
-	savedConfigVariables, err := acc.appConfigService.UpdateAppConfig(input)
+	savedConfigVariables, err := acc.appConfigService.UpdateAppConfig(c.Request.Context(), input)
 	if err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
 	var configVariablesDto []dto.AppConfigVariableDto
 	if err := dto.MapStructList(savedConfigVariables, &configVariablesDto); err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -141,19 +133,19 @@ func (acc *AppConfigController) updateAppConfigHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 // @Produce image/jpeg
 // @Produce image/svg+xml
 // @Success 200 {file} binary "Logo image"
-// @Router /application-configuration/logo [get]
+// @Router /api/application-configuration/logo [get]
 func (acc *AppConfigController) getLogoHandler(c *gin.Context) {
-	lightLogo := c.DefaultQuery("light", "true") == "true"
+	dbConfig := acc.appConfigService.GetDbConfig()
 
-	var imageName string
+	lightLogo, _ := strconv.ParseBool(c.DefaultQuery("light", "true"))
-	var imageType string
 
+	var imageName, imageType string
 	if lightLogo {
 		imageName = "logoLight"
-		imageType = acc.appConfigService.DbConfig.LogoLightImageType.Value
+		imageType = dbConfig.LogoLightImageType.Value
 	} else {
 		imageName = "logoDark"
-		imageType = acc.appConfigService.DbConfig.LogoDarkImageType.Value
+		imageType = dbConfig.LogoDarkImageType.Value
 	}
 
 	acc.getImage(c, imageName, imageType)
@@ -166,7 +158,7 @@ func (acc *AppConfigController) getLogoHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 // @Produce image/x-icon
 // @Success 200 {file} binary "Favicon image"
 // @Failure 404 {object} object "{"error": "File not found"}"
-// @Router /application-configuration/favicon [get]
+// @Router /api/application-configuration/favicon [get]
 func (acc *AppConfigController) getFaviconHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 	acc.getImage(c, "favicon", "ico")
 }
@@ -179,9 +171,9 @@ func (acc *AppConfigController) getFaviconHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 // @Produce image/jpeg
 // @Success 200 {file} binary "Background image"
 // @Failure 404 {object} object "{"error": "File not found"}"
-// @Router /application-configuration/background-image [get]
+// @Router /api/application-configuration/background-image [get]
 func (acc *AppConfigController) getBackgroundImageHandler(c *gin.Context) {
-	imageType := acc.appConfigService.DbConfig.BackgroundImageType.Value
+	imageType := acc.appConfigService.GetDbConfig().BackgroundImageType.Value
 	acc.getImage(c, "background", imageType)
 }
 
@@ -194,19 +186,19 @@ func (acc *AppConfigController) getBackgroundImageHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 // @Param file formData file true "Logo image file"
 // @Success 204 "No Content"
 // @Security BearerAuth
-// @Router /application-configuration/logo [put]
+// @Router /api/application-configuration/logo [put]
 func (acc *AppConfigController) updateLogoHandler(c *gin.Context) {
-	lightLogo := c.DefaultQuery("light", "true") == "true"
+	dbConfig := acc.appConfigService.GetDbConfig()
 
-	var imageName string
+	lightLogo, _ := strconv.ParseBool(c.DefaultQuery("light", "true"))
-	var imageType string
 
+	var imageName, imageType string
 	if lightLogo {
 		imageName = "logoLight"
-		imageType = acc.appConfigService.DbConfig.LogoLightImageType.Value
+		imageType = dbConfig.LogoLightImageType.Value
 	} else {
 		imageName = "logoDark"
-		imageType = acc.appConfigService.DbConfig.LogoDarkImageType.Value
+		imageType = dbConfig.LogoDarkImageType.Value
 	}
 
 	acc.updateImage(c, imageName, imageType)
@@ -220,17 +212,17 @@ func (acc *AppConfigController) updateLogoHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 // @Param file formData file true "Favicon file (.ico)"
 // @Success 204 "No Content"
 // @Security BearerAuth
-// @Router /application-configuration/favicon [put]
+// @Router /api/application-configuration/favicon [put]
 func (acc *AppConfigController) updateFaviconHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 	file, err := c.FormFile("file")
 	if err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
 	fileType := utils.GetFileExtension(file.Filename)
 	if fileType != "ico" {
-		c.Error(&common.WrongFileTypeError{ExpectedFileType: ".ico"})
+		_ = c.Error(&common.WrongFileTypeError{ExpectedFileType: ".ico"})
 		return
 	}
 	acc.updateImage(c, "favicon", "ico")
@@ -244,15 +236,15 @@ func (acc *AppConfigController) updateFaviconHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 // @Param file formData file true "Background image file"
 // @Success 204 "No Content"
 // @Security BearerAuth
-// @Router /application-configuration/background-image [put]
+// @Router /api/application-configuration/background-image [put]
 func (acc *AppConfigController) updateBackgroundImageHandler(c *gin.Context) {
-	imageType := acc.appConfigService.DbConfig.BackgroundImageType.Value
+	imageType := acc.appConfigService.GetDbConfig().BackgroundImageType.Value
 	acc.updateImage(c, "background", imageType)
 }
 
 // getImage is a helper function to serve image files
 func (acc *AppConfigController) getImage(c *gin.Context, name string, imageType string) {
-	imagePath := fmt.Sprintf("%s/application-images/%s.%s", common.EnvConfig.UploadPath, name, imageType)
+	imagePath := common.EnvConfig.UploadPath + "/application-images/" + name + "." + imageType
 	mimeType := utils.GetImageMimeType(imageType)
 
 	c.Header("Content-Type", mimeType)
@@ -263,13 +255,13 @@ func (acc *AppConfigController) getImage(c *gin.Context, name string, imageType
 func (acc *AppConfigController) updateImage(c *gin.Context, imageName string, oldImageType string) {
 	file, err := c.FormFile("file")
 	if err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
-	err = acc.appConfigService.UpdateImage(file, imageName, oldImageType)
+	err = acc.appConfigService.UpdateImage(c.Request.Context(), file, imageName, oldImageType)
 	if err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -282,11 +274,11 @@ func (acc *AppConfigController) updateImage(c *gin.Context, imageName string, ol
 // @Tags Application Configuration
 // @Success 204 "No Content"
 // @Security BearerAuth
-// @Router /application-configuration/sync-ldap [post]
+// @Router /api/application-configuration/sync-ldap [post]
 func (acc *AppConfigController) syncLdapHandler(c *gin.Context) {
-	err := acc.ldapService.SyncAll()
+	err := acc.ldapService.SyncAll(c.Request.Context())
 	if err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -299,13 +291,13 @@ func (acc *AppConfigController) syncLdapHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 // @Tags Application Configuration
 // @Success 204 "No Content"
 // @Security BearerAuth
-// @Router /application-configuration/test-email [post]
+// @Router /api/application-configuration/test-email [post]
 func (acc *AppConfigController) testEmailHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 	userID := c.GetString("userID")
 
-	err := acc.emailService.SendTestEmail(userID)
+	err := acc.emailService.SendTestEmail(c.Request.Context(), userID)
 	if err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 

backend/internal/controller/audit_log_controller.go

@@ -20,7 +20,10 @@ func NewAuditLogController(group *gin.RouterGroup, auditLogService *service.Audi
 		auditLogService: auditLogService,
 	}
 
+	group.GET("/audit-logs/all", authMiddleware.Add(), alc.listAllAuditLogsHandler)
 	group.GET("/audit-logs", authMiddleware.WithAdminNotRequired().Add(), alc.listAuditLogsForUserHandler)
+	group.GET("/audit-logs/filters/client-names", authMiddleware.Add(), alc.listClientNamesHandler)
+	group.GET("/audit-logs/filters/users", authMiddleware.Add(), alc.listUserNamesWithIdsHandler)
 }
 
 type AuditLogController struct {
@@ -36,20 +39,22 @@ type AuditLogController struct {
 // @Param sort_column query string false "Column to sort by" default("created_at")
 // @Param sort_direction query string false "Sort direction (asc or desc)" default("desc")
 // @Success 200 {object} dto.Paginated[dto.AuditLogDto]
-// @Router /audit-logs [get]
+// @Router /api/audit-logs [get]
 func (alc *AuditLogController) listAuditLogsForUserHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 	var sortedPaginationRequest utils.SortedPaginationRequest
-	if err := c.ShouldBindQuery(&sortedPaginationRequest); err != nil {
+
-		c.Error(err)
+	err := c.ShouldBindQuery(&sortedPaginationRequest)
+	if err != nil {
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
 	userID := c.GetString("userID")
 
 	// Fetch audit logs for the user
-	logs, pagination, err := alc.auditLogService.ListAuditLogsForUser(userID, sortedPaginationRequest)
+	logs, pagination, err := alc.auditLogService.ListAuditLogsForUser(c.Request.Context(), userID, sortedPaginationRequest)
 	if err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -57,7 +62,7 @@ func (alc *AuditLogController) listAuditLogsForUserHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 	var logsDtos []dto.AuditLogDto
 	err = dto.MapStructList(logs, &logsDtos)
 	if err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -72,3 +77,86 @@ func (alc *AuditLogController) listAuditLogsForUserHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 		Pagination: pagination,
 	})
 }
+
+// listAllAuditLogsHandler godoc
+// @Summary List all audit logs
+// @Description Get a paginated list of all audit logs (admin only)
+// @Tags Audit Logs
+// @Param page query int false "Page number, starting from 1" default(1)
+// @Param limit query int false "Number of items per page" default(10)
+// @Param sort_column query string false "Column to sort by" default("created_at")
+// @Param sort_direction query string false "Sort direction (asc or desc)" default("desc")
+// @Param user_id query string false "Filter by user ID"
+// @Param event query string false "Filter by event type"
+// @Param client_name query string false "Filter by client name"
+// @Success 200 {object} dto.Paginated[dto.AuditLogDto]
+// @Router /api/audit-logs/all [get]
+func (alc *AuditLogController) listAllAuditLogsHandler(c *gin.Context) {
+	var sortedPaginationRequest utils.SortedPaginationRequest
+	if err := c.ShouldBindQuery(&sortedPaginationRequest); err != nil {
+		_ = c.Error(err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	var filters dto.AuditLogFilterDto
+	if err := c.ShouldBindQuery(&filters); err != nil {
+		_ = c.Error(err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	logs, pagination, err := alc.auditLogService.ListAllAuditLogs(c.Request.Context(), sortedPaginationRequest, filters)
+	if err != nil {
+		_ = c.Error(err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	var logsDtos []dto.AuditLogDto
+	err = dto.MapStructList(logs, &logsDtos)
+	if err != nil {
+		_ = c.Error(err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	for i, logsDto := range logsDtos {
+		logsDto.Device = alc.auditLogService.DeviceStringFromUserAgent(logs[i].UserAgent)
+		logsDto.Username = logs[i].User.Username
+		logsDtos[i] = logsDto
+	}
+
+	c.JSON(http.StatusOK, dto.Paginated[dto.AuditLogDto]{
+		Data:       logsDtos,
+		Pagination: pagination,
+	})
+}
+
+// listClientNamesHandler godoc
+// @Summary List client names
+// @Description Get a list of all client names for audit log filtering
+// @Tags Audit Logs
+// @Success 200 {array} string "List of client names"
+// @Router /api/audit-logs/filters/client-names [get]
+func (alc *AuditLogController) listClientNamesHandler(c *gin.Context) {
+	names, err := alc.auditLogService.ListClientNames(c.Request.Context())
+	if err != nil {
+		_ = c.Error(err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	c.JSON(http.StatusOK, names)
+}
+
+// listUserNamesWithIdsHandler godoc
+// @Summary List users with IDs
+// @Description Get a list of all usernames with their IDs for audit log filtering
+// @Tags Audit Logs
+// @Success 200 {object} map[string]string "Map of user IDs to usernames"
+// @Router /api/audit-logs/filters/users [get]
+func (alc *AuditLogController) listUserNamesWithIdsHandler(c *gin.Context) {
+	users, err := alc.auditLogService.ListUsernamesWithIds(c.Request.Context())
+	if err != nil {
+		_ = c.Error(err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	c.JSON(http.StatusOK, users)
+}

backend/internal/controller/custom_claim_controller.go

@@ -39,11 +39,11 @@ type CustomClaimController struct {
 // @Failure 403 {object} object "Forbidden"
 // @Failure 500 {object} object "Internal server error"
 // @Security BearerAuth
-// @Router /custom-claims/suggestions [get]
+// @Router /api/custom-claims/suggestions [get]
 func (ccc *CustomClaimController) getSuggestionsHandler(c *gin.Context) {
-	claims, err := ccc.customClaimService.GetSuggestions()
+	claims, err := ccc.customClaimService.GetSuggestions(c.Request.Context())
 	if err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -59,25 +59,25 @@ func (ccc *CustomClaimController) getSuggestionsHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 // @Param userId path string true "User ID"
 // @Param claims body []dto.CustomClaimCreateDto true "List of custom claims to set for the user"
 // @Success 200 {array} dto.CustomClaimDto "Updated custom claims"
-// @Router /custom-claims/user/{userId} [put]
+// @Router /api/custom-claims/user/{userId} [put]
 func (ccc *CustomClaimController) UpdateCustomClaimsForUserHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 	var input []dto.CustomClaimCreateDto
 
 	if err := c.ShouldBindJSON(&input); err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
 	userId := c.Param("userId")
-	claims, err := ccc.customClaimService.UpdateCustomClaimsForUser(userId, input)
+	claims, err := ccc.customClaimService.UpdateCustomClaimsForUser(c.Request.Context(), userId, input)
 	if err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
 	var customClaimsDto []dto.CustomClaimDto
 	if err := dto.MapStructList(claims, &customClaimsDto); err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -94,25 +94,25 @@ func (ccc *CustomClaimController) UpdateCustomClaimsForUserHandler(c *gin.Contex
 // @Param claims body []dto.CustomClaimCreateDto true "List of custom claims to set for the user group"
 // @Success 200 {array} dto.CustomClaimDto "Updated custom claims"
 // @Security BearerAuth
-// @Router /custom-claims/user-group/{userGroupId} [put]
+// @Router /api/custom-claims/user-group/{userGroupId} [put]
 func (ccc *CustomClaimController) UpdateCustomClaimsForUserGroupHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 	var input []dto.CustomClaimCreateDto
 
 	if err := c.ShouldBindJSON(&input); err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
 	userGroupId := c.Param("userGroupId")
-	claims, err := ccc.customClaimService.UpdateCustomClaimsForUserGroup(userGroupId, input)
+	claims, err := ccc.customClaimService.UpdateCustomClaimsForUserGroup(c.Request.Context(), userGroupId, input)
 	if err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
 	var customClaimsDto []dto.CustomClaimDto
 	if err := dto.MapStructList(claims, &customClaimsDto); err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 

backend/internal/controller/e2etest_controller.go

@@ -1,9 +1,12 @@
+//go:build e2etest
+
 package controller
 
 import (
 	"net/http"
 
 	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
+
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/service"
 )
 
@@ -19,22 +22,22 @@ type TestController struct {
 
 func (tc *TestController) resetAndSeedHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 	if err := tc.TestService.ResetDatabase(); err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
 	if err := tc.TestService.ResetApplicationImages(); err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
 	if err := tc.TestService.SeedDatabase(); err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
-	if err := tc.TestService.ResetAppConfig(); err != nil {
+	if err := tc.TestService.ResetAppConfig(c.Request.Context()); err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 

backend/internal/controller/oidc_controller.go

@@ -6,14 +6,13 @@ import (
 	"net/url"
 	"strings"
 
-	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/common"
-	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/utils/cookie"
-
 	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
+	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/common"
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/dto"
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/middleware"
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/service"
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/utils"
+	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/utils/cookie"
 )
 
 // NewOidcController creates a new controller for OIDC related endpoints
@@ -31,6 +30,7 @@ func NewOidcController(group *gin.RouterGroup, authMiddleware *middleware.AuthMi
 	group.POST("/oidc/userinfo", oc.userInfoHandler)
 	group.POST("/oidc/end-session", authMiddleware.WithSuccessOptional().Add(), oc.EndSessionHandler)
 	group.GET("/oidc/end-session", authMiddleware.WithSuccessOptional().Add(), oc.EndSessionHandler)
+	group.POST("/oidc/introspect", oc.introspectTokenHandler)
 
 	group.GET("/oidc/clients", authMiddleware.Add(), oc.listClientsHandler)
 	group.POST("/oidc/clients", authMiddleware.Add(), oc.createClientHandler)
@@ -61,17 +61,17 @@ type OidcController struct {
 // @Param request body dto.AuthorizeOidcClientRequestDto true "Authorization request parameters"
 // @Success 200 {object} dto.AuthorizeOidcClientResponseDto "Authorization code and callback URL"
 // @Security BearerAuth
-// @Router /oidc/authorize [post]
+// @Router /api/oidc/authorize [post]
 func (oc *OidcController) authorizeHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 	var input dto.AuthorizeOidcClientRequestDto
 	if err := c.ShouldBindJSON(&input); err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
-	code, callbackURL, err := oc.oidcService.Authorize(input, c.GetString("userID"), c.ClientIP(), c.Request.UserAgent())
+	code, callbackURL, err := oc.oidcService.Authorize(c.Request.Context(), input, c.GetString("userID"), c.ClientIP(), c.Request.UserAgent())
 	if err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -92,17 +92,17 @@ func (oc *OidcController) authorizeHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 // @Param request body dto.AuthorizationRequiredDto true "Authorization check parameters"
 // @Success 200 {object} object "{ \"authorizationRequired\": true/false }"
 // @Security BearerAuth
-// @Router /oidc/authorization-required [post]
+// @Router /api/oidc/authorization-required [post]
 func (oc *OidcController) authorizationConfirmationRequiredHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 	var input dto.AuthorizationRequiredDto
 	if err := c.ShouldBindJSON(&input); err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
-	hasAuthorizedClient, err := oc.oidcService.HasAuthorizedClient(input.ClientID, c.GetString("userID"), input.Scope)
+	hasAuthorizedClient, err := oc.oidcService.HasAuthorizedClient(c.Request.Context(), input.ClientID, c.GetString("userID"), input.Scope)
 	if err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -111,25 +111,36 @@ func (oc *OidcController) authorizationConfirmationRequiredHandler(c *gin.Contex
 
 // createTokensHandler godoc
 // @Summary Create OIDC tokens
-// @Description Exchange authorization code for ID and access tokens
+// @Description Exchange authorization code or refresh token for access tokens
 // @Tags OIDC
-// @Accept application/x-www-form-urlencoded
 // @Produce json
 // @Param client_id formData string false "Client ID (if not using Basic Auth)"
 // @Param client_secret formData string false "Client secret (if not using Basic Auth)"
-// @Param code formData string true "Authorization code"
+// @Param code formData string false "Authorization code (required for 'authorization_code' grant)"
-// @Param grant_type formData string true "Grant type (must be 'authorization_code')"
+// @Param grant_type formData string true "Grant type ('authorization_code' or 'refresh_token')"
-// @Param code_verifier formData string false "PKCE code verifier"
+// @Param code_verifier formData string false "PKCE code verifier (for authorization_code with PKCE)"
-// @Success 200 {object} object "{ \"id_token\": \"string\", \"access_token\": \"string\", \"token_type\": \"Bearer\" }"
+// @Param refresh_token formData string false "Refresh token (required for 'refresh_token' grant)"
-// @Router /oidc/token [post]
+// @Success 200 {object} dto.OidcTokenResponseDto "Token response with access_token and optional id_token and refresh_token"
+// @Router /api/oidc/token [post]
 func (oc *OidcController) createTokensHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 	// Disable cors for this endpoint
 	c.Writer.Header().Set("Access-Control-Allow-Origin", "*")
 
 	var input dto.OidcCreateTokensDto
-
 	if err := c.ShouldBind(&input); err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Validate that code is provided for authorization_code grant type
+	if input.GrantType == "authorization_code" && input.Code == "" {
+		_ = c.Error(&common.OidcMissingAuthorizationCodeError{})
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Validate that refresh_token is provided for refresh_token grant type
+	if input.GrantType == "refresh_token" && input.RefreshToken == "" {
+		_ = c.Error(&common.OidcMissingRefreshTokenError{})
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -141,13 +152,38 @@ func (oc *OidcController) createTokensHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 		clientID, clientSecret, _ = c.Request.BasicAuth()
 	}
 
-	idToken, accessToken, err := oc.oidcService.CreateTokens(input.Code, input.GrantType, clientID, clientSecret, input.CodeVerifier)
+	idToken, accessToken, refreshToken, expiresIn, err := oc.oidcService.CreateTokens(
+		c.Request.Context(),
+		input.Code,
+		input.GrantType,
+		clientID,
+		clientSecret,
+		input.CodeVerifier,
+		input.RefreshToken,
+	)
+
 	if err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
-	c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{"id_token": idToken, "access_token": accessToken, "token_type": "Bearer"})
+	response := dto.OidcTokenResponseDto{
+		AccessToken: accessToken,
+		TokenType:   "Bearer",
+		ExpiresIn:   expiresIn,
+	}
+
+	// Include ID token only for authorization_code grant
+	if idToken != "" {
+		response.IdToken = idToken
+	}
+
+	// Include refresh token if generated
+	if refreshToken != "" {
+		response.RefreshToken = refreshToken
+	}
+
+	c.JSON(http.StatusOK, response)
 }
 
 // userInfoHandler godoc
@@ -158,45 +194,38 @@ func (oc *OidcController) createTokensHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 // @Produce json
 // @Success 200 {object} object "User claims based on requested scopes"
 // @Security OAuth2AccessToken
-// @Router /oidc/userinfo [get]
+// @Router /api/oidc/userinfo [get]
 func (oc *OidcController) userInfoHandler(c *gin.Context) {
-	authHeaderSplit := strings.Split(c.GetHeader("Authorization"), " ")
+	_, authToken, ok := strings.Cut(c.GetHeader("Authorization"), " ")
-	if len(authHeaderSplit) != 2 {
+	if !ok || authToken == "" {
-		c.Error(&common.MissingAccessToken{})
+		_ = c.Error(&common.MissingAccessToken{})
 		return
 	}
 
-	token := authHeaderSplit[1]
+	token, err := oc.jwtService.VerifyOauthAccessToken(authToken)
-
-	jwtClaims, err := oc.jwtService.VerifyOauthAccessToken(token)
 	if err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
-	userID := jwtClaims.Subject
+	userID, ok := token.Subject()
-	clientId := jwtClaims.Audience[0]
+	if !ok {
-	claims, err := oc.oidcService.GetUserClaimsForClient(userID, clientId)
+		_ = c.Error(&common.TokenInvalidError{})
+		return
+	}
+	clientID, ok := token.Audience()
+	if !ok || len(clientID) != 1 {
+		_ = c.Error(&common.TokenInvalidError{})
+		return
+	}
+	claims, err := oc.oidcService.GetUserClaimsForClient(c.Request.Context(), userID, clientID[0])
 	if err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
 	c.JSON(http.StatusOK, claims)
 }
 
-// userInfoHandler godoc (POST method)
-// @Summary Get user information (POST method)
-// @Description Get user information based on the access token using POST
-// @Tags OIDC
-// @Accept json
-// @Produce json
-// @Success 200 {object} object "User claims based on requested scopes"
-// @Security OAuth2AccessToken
-// @Router /oidc/userinfo [post]
-func (oc *OidcController) userInfoHandlerPost(c *gin.Context) {
-	// Implementation is the same as GET
-}
-
 // EndSessionHandler godoc
 // @Summary End OIDC session
 // @Description End user session and handle OIDC logout
@@ -207,25 +236,26 @@ func (oc *OidcController) userInfoHandlerPost(c *gin.Context) {
 // @Param post_logout_redirect_uri query string false "URL to redirect to after logout"
 // @Param state query string false "State parameter to include in the redirect"
 // @Success 302 "Redirect to post-logout URL or application logout page"
-// @Router /oidc/end-session [get]
+// @Router /api/oidc/end-session [get]
 func (oc *OidcController) EndSessionHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 	var input dto.OidcLogoutDto
 
 	// Bind query parameters to the struct
-	if c.Request.Method == http.MethodGet {
+	switch c.Request.Method {
+	case http.MethodGet:
 		if err := c.ShouldBindQuery(&input); err != nil {
-			c.Error(err)
+			_ = c.Error(err)
 			return
 		}
-	} else if c.Request.Method == http.MethodPost {
+	case http.MethodPost:
 		// Bind form parameters to the struct
 		if err := c.ShouldBind(&input); err != nil {
-			c.Error(err)
+			_ = c.Error(err)
 			return
 		}
 	}
 
-	callbackURL, err := oc.oidcService.ValidateEndSession(input, c.GetString("userID"))
+	callbackURL, err := oc.oidcService.ValidateEndSession(c.Request.Context(), input, c.GetString("userID"))
 	if err != nil {
 		// If the validation fails, the user has to confirm the logout manually and doesn't get redirected
 		log.Printf("Error getting logout callback URL, the user has to confirm the logout manually: %v", err)
@@ -256,11 +286,43 @@ func (oc *OidcController) EndSessionHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 // @Param post_logout_redirect_uri formData string false "URL to redirect to after logout"
 // @Param state formData string false "State parameter to include in the redirect"
 // @Success 302 "Redirect to post-logout URL or application logout page"
-// @Router /oidc/end-session [post]
+// @Router /api/oidc/end-session [post]
 func (oc *OidcController) EndSessionHandlerPost(c *gin.Context) {
 	// Implementation is the same as GET
 }
 
+// introspectToken godoc
+// @Summary Introspect OIDC tokens
+// @Description Pass an access_token to verify if it is considered valid.
+// @Tags OIDC
+// @Produce json
+// @Param token formData string true "The token to be introspected."
+// @Success 200 {object} dto.OidcIntrospectionResponseDto "Response with the introspection result."
+// @Router /api/oidc/introspect [post]
+func (oc *OidcController) introspectTokenHandler(c *gin.Context) {
+
+	var input dto.OidcIntrospectDto
+	if err := c.ShouldBind(&input); err != nil {
+		_ = c.Error(err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Client id and secret have to be passed over the Authorization header. This kind of
+	// authentication allows us to keep the endpoint protected (since it could be used to
+	// find valid tokens) while still allowing it to be used by an application that is
+	// supposed to interact with our IdP (since that needs to have a client_id
+	// and client_secret anyway).
+	clientID, clientSecret, _ := c.Request.BasicAuth()
+
+	response, err := oc.oidcService.IntrospectToken(clientID, clientSecret, input.Token)
+	if err != nil {
+		_ = c.Error(err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	c.JSON(http.StatusOK, response)
+}
+
 // getClientMetaDataHandler godoc
 // @Summary Get client metadata
 // @Description Get OIDC client metadata for discovery and configuration
@@ -268,12 +330,12 @@ func (oc *OidcController) EndSessionHandlerPost(c *gin.Context) {
 // @Produce json
 // @Param id path string true "Client ID"
 // @Success 200 {object} dto.OidcClientMetaDataDto "Client metadata"
-// @Router /oidc/clients/{id}/meta [get]
+// @Router /api/oidc/clients/{id}/meta [get]
 func (oc *OidcController) getClientMetaDataHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 	clientId := c.Param("id")
-	client, err := oc.oidcService.GetClient(clientId)
+	client, err := oc.oidcService.GetClient(c.Request.Context(), clientId)
 	if err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -284,7 +346,7 @@ func (oc *OidcController) getClientMetaDataHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 		return
 	}
 
-	c.Error(err)
+	_ = c.Error(err)
 }
 
 // getClientHandler godoc
@@ -295,12 +357,12 @@ func (oc *OidcController) getClientMetaDataHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 // @Param id path string true "Client ID"
 // @Success 200 {object} dto.OidcClientWithAllowedUserGroupsDto "Client information"
 // @Security BearerAuth
-// @Router /oidc/clients/{id} [get]
+// @Router /api/oidc/clients/{id} [get]
 func (oc *OidcController) getClientHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 	clientId := c.Param("id")
-	client, err := oc.oidcService.GetClient(clientId)
+	client, err := oc.oidcService.GetClient(c.Request.Context(), clientId)
 	if err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -311,7 +373,7 @@ func (oc *OidcController) getClientHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 		return
 	}
 
-	c.Error(err)
+	_ = c.Error(err)
 }
 
 // listClientsHandler godoc
@@ -325,24 +387,24 @@ func (oc *OidcController) getClientHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 // @Param sort_direction query string false "Sort direction (asc or desc)" default("asc")
 // @Success 200 {object} dto.Paginated[dto.OidcClientDto]
 // @Security BearerAuth
-// @Router /oidc/clients [get]
+// @Router /api/oidc/clients [get]
 func (oc *OidcController) listClientsHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 	searchTerm := c.Query("search")
 	var sortedPaginationRequest utils.SortedPaginationRequest
 	if err := c.ShouldBindQuery(&sortedPaginationRequest); err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
-	clients, pagination, err := oc.oidcService.ListClients(searchTerm, sortedPaginationRequest)
+	clients, pagination, err := oc.oidcService.ListClients(c.Request.Context(), searchTerm, sortedPaginationRequest)
 	if err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
 	var clientsDto []dto.OidcClientDto
 	if err := dto.MapStructList(clients, &clientsDto); err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -361,23 +423,23 @@ func (oc *OidcController) listClientsHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 // @Param client body dto.OidcClientCreateDto true "Client information"
 // @Success 201 {object} dto.OidcClientWithAllowedUserGroupsDto "Created client"
 // @Security BearerAuth
-// @Router /oidc/clients [post]
+// @Router /api/oidc/clients [post]
 func (oc *OidcController) createClientHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 	var input dto.OidcClientCreateDto
 	if err := c.ShouldBindJSON(&input); err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
-	client, err := oc.oidcService.CreateClient(input, c.GetString("userID"))
+	client, err := oc.oidcService.CreateClient(c.Request.Context(), input, c.GetString("userID"))
 	if err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
 	var clientDto dto.OidcClientWithAllowedUserGroupsDto
 	if err := dto.MapStruct(client, &clientDto); err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -391,11 +453,11 @@ func (oc *OidcController) createClientHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 // @Param id path string true "Client ID"
 // @Success 204 "No Content"
 // @Security BearerAuth
-// @Router /oidc/clients/{id} [delete]
+// @Router /api/oidc/clients/{id} [delete]
 func (oc *OidcController) deleteClientHandler(c *gin.Context) {
-	err := oc.oidcService.DeleteClient(c.Param("id"))
+	err := oc.oidcService.DeleteClient(c.Request.Context(), c.Param("id"))
 	if err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -412,23 +474,23 @@ func (oc *OidcController) deleteClientHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 // @Param client body dto.OidcClientCreateDto true "Client information"
 // @Success 200 {object} dto.OidcClientWithAllowedUserGroupsDto "Updated client"
 // @Security BearerAuth
-// @Router /oidc/clients/{id} [put]
+// @Router /api/oidc/clients/{id} [put]
 func (oc *OidcController) updateClientHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 	var input dto.OidcClientCreateDto
 	if err := c.ShouldBindJSON(&input); err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
-	client, err := oc.oidcService.UpdateClient(c.Param("id"), input)
+	client, err := oc.oidcService.UpdateClient(c.Request.Context(), c.Param("id"), input)
 	if err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
 	var clientDto dto.OidcClientWithAllowedUserGroupsDto
 	if err := dto.MapStruct(client, &clientDto); err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -443,11 +505,11 @@ func (oc *OidcController) updateClientHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 // @Param id path string true "Client ID"
 // @Success 200 {object} object "{ \"secret\": \"string\" }"
 // @Security BearerAuth
-// @Router /oidc/clients/{id}/secret [post]
+// @Router /api/oidc/clients/{id}/secret [post]
 func (oc *OidcController) createClientSecretHandler(c *gin.Context) {
-	secret, err := oc.oidcService.CreateClientSecret(c.Param("id"))
+	secret, err := oc.oidcService.CreateClientSecret(c.Request.Context(), c.Param("id"))
 	if err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -463,11 +525,11 @@ func (oc *OidcController) createClientSecretHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 // @Produce image/svg+xml
 // @Param id path string true "Client ID"
 // @Success 200 {file} binary "Logo image"
-// @Router /oidc/clients/{id}/logo [get]
+// @Router /api/oidc/clients/{id}/logo [get]
 func (oc *OidcController) getClientLogoHandler(c *gin.Context) {
-	imagePath, mimeType, err := oc.oidcService.GetClientLogo(c.Param("id"))
+	imagePath, mimeType, err := oc.oidcService.GetClientLogo(c.Request.Context(), c.Param("id"))
 	if err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -484,17 +546,17 @@ func (oc *OidcController) getClientLogoHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 // @Param file formData file true "Logo image file (PNG, JPG, or SVG, max 2MB)"
 // @Success 204 "No Content"
 // @Security BearerAuth
-// @Router /oidc/clients/{id}/logo [post]
+// @Router /api/oidc/clients/{id}/logo [post]
 func (oc *OidcController) updateClientLogoHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 	file, err := c.FormFile("file")
 	if err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
-	err = oc.oidcService.UpdateClientLogo(c.Param("id"), file)
+	err = oc.oidcService.UpdateClientLogo(c.Request.Context(), c.Param("id"), file)
 	if err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -508,11 +570,11 @@ func (oc *OidcController) updateClientLogoHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 // @Param id path string true "Client ID"
 // @Success 204 "No Content"
 // @Security BearerAuth
-// @Router /oidc/clients/{id}/logo [delete]
+// @Router /api/oidc/clients/{id}/logo [delete]
 func (oc *OidcController) deleteClientLogoHandler(c *gin.Context) {
-	err := oc.oidcService.DeleteClientLogo(c.Param("id"))
+	err := oc.oidcService.DeleteClientLogo(c.Request.Context(), c.Param("id"))
 	if err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -529,23 +591,23 @@ func (oc *OidcController) deleteClientLogoHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 // @Param groups body dto.OidcUpdateAllowedUserGroupsDto true "User group IDs"
 // @Success 200 {object} dto.OidcClientDto "Updated client"
 // @Security BearerAuth
-// @Router /oidc/clients/{id}/allowed-user-groups [put]
+// @Router /api/oidc/clients/{id}/allowed-user-groups [put]
 func (oc *OidcController) updateAllowedUserGroupsHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 	var input dto.OidcUpdateAllowedUserGroupsDto
 	if err := c.ShouldBindJSON(&input); err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
-	oidcClient, err := oc.oidcService.UpdateAllowedUserGroups(c.Param("id"), input)
+	oidcClient, err := oc.oidcService.UpdateAllowedUserGroups(c.Request.Context(), c.Param("id"), input)
 	if err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
 	var oidcClientDto dto.OidcClientDto
 	if err := dto.MapStruct(oidcClient, &oidcClientDto); err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 

backend/internal/controller/user_controller.go

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ package controller
 
 import (
 	"net/http"
-	"strconv"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/utils/cookie"
@@ -44,9 +43,10 @@ func NewUserController(group *gin.RouterGroup, authMiddleware *middleware.AuthMi
 
 	group.POST("/users/me/one-time-access-token", authMiddleware.WithAdminNotRequired().Add(), uc.createOwnOneTimeAccessTokenHandler)
 	group.POST("/users/:id/one-time-access-token", authMiddleware.Add(), uc.createAdminOneTimeAccessTokenHandler)
+	group.POST("/users/:id/one-time-access-email", authMiddleware.Add(), uc.RequestOneTimeAccessEmailAsAdminHandler)
 	group.POST("/one-time-access-token/:token", rateLimitMiddleware.Add(rate.Every(10*time.Second), 5), uc.exchangeOneTimeAccessTokenHandler)
 	group.POST("/one-time-access-token/setup", uc.getSetupAccessTokenHandler)
-	group.POST("/one-time-access-email", rateLimitMiddleware.Add(rate.Every(10*time.Minute), 3), uc.requestOneTimeAccessEmailHandler)
+	group.POST("/one-time-access-email", rateLimitMiddleware.Add(rate.Every(10*time.Minute), 3), uc.RequestOneTimeAccessEmailAsUnauthenticatedUserHandler)
 
 	group.DELETE("/users/:id/profile-picture", authMiddleware.Add(), uc.resetUserProfilePictureHandler)
 	group.DELETE("/users/me/profile-picture", authMiddleware.WithAdminNotRequired().Add(), uc.resetCurrentUserProfilePictureHandler)
@@ -63,18 +63,18 @@ type UserController struct {
 // @Tags Users,User Groups
 // @Param id path string true "User ID"
 // @Success 200 {array} dto.UserGroupDtoWithUsers
-// @Router /users/{id}/groups [get]
+// @Router /api/users/{id}/groups [get]
 func (uc *UserController) getUserGroupsHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 	userID := c.Param("id")
-	groups, err := uc.userService.GetUserGroups(userID)
+	groups, err := uc.userService.GetUserGroups(c.Request.Context(), userID)
 	if err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
 	var groupsDto []dto.UserGroupDtoWithUsers
 	if err := dto.MapStructList(groups, &groupsDto); err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -91,24 +91,24 @@ func (uc *UserController) getUserGroupsHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 // @Param sort_column query string false "Column to sort by" default("created_at")
 // @Param sort_direction query string false "Sort direction (asc or desc)" default("desc")
 // @Success 200 {object} dto.Paginated[dto.UserDto]
-// @Router /users [get]
+// @Router /api/users [get]
 func (uc *UserController) listUsersHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 	searchTerm := c.Query("search")
 	var sortedPaginationRequest utils.SortedPaginationRequest
 	if err := c.ShouldBindQuery(&sortedPaginationRequest); err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
-	users, pagination, err := uc.userService.ListUsers(searchTerm, sortedPaginationRequest)
+	users, pagination, err := uc.userService.ListUsers(c.Request.Context(), searchTerm, sortedPaginationRequest)
 	if err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
 	var usersDto []dto.UserDto
 	if err := dto.MapStructList(users, &usersDto); err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -124,17 +124,17 @@ func (uc *UserController) listUsersHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 // @Tags Users
 // @Param id path string true "User ID"
 // @Success 200 {object} dto.UserDto
-// @Router /users/{id} [get]
+// @Router /api/users/{id} [get]
 func (uc *UserController) getUserHandler(c *gin.Context) {
-	user, err := uc.userService.GetUser(c.Param("id"))
+	user, err := uc.userService.GetUser(c.Request.Context(), c.Param("id"))
 	if err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
 	var userDto dto.UserDto
 	if err := dto.MapStruct(user, &userDto); err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -146,17 +146,17 @@ func (uc *UserController) getUserHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 // @Description Retrieve information about the currently authenticated user
 // @Tags Users
 // @Success 200 {object} dto.UserDto
-// @Router /users/me [get]
+// @Router /api/users/me [get]
 func (uc *UserController) getCurrentUserHandler(c *gin.Context) {
-	user, err := uc.userService.GetUser(c.GetString("userID"))
+	user, err := uc.userService.GetUser(c.Request.Context(), c.GetString("userID"))
 	if err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
 	var userDto dto.UserDto
 	if err := dto.MapStruct(user, &userDto); err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -169,10 +169,10 @@ func (uc *UserController) getCurrentUserHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 // @Tags Users
 // @Param id path string true "User ID"
 // @Success 204 "No Content"
-// @Router /users/{id} [delete]
+// @Router /api/users/{id} [delete]
 func (uc *UserController) deleteUserHandler(c *gin.Context) {
-	if err := uc.userService.DeleteUser(c.Param("id")); err != nil {
+	if err := uc.userService.DeleteUser(c.Request.Context(), c.Param("id"), false); err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -185,23 +185,23 @@ func (uc *UserController) deleteUserHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 // @Tags Users
 // @Param user body dto.UserCreateDto true "User information"
 // @Success 201 {object} dto.UserDto
-// @Router /users [post]
+// @Router /api/users [post]
 func (uc *UserController) createUserHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 	var input dto.UserCreateDto
 	if err := c.ShouldBindJSON(&input); err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
-	user, err := uc.userService.CreateUser(input)
+	user, err := uc.userService.CreateUser(c.Request.Context(), input)
 	if err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
 	var userDto dto.UserDto
 	if err := dto.MapStruct(user, &userDto); err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ func (uc *UserController) createUserHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 // @Param id path string true "User ID"
 // @Param user body dto.UserCreateDto true "User information"
 // @Success 200 {object} dto.UserDto
-// @Router /users/{id} [put]
+// @Router /api/users/{id} [put]
 func (uc *UserController) updateUserHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 	uc.updateUser(c, false)
 }
@@ -226,10 +226,10 @@ func (uc *UserController) updateUserHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 // @Tags Users
 // @Param user body dto.UserCreateDto true "User information"
 // @Success 200 {object} dto.UserDto
-// @Router /users/me [put]
+// @Router /api/users/me [put]
 func (uc *UserController) updateCurrentUserHandler(c *gin.Context) {
-	if uc.appConfigService.DbConfig.AllowOwnAccountEdit.Value != "true" {
+	if !uc.appConfigService.GetDbConfig().AllowOwnAccountEdit.IsTrue() {
-		c.Error(&common.AccountEditNotAllowedError{})
+		_ = c.Error(&common.AccountEditNotAllowedError{})
 		return
 	}
 	uc.updateUser(c, true)
@@ -242,17 +242,23 @@ func (uc *UserController) updateCurrentUserHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 // @Produce image/png
 // @Param id path string true "User ID"
 // @Success 200 {file} binary "PNG image"
-// @Router /users/{id}/profile-picture.png [get]
+// @Router /api/users/{id}/profile-picture.png [get]
 func (uc *UserController) getUserProfilePictureHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 	userID := c.Param("id")
 
-	picture, size, err := uc.userService.GetProfilePicture(userID)
+	picture, size, err := uc.userService.GetProfilePicture(c.Request.Context(), userID)
 	if err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
+	if picture != nil {
+		defer picture.Close()
+	}
 
-	c.Header("Cache-Control", "public, max-age=300")
+	_, ok := c.GetQuery("skipCache")
+	if !ok {
+		c.Header("Cache-Control", "public, max-age=900")
+	}
 
 	c.DataFromReader(http.StatusOK, size, "image/png", picture, nil)
 }
@@ -266,23 +272,23 @@ func (uc *UserController) getUserProfilePictureHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 // @Param id path string true "User ID"
 // @Param file formData file true "Profile picture image file (PNG, JPG, or JPEG)"
 // @Success 204 "No Content"
-// @Router /users/{id}/profile-picture [put]
+// @Router /api/users/{id}/profile-picture [put]
 func (uc *UserController) updateUserProfilePictureHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 	userID := c.Param("id")
 	fileHeader, err := c.FormFile("file")
 	if err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 	file, err := fileHeader.Open()
 	if err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 	defer file.Close()
 
 	if err := uc.userService.UpdateProfilePicture(userID, file); err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -297,23 +303,23 @@ func (uc *UserController) updateUserProfilePictureHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 // @Produce json
 // @Param file formData file true "Profile picture image file (PNG, JPG, or JPEG)"
 // @Success 204 "No Content"
-// @Router /users/me/profile-picture [put]
+// @Router /api/users/me/profile-picture [put]
 func (uc *UserController) updateCurrentUserProfilePictureHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 	userID := c.GetString("userID")
 	fileHeader, err := c.FormFile("file")
 	if err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 	file, err := fileHeader.Open()
 	if err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 	defer file.Close()
 
 	if err := uc.userService.UpdateProfilePicture(userID, file); err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -323,16 +329,16 @@ func (uc *UserController) updateCurrentUserProfilePictureHandler(c *gin.Context)
 func (uc *UserController) createOneTimeAccessTokenHandler(c *gin.Context, own bool) {
 	var input dto.OneTimeAccessTokenCreateDto
 	if err := c.ShouldBindJSON(&input); err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
 	if own {
 		input.UserID = c.GetString("userID")
 	}
-	token, err := uc.userService.CreateOneTimeAccessToken(input.UserID, input.ExpiresAt)
+	token, err := uc.userService.CreateOneTimeAccessToken(c.Request.Context(), input.UserID, input.ExpiresAt)
 	if err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -346,25 +352,70 @@ func (uc *UserController) createOneTimeAccessTokenHandler(c *gin.Context, own bo
 // @Param id path string true "User ID"
 // @Param body body dto.OneTimeAccessTokenCreateDto true "Token options"
 // @Success 201 {object} object "{ \"token\": \"string\" }"
-// @Router /users/{id}/one-time-access-token [post]
+// @Router /api/users/{id}/one-time-access-token [post]
 func (uc *UserController) createOwnOneTimeAccessTokenHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 	uc.createOneTimeAccessTokenHandler(c, true)
 }
 
+// createAdminOneTimeAccessTokenHandler godoc
+// @Summary Create one-time access token for user (admin)
+// @Description Generate a one-time access token for a specific user (admin only)
+// @Tags Users
+// @Param id path string true "User ID"
+// @Param body body dto.OneTimeAccessTokenCreateDto true "Token options"
+// @Success 201 {object} object "{ \"token\": \"string\" }"
+// @Router /api/users/{id}/one-time-access-token [post]
 func (uc *UserController) createAdminOneTimeAccessTokenHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 	uc.createOneTimeAccessTokenHandler(c, false)
 }
 
-func (uc *UserController) requestOneTimeAccessEmailHandler(c *gin.Context) {
+// RequestOneTimeAccessEmailAsUnauthenticatedUserHandler godoc
-	var input dto.OneTimeAccessEmailDto
+// @Summary Request one-time access email
+// @Description Request a one-time access email for unauthenticated users
+// @Tags Users
+// @Accept json
+// @Produce json
+// @Param body body dto.OneTimeAccessEmailAsUnauthenticatedUserDto true "Email request information"
+// @Success 204 "No Content"
+// @Router /api/one-time-access-email [post]
+func (uc *UserController) RequestOneTimeAccessEmailAsUnauthenticatedUserHandler(c *gin.Context) {
+	var input dto.OneTimeAccessEmailAsUnauthenticatedUserDto
 	if err := c.ShouldBindJSON(&input); err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
-	err := uc.userService.RequestOneTimeAccessEmail(input.Email, input.RedirectPath)
+	err := uc.userService.RequestOneTimeAccessEmailAsUnauthenticatedUser(c.Request.Context(), input.Email, input.RedirectPath)
 	if err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	c.Status(http.StatusNoContent)
+}
+
+// RequestOneTimeAccessEmailAsAdminHandler godoc
+// @Summary Request one-time access email (admin)
+// @Description Request a one-time access email for a specific user (admin only)
+// @Tags Users
+// @Accept json
+// @Produce json
+// @Param id path string true "User ID"
+// @Param body body dto.OneTimeAccessEmailAsAdminDto true "Email request options"
+// @Success 204 "No Content"
+// @Router /api/users/{id}/one-time-access-email [post]
+func (uc *UserController) RequestOneTimeAccessEmailAsAdminHandler(c *gin.Context) {
+	var input dto.OneTimeAccessEmailAsAdminDto
+	if err := c.ShouldBindJSON(&input); err != nil {
+		_ = c.Error(err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	userID := c.Param("id")
+
+	err := uc.userService.RequestOneTimeAccessEmailAsAdmin(c.Request.Context(), userID, input.ExpiresAt)
+	if err != nil {
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -377,22 +428,21 @@ func (uc *UserController) requestOneTimeAccessEmailHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 // @Tags Users
 // @Param token path string true "One-time access token"
 // @Success 200 {object} dto.UserDto
-// @Router /one-time-access-token/{token} [post]
+// @Router /api/one-time-access-token/{token} [post]
 func (uc *UserController) exchangeOneTimeAccessTokenHandler(c *gin.Context) {
-	user, token, err := uc.userService.ExchangeOneTimeAccessToken(c.Param("token"), c.ClientIP(), c.Request.UserAgent())
+	user, token, err := uc.userService.ExchangeOneTimeAccessToken(c.Request.Context(), c.Param("token"), c.ClientIP(), c.Request.UserAgent())
 	if err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
 	var userDto dto.UserDto
 	if err := dto.MapStruct(user, &userDto); err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
-	sessionDurationInMinutesParsed, _ := strconv.Atoi(uc.appConfigService.DbConfig.SessionDuration.Value)
+	maxAge := int(uc.appConfigService.GetDbConfig().SessionDuration.AsDurationMinutes().Seconds())
-	maxAge := sessionDurationInMinutesParsed * 60
 	cookie.AddAccessTokenCookie(c, maxAge, token)
 
 	c.JSON(http.StatusOK, userDto)
@@ -403,22 +453,21 @@ func (uc *UserController) exchangeOneTimeAccessTokenHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 // @Description Generate setup access token for initial admin user configuration
 // @Tags Users
 // @Success 200 {object} dto.UserDto
-// @Router /one-time-access-token/setup [post]
+// @Router /api/one-time-access-token/setup [post]
 func (uc *UserController) getSetupAccessTokenHandler(c *gin.Context) {
-	user, token, err := uc.userService.SetupInitialAdmin()
+	user, token, err := uc.userService.SetupInitialAdmin(c.Request.Context())
 	if err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
 	var userDto dto.UserDto
 	if err := dto.MapStruct(user, &userDto); err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
-	sessionDurationInMinutesParsed, _ := strconv.Atoi(uc.appConfigService.DbConfig.SessionDuration.Value)
+	maxAge := int(uc.appConfigService.GetDbConfig().SessionDuration.AsDurationMinutes().Seconds())
-	maxAge := sessionDurationInMinutesParsed * 60
 	cookie.AddAccessTokenCookie(c, maxAge, token)
 
 	c.JSON(http.StatusOK, userDto)
@@ -431,23 +480,23 @@ func (uc *UserController) getSetupAccessTokenHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 // @Param id path string true "User ID"
 // @Param groups body dto.UserUpdateUserGroupDto true "User group IDs"
 // @Success 200 {object} dto.UserDto
-// @Router /users/{id}/user-groups [put]
+// @Router /api/users/{id}/user-groups [put]
 func (uc *UserController) updateUserGroups(c *gin.Context) {
 	var input dto.UserUpdateUserGroupDto
 	if err := c.ShouldBindJSON(&input); err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
-	user, err := uc.userService.UpdateUserGroups(c.Param("id"), input.UserGroupIds)
+	user, err := uc.userService.UpdateUserGroups(c.Request.Context(), c.Param("id"), input.UserGroupIds)
 	if err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
 	var userDto dto.UserDto
 	if err := dto.MapStruct(user, &userDto); err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -458,7 +507,7 @@ func (uc *UserController) updateUserGroups(c *gin.Context) {
 func (uc *UserController) updateUser(c *gin.Context, updateOwnUser bool) {
 	var input dto.UserCreateDto
 	if err := c.ShouldBindJSON(&input); err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -469,15 +518,15 @@ func (uc *UserController) updateUser(c *gin.Context, updateOwnUser bool) {
 		userID = c.Param("id")
 	}
 
-	user, err := uc.userService.UpdateUser(userID, input, updateOwnUser, false)
+	user, err := uc.userService.UpdateUser(c.Request.Context(), userID, input, updateOwnUser, false)
 	if err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
 	var userDto dto.UserDto
 	if err := dto.MapStruct(user, &userDto); err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -491,12 +540,12 @@ func (uc *UserController) updateUser(c *gin.Context, updateOwnUser bool) {
 // @Produce json
 // @Param id path string true "User ID"
 // @Success 204 "No Content"
-// @Router /users/{id}/profile-picture [delete]
+// @Router /api/users/{id}/profile-picture [delete]
 func (uc *UserController) resetUserProfilePictureHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 	userID := c.Param("id")
 
 	if err := uc.userService.ResetProfilePicture(userID); err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -509,12 +558,12 @@ func (uc *UserController) resetUserProfilePictureHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 // @Tags Users
 // @Produce json
 // @Success 204 "No Content"
-// @Router /users/me/profile-picture [delete]
+// @Router /api/users/me/profile-picture [delete]
 func (uc *UserController) resetCurrentUserProfilePictureHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 	userID := c.GetString("userID")
 
 	if err := uc.userService.ResetProfilePicture(userID); err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 

backend/internal/controller/user_group_controller.go

@@ -45,18 +45,20 @@ type UserGroupController struct {
 // @Param sort_column query string false "Column to sort by" default("name")
 // @Param sort_direction query string false "Sort direction (asc or desc)" default("asc")
 // @Success 200 {object} dto.Paginated[dto.UserGroupDtoWithUserCount]
-// @Router /user-groups [get]
+// @Router /api/user-groups [get]
 func (ugc *UserGroupController) list(c *gin.Context) {
+	ctx := c.Request.Context()
+
 	searchTerm := c.Query("search")
 	var sortedPaginationRequest utils.SortedPaginationRequest
 	if err := c.ShouldBindQuery(&sortedPaginationRequest); err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
-	groups, pagination, err := ugc.UserGroupService.List(searchTerm, sortedPaginationRequest)
+	groups, pagination, err := ugc.UserGroupService.List(ctx, searchTerm, sortedPaginationRequest)
 	if err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -65,12 +67,12 @@ func (ugc *UserGroupController) list(c *gin.Context) {
 	for i, group := range groups {
 		var groupDto dto.UserGroupDtoWithUserCount
 		if err := dto.MapStruct(group, &groupDto); err != nil {
-			c.Error(err)
+			_ = c.Error(err)
 			return
 		}
-		groupDto.UserCount, err = ugc.UserGroupService.GetUserCountOfGroup(group.ID)
+		groupDto.UserCount, err = ugc.UserGroupService.GetUserCountOfGroup(ctx, group.ID)
 		if err != nil {
-			c.Error(err)
+			_ = c.Error(err)
 			return
 		}
 		groupsDto[i] = groupDto
@@ -91,17 +93,17 @@ func (ugc *UserGroupController) list(c *gin.Context) {
 // @Param id path string true "User Group ID"
 // @Success 200 {object} dto.UserGroupDtoWithUsers
 // @Security BearerAuth
-// @Router /user-groups/{id} [get]
+// @Router /api/user-groups/{id} [get]
 func (ugc *UserGroupController) get(c *gin.Context) {
-	group, err := ugc.UserGroupService.Get(c.Param("id"))
+	group, err := ugc.UserGroupService.Get(c.Request.Context(), c.Param("id"))
 	if err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
 	var groupDto dto.UserGroupDtoWithUsers
 	if err := dto.MapStruct(group, &groupDto); err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -117,23 +119,23 @@ func (ugc *UserGroupController) get(c *gin.Context) {
 // @Param userGroup body dto.UserGroupCreateDto true "User group information"
 // @Success 201 {object} dto.UserGroupDtoWithUsers "Created user group"
 // @Security BearerAuth
-// @Router /user-groups [post]
+// @Router /api/user-groups [post]
 func (ugc *UserGroupController) create(c *gin.Context) {
 	var input dto.UserGroupCreateDto
 	if err := c.ShouldBindJSON(&input); err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
-	group, err := ugc.UserGroupService.Create(input)
+	group, err := ugc.UserGroupService.Create(c.Request.Context(), input)
 	if err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
 	var groupDto dto.UserGroupDtoWithUsers
 	if err := dto.MapStruct(group, &groupDto); err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -150,23 +152,23 @@ func (ugc *UserGroupController) create(c *gin.Context) {
 // @Param userGroup body dto.UserGroupCreateDto true "User group information"
 // @Success 200 {object} dto.UserGroupDtoWithUsers "Updated user group"
 // @Security BearerAuth
-// @Router /user-groups/{id} [put]
+// @Router /api/user-groups/{id} [put]
 func (ugc *UserGroupController) update(c *gin.Context) {
 	var input dto.UserGroupCreateDto
 	if err := c.ShouldBindJSON(&input); err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
-	group, err := ugc.UserGroupService.Update(c.Param("id"), input, false)
+	group, err := ugc.UserGroupService.Update(c.Request.Context(), c.Param("id"), input)
 	if err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
 	var groupDto dto.UserGroupDtoWithUsers
 	if err := dto.MapStruct(group, &groupDto); err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -182,10 +184,10 @@ func (ugc *UserGroupController) update(c *gin.Context) {
 // @Param id path string true "User Group ID"
 // @Success 204 "No Content"
 // @Security BearerAuth
-// @Router /user-groups/{id} [delete]
+// @Router /api/user-groups/{id} [delete]
 func (ugc *UserGroupController) delete(c *gin.Context) {
-	if err := ugc.UserGroupService.Delete(c.Param("id")); err != nil {
+	if err := ugc.UserGroupService.Delete(c.Request.Context(), c.Param("id")); err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -202,23 +204,23 @@ func (ugc *UserGroupController) delete(c *gin.Context) {
 // @Param users body dto.UserGroupUpdateUsersDto true "List of user IDs to assign to this group"
 // @Success 200 {object} dto.UserGroupDtoWithUsers
 // @Security BearerAuth
-// @Router /user-groups/{id}/users [put]
+// @Router /api/user-groups/{id}/users [put]
 func (ugc *UserGroupController) updateUsers(c *gin.Context) {
 	var input dto.UserGroupUpdateUsersDto
 	if err := c.ShouldBindJSON(&input); err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
-	group, err := ugc.UserGroupService.UpdateUsers(c.Param("id"), input.UserIDs)
+	group, err := ugc.UserGroupService.UpdateUsers(c.Request.Context(), c.Param("id"), input.UserIDs)
 	if err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
 	var groupDto dto.UserGroupDtoWithUsers
 	if err := dto.MapStruct(group, &groupDto); err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 

backend/internal/controller/webauthn_controller.go

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ package controller
 
 import (
 	"net/http"
-	"strconv"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/go-webauthn/webauthn/protocol"
@@ -38,9 +37,9 @@ type WebauthnController struct {
 
 func (wc *WebauthnController) beginRegistrationHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 	userID := c.GetString("userID")
-	options, err := wc.webAuthnService.BeginRegistration(userID)
+	options, err := wc.webAuthnService.BeginRegistration(c.Request.Context(), userID)
 	if err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -51,20 +50,20 @@ func (wc *WebauthnController) beginRegistrationHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 func (wc *WebauthnController) verifyRegistrationHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 	sessionID, err := c.Cookie(cookie.SessionIdCookieName)
 	if err != nil {
-		c.Error(&common.MissingSessionIdError{})
+		_ = c.Error(&common.MissingSessionIdError{})
 		return
 	}
 
 	userID := c.GetString("userID")
-	credential, err := wc.webAuthnService.VerifyRegistration(sessionID, userID, c.Request)
+	credential, err := wc.webAuthnService.VerifyRegistration(c.Request.Context(), sessionID, userID, c.Request)
 	if err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
 	var credentialDto dto.WebauthnCredentialDto
 	if err := dto.MapStruct(credential, &credentialDto); err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -72,9 +71,9 @@ func (wc *WebauthnController) verifyRegistrationHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 }
 
 func (wc *WebauthnController) beginLoginHandler(c *gin.Context) {
-	options, err := wc.webAuthnService.BeginLogin()
+	options, err := wc.webAuthnService.BeginLogin(c.Request.Context())
 	if err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -85,30 +84,29 @@ func (wc *WebauthnController) beginLoginHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 func (wc *WebauthnController) verifyLoginHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 	sessionID, err := c.Cookie(cookie.SessionIdCookieName)
 	if err != nil {
-		c.Error(&common.MissingSessionIdError{})
+		_ = c.Error(&common.MissingSessionIdError{})
 		return
 	}
 
 	credentialAssertionData, err := protocol.ParseCredentialRequestResponseBody(c.Request.Body)
 	if err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
-	user, token, err := wc.webAuthnService.VerifyLogin(sessionID, credentialAssertionData, c.ClientIP(), c.Request.UserAgent())
+	user, token, err := wc.webAuthnService.VerifyLogin(c.Request.Context(), sessionID, credentialAssertionData, c.ClientIP(), c.Request.UserAgent())
 	if err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
 	var userDto dto.UserDto
 	if err := dto.MapStruct(user, &userDto); err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
-	sessionDurationInMinutesParsed, _ := strconv.Atoi(wc.appConfigService.DbConfig.SessionDuration.Value)
+	maxAge := int(wc.appConfigService.GetDbConfig().SessionDuration.AsDurationMinutes().Seconds())
-	maxAge := sessionDurationInMinutesParsed * 60
 	cookie.AddAccessTokenCookie(c, maxAge, token)
 
 	c.JSON(http.StatusOK, userDto)
@@ -116,15 +114,15 @@ func (wc *WebauthnController) verifyLoginHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 
 func (wc *WebauthnController) listCredentialsHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 	userID := c.GetString("userID")
-	credentials, err := wc.webAuthnService.ListCredentials(userID)
+	credentials, err := wc.webAuthnService.ListCredentials(c.Request.Context(), userID)
 	if err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
 	var credentialDtos []dto.WebauthnCredentialDto
 	if err := dto.MapStructList(credentials, &credentialDtos); err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -135,9 +133,9 @@ func (wc *WebauthnController) deleteCredentialHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 	userID := c.GetString("userID")
 	credentialID := c.Param("id")
 
-	err := wc.webAuthnService.DeleteCredential(userID, credentialID)
+	err := wc.webAuthnService.DeleteCredential(c.Request.Context(), userID, credentialID)
 	if err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -150,19 +148,19 @@ func (wc *WebauthnController) updateCredentialHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 
 	var input dto.WebauthnCredentialUpdateDto
 	if err := c.ShouldBindJSON(&input); err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
-	credential, err := wc.webAuthnService.UpdateCredential(userID, credentialID, input.Name)
+	credential, err := wc.webAuthnService.UpdateCredential(c.Request.Context(), userID, credentialID, input.Name)
 	if err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
 	var credentialDto dto.WebauthnCredentialDto
 	if err := dto.MapStruct(credential, &credentialDto); err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 

backend/internal/controller/well_known_controller.go

@@ -1,9 +1,13 @@
 package controller
 
 import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"log"
 	"net/http"
 
 	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
+
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/common"
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/service"
 )
@@ -14,12 +18,21 @@ import (
 // @Tags Well Known
 func NewWellKnownController(group *gin.RouterGroup, jwtService *service.JwtService) {
 	wkc := &WellKnownController{jwtService: jwtService}
+
+	// Pre-compute the OIDC configuration document, which is static
+	var err error
+	wkc.oidcConfig, err = wkc.computeOIDCConfiguration()
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Fatalf("Failed to pre-compute OpenID Connect configuration document: %v", err)
+	}
+
 	group.GET("/.well-known/jwks.json", wkc.jwksHandler)
 	group.GET("/.well-known/openid-configuration", wkc.openIDConfigurationHandler)
 }
 
 type WellKnownController struct {
 	jwtService *service.JwtService
+	oidcConfig []byte
 }
 
 // jwksHandler godoc
@@ -32,7 +45,7 @@ type WellKnownController struct {
 func (wkc *WellKnownController) jwksHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 	jwks, err := wkc.jwtService.GetPublicJWKSAsJSON()
 	if err != nil {
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -46,19 +59,29 @@ func (wkc *WellKnownController) jwksHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 // @Success 200 {object} object "OpenID Connect configuration"
 // @Router /.well-known/openid-configuration [get]
 func (wkc *WellKnownController) openIDConfigurationHandler(c *gin.Context) {
+	c.Data(http.StatusOK, "application/json; charset=utf-8", wkc.oidcConfig)
+}
+
+func (wkc *WellKnownController) computeOIDCConfiguration() ([]byte, error) {
 	appUrl := common.EnvConfig.AppURL
-	config := map[string]interface{}{
+	alg, err := wkc.jwtService.GetKeyAlg()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to get key algorithm: %w", err)
+	}
+	config := map[string]any{
 		"issuer":                                appUrl,
 		"authorization_endpoint":                appUrl + "/authorize",
 		"token_endpoint":                        appUrl + "/api/oidc/token",
 		"userinfo_endpoint":                     appUrl + "/api/oidc/userinfo",
 		"end_session_endpoint":                  appUrl + "/api/oidc/end-session",
+		"introspection_endpoint":                appUrl + "/api/oidc/introspect",
 		"jwks_uri":                              appUrl + "/.well-known/jwks.json",
+		"grant_types_supported":                 []string{"authorization_code", "refresh_token"},
 		"scopes_supported":                      []string{"openid", "profile", "email", "groups"},
 		"claims_supported":                      []string{"sub", "given_name", "family_name", "name", "email", "email_verified", "preferred_username", "picture", "groups"},
 		"response_types_supported":              []string{"code", "id_token"},
 		"subject_types_supported":               []string{"public"},
-		"id_token_signing_alg_values_supported": []string{"RS256"},
+		"id_token_signing_alg_values_supported": []string{alg.String()},
 	}
-	c.JSON(http.StatusOK, config)
+	return json.Marshal(config)
 }

backend/internal/dto/api_key_dto.go

@@ -11,12 +11,13 @@ type ApiKeyCreateDto struct {
 }
 
 type ApiKeyDto struct {
-	ID          string             `json:"id"`
+	ID                  string             `json:"id"`
-	Name        string             `json:"name"`
+	Name                string             `json:"name"`
-	Description string             `json:"description"`
+	Description         string             `json:"description"`
-	ExpiresAt   datatype.DateTime  `json:"expiresAt"`
+	ExpiresAt           datatype.DateTime  `json:"expiresAt"`
-	LastUsedAt  *datatype.DateTime `json:"lastUsedAt"`
+	LastUsedAt          *datatype.DateTime `json:"lastUsedAt"`
-	CreatedAt   datatype.DateTime  `json:"createdAt"`
+	CreatedAt           datatype.DateTime  `json:"createdAt"`
+	ExpirationEmailSent bool               `json:"expirationEmailSent"`
 }
 
 type ApiKeyResponseDto struct {

backend/internal/dto/app_config_dto.go

@@ -12,35 +12,39 @@ type AppConfigVariableDto struct {
 }
 
 type AppConfigUpdateDto struct {
-	AppName                            string `json:"appName" binding:"required,min=1,max=30"`
+	AppName                                    string `json:"appName" binding:"required,min=1,max=30"`
-	SessionDuration                    string `json:"sessionDuration" binding:"required"`
+	SessionDuration                            string `json:"sessionDuration" binding:"required"`
-	EmailsVerified                     string `json:"emailsVerified" binding:"required"`
+	EmailsVerified                             string `json:"emailsVerified" binding:"required"`
-	AllowOwnAccountEdit                string `json:"allowOwnAccountEdit" binding:"required"`
+	DisableAnimations                          string `json:"disableAnimations" binding:"required"`
-	SmtHost                            string `json:"smtpHost"`
+	AllowOwnAccountEdit                        string `json:"allowOwnAccountEdit" binding:"required"`
-	SmtpPort                           string `json:"smtpPort"`
+	SmtpHost                                   string `json:"smtpHost"`
-	SmtpFrom                           string `json:"smtpFrom" binding:"omitempty,email"`
+	SmtpPort                                   string `json:"smtpPort"`
-	SmtpUser                           string `json:"smtpUser"`
+	SmtpFrom                                   string `json:"smtpFrom" binding:"omitempty,email"`
-	SmtpPassword                       string `json:"smtpPassword"`
+	SmtpUser                                   string `json:"smtpUser"`
-	SmtpTls                            string `json:"smtpTls" binding:"required,oneof=none starttls tls"`
+	SmtpPassword                               string `json:"smtpPassword"`
-	SmtpSkipCertVerify                 string `json:"smtpSkipCertVerify"`
+	SmtpTls                                    string `json:"smtpTls" binding:"required,oneof=none starttls tls"`
-	LdapEnabled                        string `json:"ldapEnabled" binding:"required"`
+	SmtpSkipCertVerify                         string `json:"smtpSkipCertVerify"`
-	LdapUrl                            string `json:"ldapUrl"`
+	LdapEnabled                                string `json:"ldapEnabled" binding:"required"`
-	LdapBindDn                         string `json:"ldapBindDn"`
+	LdapUrl                                    string `json:"ldapUrl"`
-	LdapBindPassword                   string `json:"ldapBindPassword"`
+	LdapBindDn                                 string `json:"ldapBindDn"`
-	LdapBase                           string `json:"ldapBase"`
+	LdapBindPassword                           string `json:"ldapBindPassword"`
-	LdapUserSearchFilter               string `json:"ldapUserSearchFilter"`
+	LdapBase                                   string `json:"ldapBase"`
-	LdapUserGroupSearchFilter          string `json:"ldapUserGroupSearchFilter"`
+	LdapUserSearchFilter                       string `json:"ldapUserSearchFilter"`
-	LdapSkipCertVerify                 string `json:"ldapSkipCertVerify"`
+	LdapUserGroupSearchFilter                  string `json:"ldapUserGroupSearchFilter"`
-	LdapAttributeUserUniqueIdentifier  string `json:"ldapAttributeUserUniqueIdentifier"`
+	LdapSkipCertVerify                         string `json:"ldapSkipCertVerify"`
-	LdapAttributeUserUsername          string `json:"ldapAttributeUserUsername"`
+	LdapAttributeUserUniqueIdentifier          string `json:"ldapAttributeUserUniqueIdentifier"`
-	LdapAttributeUserEmail             string `json:"ldapAttributeUserEmail"`
+	LdapAttributeUserUsername                  string `json:"ldapAttributeUserUsername"`
-	LdapAttributeUserFirstName         string `json:"ldapAttributeUserFirstName"`
+	LdapAttributeUserEmail                     string `json:"ldapAttributeUserEmail"`
-	LdapAttributeUserLastName          string `json:"ldapAttributeUserLastName"`
+	LdapAttributeUserFirstName                 string `json:"ldapAttributeUserFirstName"`
-	LdapAttributeUserProfilePicture    string `json:"ldapAttributeUserProfilePicture"`
+	LdapAttributeUserLastName                  string `json:"ldapAttributeUserLastName"`
-	LdapAttributeGroupMember           string `json:"ldapAttributeGroupMember"`
+	LdapAttributeUserProfilePicture            string `json:"ldapAttributeUserProfilePicture"`
-	LdapAttributeGroupUniqueIdentifier string `json:"ldapAttributeGroupUniqueIdentifier"`
+	LdapAttributeGroupMember                   string `json:"ldapAttributeGroupMember"`
-	LdapAttributeGroupName             string `json:"ldapAttributeGroupName"`
+	LdapAttributeGroupUniqueIdentifier         string `json:"ldapAttributeGroupUniqueIdentifier"`
-	LdapAttributeAdminGroup            string `json:"ldapAttributeAdminGroup"`
+	LdapAttributeGroupName                     string `json:"ldapAttributeGroupName"`
-	EmailOneTimeAccessEnabled          string `json:"emailOneTimeAccessEnabled" binding:"required"`
+	LdapAttributeAdminGroup                    string `json:"ldapAttributeAdminGroup"`
-	EmailLoginNotificationEnabled      string `json:"emailLoginNotificationEnabled" binding:"required"`
+	LdapSoftDeleteUsers                        string `json:"ldapSoftDeleteUsers"`
+	EmailOneTimeAccessAsAdminEnabled           string `json:"emailOneTimeAccessAsAdminEnabled" binding:"required"`
+	EmailOneTimeAccessAsUnauthenticatedEnabled string `json:"emailOneTimeAccessAsUnauthenticatedEnabled" binding:"required"`
+	EmailLoginNotificationEnabled              string `json:"emailLoginNotificationEnabled" binding:"required"`
+	EmailApiKeyExpirationEnabled               string `json:"emailApiKeyExpirationEnabled" binding:"required"`
 }

backend/internal/dto/audit_log_dto.go

@@ -15,5 +15,12 @@ type AuditLogDto struct {
 	City      string              `json:"city"`
 	Device    string              `json:"device"`
 	UserID    string              `json:"userID"`
+	Username  string              `json:"username"`
 	Data      model.AuditLogData  `json:"data"`
 }
+
+type AuditLogFilterDto struct {
+	UserID     string `form:"filters[userId]"`
+	Event      string `form:"filters[event]"`
+	ClientName string `form:"filters[clientName]"`
+}

backend/internal/dto/dto_mapper.go

@@ -40,13 +40,11 @@ func MapStruct[S any, D any](source S, destination *D) error {
 }
 
 func mapStructInternal(sourceVal reflect.Value, destVal reflect.Value) error {
-	// Loop through the fields of the destination struct
 	for i := 0; i < destVal.NumField(); i++ {
 		destField := destVal.Field(i)
 		destFieldType := destVal.Type().Field(i)
 
 		if destFieldType.Anonymous {
-			// Recursively handle embedded structs
 			if err := mapStructInternal(sourceVal, destField); err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
@@ -55,63 +53,57 @@ func mapStructInternal(sourceVal reflect.Value, destVal reflect.Value) error {
 
 		sourceField := sourceVal.FieldByName(destFieldType.Name)
 
-		// If the source field is valid and can be assigned to the destination field
 		if sourceField.IsValid() && destField.CanSet() {
-			// Handle direct assignment for simple types
+			if err := mapField(sourceField, destField); err != nil {
-			if sourceField.Type() == destField.Type() {
+				return err
-				destField.Set(sourceField)
-
-			} else if sourceField.Kind() == reflect.Slice && destField.Kind() == reflect.Slice {
-				// Handle slices
-				if sourceField.Type().Elem() == destField.Type().Elem() {
-					// Direct assignment for slices of primitive types or non-struct elements
-					newSlice := reflect.MakeSlice(destField.Type(), sourceField.Len(), sourceField.Cap())
-
-					for j := 0; j < sourceField.Len(); j++ {
-						newSlice.Index(j).Set(sourceField.Index(j))
-					}
-
-					destField.Set(newSlice)
-
-				} else if sourceField.Type().Elem().Kind() == reflect.Struct && destField.Type().Elem().Kind() == reflect.Struct {
-					// Recursively map slices of structs
-					newSlice := reflect.MakeSlice(destField.Type(), sourceField.Len(), sourceField.Cap())
-
-					for j := 0; j < sourceField.Len(); j++ {
-						// Get the element from both source and destination slice
-						sourceElem := sourceField.Index(j)
-						destElem := reflect.New(destField.Type().Elem()).Elem()
-
-						// Recursively map the struct elements
-						if err := mapStructInternal(sourceElem, destElem); err != nil {
-							return err
-						}
-
-						// Set the mapped element in the new slice
-						newSlice.Index(j).Set(destElem)
-					}
-
-					destField.Set(newSlice)
-				}
-			} else if sourceField.Kind() == reflect.Struct && destField.Kind() == reflect.Struct {
-				// Recursively map nested structs
-				if err := mapStructInternal(sourceField, destField); err != nil {
-					return err
-				}
-			} else {
-				// Type switch for specific type conversions
-				switch sourceField.Interface().(type) {
-				case datatype.DateTime:
-					// Convert datatype.DateTime to time.Time
-					if sourceField.Type() == reflect.TypeOf(datatype.DateTime{}) && destField.Type() == reflect.TypeOf(time.Time{}) {
-						dateValue := sourceField.Interface().(datatype.DateTime)
-						destField.Set(reflect.ValueOf(dateValue.ToTime()))
-					}
-				}
 			}
-
 		}
 	}
-
+	return nil
+}
+
+func mapField(sourceField reflect.Value, destField reflect.Value) error {
+	switch {
+	case sourceField.Type() == destField.Type():
+		destField.Set(sourceField)
+	case sourceField.Kind() == reflect.Slice && destField.Kind() == reflect.Slice:
+		return mapSlice(sourceField, destField)
+	case sourceField.Kind() == reflect.Struct && destField.Kind() == reflect.Struct:
+		return mapStructInternal(sourceField, destField)
+	default:
+		return mapSpecialTypes(sourceField, destField)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func mapSlice(sourceField reflect.Value, destField reflect.Value) error {
+	if sourceField.Type().Elem() == destField.Type().Elem() {
+		newSlice := reflect.MakeSlice(destField.Type(), sourceField.Len(), sourceField.Cap())
+		for j := 0; j < sourceField.Len(); j++ {
+			newSlice.Index(j).Set(sourceField.Index(j))
+		}
+		destField.Set(newSlice)
+	} else if sourceField.Type().Elem().Kind() == reflect.Struct && destField.Type().Elem().Kind() == reflect.Struct {
+		newSlice := reflect.MakeSlice(destField.Type(), sourceField.Len(), sourceField.Cap())
+		for j := 0; j < sourceField.Len(); j++ {
+			sourceElem := sourceField.Index(j)
+			destElem := reflect.New(destField.Type().Elem()).Elem()
+			if err := mapStructInternal(sourceElem, destElem); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			newSlice.Index(j).Set(destElem)
+		}
+		destField.Set(newSlice)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func mapSpecialTypes(sourceField reflect.Value, destField reflect.Value) error {
+	if _, ok := sourceField.Interface().(datatype.DateTime); ok {
+		if sourceField.Type() == reflect.TypeOf(datatype.DateTime{}) && destField.Type() == reflect.TypeOf(time.Time{}) {
+			dateValue := sourceField.Interface().(datatype.DateTime)
+			destField.Set(reflect.ValueOf(dateValue.ToTime()))
+		}
+	}
 	return nil
 }

backend/internal/dto/oidc_dto.go

@@ -48,10 +48,15 @@ type AuthorizationRequiredDto struct {
 
 type OidcCreateTokensDto struct {
 	GrantType    string `form:"grant_type" binding:"required"`
-	Code         string `form:"code" binding:"required"`
+	Code         string `form:"code"`
 	ClientID     string `form:"client_id"`
 	ClientSecret string `form:"client_secret"`
 	CodeVerifier string `form:"code_verifier"`
+	RefreshToken string `form:"refresh_token"`
+}
+
+type OidcIntrospectDto struct {
+	Token string `form:"token" binding:"required"`
 }
 
 type OidcUpdateAllowedUserGroupsDto struct {
@@ -64,3 +69,24 @@ type OidcLogoutDto struct {
 	PostLogoutRedirectUri string `form:"post_logout_redirect_uri"`
 	State                 string `form:"state"`
 }
+
+type OidcTokenResponseDto struct {
+	AccessToken  string `json:"access_token"`
+	TokenType    string `json:"token_type"`
+	IdToken      string `json:"id_token,omitempty"`
+	RefreshToken string `json:"refresh_token,omitempty"`
+	ExpiresIn    int    `json:"expires_in"`
+}
+
+type OidcIntrospectionResponseDto struct {
+	Active     bool     `json:"active"`
+	TokenType  string   `json:"token_type,omitempty"`
+	Scope      string   `json:"scope,omitempty"`
+	Expiration int64    `json:"exp,omitempty"`
+	IssuedAt   int64    `json:"iat,omitempty"`
+	NotBefore  int64    `json:"nbf,omitempty"`
+	Subject    string   `json:"sub,omitempty"`
+	Audience   []string `json:"aud,omitempty"`
+	Issuer     string   `json:"iss,omitempty"`
+	Identifier string   `json:"jti,omitempty"`
+}

backend/internal/dto/user_dto.go

@@ -9,18 +9,22 @@ type UserDto struct {
 	FirstName    string           `json:"firstName"`
 	LastName     string           `json:"lastName"`
 	IsAdmin      bool             `json:"isAdmin"`
+	Locale       *string          `json:"locale"`
 	CustomClaims []CustomClaimDto `json:"customClaims"`
 	UserGroups   []UserGroupDto   `json:"userGroups"`
 	LdapID       *string          `json:"ldapId"`
+	Disabled     bool             `json:"disabled"`
 }
 
 type UserCreateDto struct {
-	Username  string `json:"username" binding:"required,username,min=2,max=50"`
+	Username  string  `json:"username" binding:"required,username,min=2,max=50"`
-	Email     string `json:"email" binding:"required,email"`
+	Email     string  `json:"email" binding:"required,email"`
-	FirstName string `json:"firstName" binding:"required,min=1,max=50"`
+	FirstName string  `json:"firstName" binding:"required,min=1,max=50"`
-	LastName  string `json:"lastName" binding:"required,min=1,max=50"`
+	LastName  string  `json:"lastName" binding:"required,min=1,max=50"`
-	IsAdmin   bool   `json:"isAdmin"`
+	IsAdmin   bool    `json:"isAdmin"`
-	LdapID    string `json:"-"`
+	Locale    *string `json:"locale"`
+	Disabled  bool    `json:"disabled"`
+	LdapID    string  `json:"-"`
 }
 
 type OneTimeAccessTokenCreateDto struct {
@@ -28,11 +32,15 @@ type OneTimeAccessTokenCreateDto struct {
 	ExpiresAt time.Time `json:"expiresAt" binding:"required"`
 }
 
-type OneTimeAccessEmailDto struct {
+type OneTimeAccessEmailAsUnauthenticatedUserDto struct {
 	Email        string `json:"email" binding:"required,email"`
 	RedirectPath string `json:"redirectPath"`
 }
 
+type OneTimeAccessEmailAsAdminDto struct {
+	ExpiresAt time.Time `json:"expiresAt" binding:"required"`
+}
+
 type UserUpdateUserGroupDto struct {
 	UserGroupIds []string `json:"userGroupIds" binding:"required"`
 }

backend/internal/dto/validations.go

@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
 package dto
 
 import (
-	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin/binding"
-	"github.com/go-playground/validator/v10"
 	"log"
 	"regexp"
+
+	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin/binding"
+	"github.com/go-playground/validator/v10"
 )
 
 var validateUsername validator.Func = func(fl validator.FieldLevel) bool {

backend/internal/job/api_key_expiry_job.go

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+package job
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"log"
+
+	"github.com/go-co-op/gocron/v2"
+	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/service"
+)
+
+type ApiKeyEmailJobs struct {
+	apiKeyService    *service.ApiKeyService
+	appConfigService *service.AppConfigService
+}
+
+func RegisterApiKeyExpiryJob(ctx context.Context, apiKeyService *service.ApiKeyService, appConfigService *service.AppConfigService) {
+	jobs := &ApiKeyEmailJobs{
+		apiKeyService:    apiKeyService,
+		appConfigService: appConfigService,
+	}
+
+	scheduler, err := gocron.NewScheduler()
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Fatalf("Failed to create a new scheduler: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	registerJob(ctx, scheduler, "ExpiredApiKeyEmailJob", "0 0 * * *", jobs.checkAndNotifyExpiringApiKeys)
+
+	scheduler.Start()
+}
+
+func (j *ApiKeyEmailJobs) checkAndNotifyExpiringApiKeys(ctx context.Context) error {
+	// Skip if the feature is disabled
+	if !j.appConfigService.GetDbConfig().EmailApiKeyExpirationEnabled.IsTrue() {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	apiKeys, err := j.apiKeyService.ListExpiringApiKeys(ctx, 7)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Printf("Failed to list expiring API keys: %v", err)
+		return err
+	}
+
+	for _, key := range apiKeys {
+		if key.User.Email == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+		if err := j.apiKeyService.SendApiKeyExpiringSoonEmail(ctx, key); err != nil {
+			log.Printf("Failed to send email for key %s: %v", key.ID, err)
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}

backend/internal/job/db_cleanup.go

@@ -1,69 +0,0 @@
-package job
-
-import (
-	"log"
-	"time"
-
-	"github.com/go-co-op/gocron/v2"
-	"github.com/google/uuid"
-	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/model"
-	datatype "github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/model/types"
-	"gorm.io/gorm"
-)
-
-func RegisterDbCleanupJobs(db *gorm.DB) {
-	scheduler, err := gocron.NewScheduler()
-	if err != nil {
-		log.Fatalf("Failed to create a new scheduler: %s", err)
-	}
-
-	jobs := &Jobs{db: db}
-
-	registerJob(scheduler, "ClearWebauthnSessions", "0 3 * * *", jobs.clearWebauthnSessions)
-	registerJob(scheduler, "ClearOneTimeAccessTokens", "0 3 * * *", jobs.clearOneTimeAccessTokens)
-	registerJob(scheduler, "ClearOidcAuthorizationCodes", "0 3 * * *", jobs.clearOidcAuthorizationCodes)
-	scheduler.Start()
-}
-
-type Jobs struct {
-	db *gorm.DB
-}
-
-// ClearWebauthnSessions deletes WebAuthn sessions that have expired
-func (j *Jobs) clearWebauthnSessions() error {
-	return j.db.Delete(&model.WebauthnSession{}, "expires_at < ?", datatype.DateTime(time.Now())).Error
-}
-
-// ClearOneTimeAccessTokens deletes one-time access tokens that have expired
-func (j *Jobs) clearOneTimeAccessTokens() error {
-	return j.db.Debug().Delete(&model.OneTimeAccessToken{}, "expires_at < ?", datatype.DateTime(time.Now())).Error
-}
-
-// ClearOidcAuthorizationCodes deletes OIDC authorization codes that have expired
-func (j *Jobs) clearOidcAuthorizationCodes() error {
-	return j.db.Delete(&model.OidcAuthorizationCode{}, "expires_at < ?", datatype.DateTime(time.Now())).Error
-}
-
-// ClearAuditLogs deletes audit logs older than 90 days
-func (j *Jobs) clearAuditLogs() error {
-	return j.db.Delete(&model.AuditLog{}, "created_at < ?", datatype.DateTime(time.Now().AddDate(0, 0, -90))).Error
-}
-
-func registerJob(scheduler gocron.Scheduler, name string, interval string, job func() error) {
-	_, err := scheduler.NewJob(
-		gocron.CronJob(interval, false),
-		gocron.NewTask(job),
-		gocron.WithEventListeners(
-			gocron.AfterJobRuns(func(jobID uuid.UUID, jobName string) {
-				log.Printf("Job %q run successfully", name)
-			}),
-			gocron.AfterJobRunsWithError(func(jobID uuid.UUID, jobName string, err error) {
-				log.Printf("Job %q failed with error: %v", name, err)
-			}),
-		),
-	)
-
-	if err != nil {
-		log.Fatalf("Failed to register job %q: %v", name, err)
-	}
-}

backend/internal/job/db_cleanup_job.go

@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+package job
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"log"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/go-co-op/gocron/v2"
+	"gorm.io/gorm"
+
+	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/model"
+	datatype "github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/model/types"
+)
+
+func RegisterDbCleanupJobs(ctx context.Context, db *gorm.DB) {
+	scheduler, err := gocron.NewScheduler()
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Fatalf("Failed to create a new scheduler: %s", err)
+	}
+
+	jobs := &DbCleanupJobs{db: db}
+
+	registerJob(ctx, scheduler, "ClearWebauthnSessions", "0 3 * * *", jobs.clearWebauthnSessions)
+	registerJob(ctx, scheduler, "ClearOneTimeAccessTokens", "0 3 * * *", jobs.clearOneTimeAccessTokens)
+	registerJob(ctx, scheduler, "ClearOidcAuthorizationCodes", "0 3 * * *", jobs.clearOidcAuthorizationCodes)
+	registerJob(ctx, scheduler, "ClearOidcRefreshTokens", "0 3 * * *", jobs.clearOidcRefreshTokens)
+	registerJob(ctx, scheduler, "ClearAuditLogs", "0 3 * * *", jobs.clearAuditLogs)
+	scheduler.Start()
+}
+
+type DbCleanupJobs struct {
+	db *gorm.DB
+}
+
+// ClearWebauthnSessions deletes WebAuthn sessions that have expired
+func (j *DbCleanupJobs) clearWebauthnSessions(ctx context.Context) error {
+	return j.db.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		Delete(&model.WebauthnSession{}, "expires_at < ?", datatype.DateTime(time.Now())).
+		Error
+}
+
+// ClearOneTimeAccessTokens deletes one-time access tokens that have expired
+func (j *DbCleanupJobs) clearOneTimeAccessTokens(ctx context.Context) error {
+	return j.db.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		Delete(&model.OneTimeAccessToken{}, "expires_at < ?", datatype.DateTime(time.Now())).
+		Error
+}
+
+// ClearOidcAuthorizationCodes deletes OIDC authorization codes that have expired
+func (j *DbCleanupJobs) clearOidcAuthorizationCodes(ctx context.Context) error {
+	return j.db.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		Delete(&model.OidcAuthorizationCode{}, "expires_at < ?", datatype.DateTime(time.Now())).
+		Error
+}
+
+// ClearOidcAuthorizationCodes deletes OIDC authorization codes that have expired
+func (j *DbCleanupJobs) clearOidcRefreshTokens(ctx context.Context) error {
+	return j.db.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		Delete(&model.OidcRefreshToken{}, "expires_at < ?", datatype.DateTime(time.Now())).
+		Error
+}
+
+// ClearAuditLogs deletes audit logs older than 90 days
+func (j *DbCleanupJobs) clearAuditLogs(ctx context.Context) error {
+	return j.db.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		Delete(&model.AuditLog{}, "created_at < ?", datatype.DateTime(time.Now().AddDate(0, 0, -90))).
+		Error
+}

backend/internal/job/file_cleanup_job.go

@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+package job
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"log"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/go-co-op/gocron/v2"
+	"gorm.io/gorm"
+
+	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/common"
+	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/model"
+)
+
+func RegisterFileCleanupJobs(ctx context.Context, db *gorm.DB) {
+	scheduler, err := gocron.NewScheduler()
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Fatalf("Failed to create a new scheduler: %s", err)
+	}
+
+	jobs := &FileCleanupJobs{db: db}
+
+	registerJob(ctx, scheduler, "ClearUnusedDefaultProfilePictures", "0 2 * * 0", jobs.clearUnusedDefaultProfilePictures)
+
+	scheduler.Start()
+}
+
+type FileCleanupJobs struct {
+	db *gorm.DB
+}
+
+// ClearUnusedDefaultProfilePictures deletes default profile pictures that don't match any user's initials
+func (j *FileCleanupJobs) clearUnusedDefaultProfilePictures(ctx context.Context) error {
+	var users []model.User
+	err := j.db.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		Find(&users).
+		Error
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to fetch users: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Create a map to track which initials are in use
+	initialsInUse := make(map[string]struct{})
+	for _, user := range users {
+		initialsInUse[user.Initials()] = struct{}{}
+	}
+
+	defaultPicturesDir := common.EnvConfig.UploadPath + "/profile-pictures/defaults"
+	if _, err := os.Stat(defaultPicturesDir); os.IsNotExist(err) {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	files, err := os.ReadDir(defaultPicturesDir)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to read default profile pictures directory: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	filesDeleted := 0
+	for _, file := range files {
+		if file.IsDir() {
+			continue // Skip directories
+		}
+
+		filename := file.Name()
+		initials := strings.TrimSuffix(filename, ".png")
+
+		// If these initials aren't used by any user, delete the file
+		if _, ok := initialsInUse[initials]; !ok {
+			filePath := filepath.Join(defaultPicturesDir, filename)
+			if err := os.Remove(filePath); err != nil {
+				log.Printf("Failed to delete unused default profile picture %s: %v", filePath, err)
+			} else {
+				filesDeleted++
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	log.Printf("Deleted %d unused default profile pictures", filesDeleted)
+	return nil
+}

backend/internal/job/job.go

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+package job
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"log"
+
+	"github.com/go-co-op/gocron/v2"
+	"github.com/google/uuid"
+)
+
+func registerJob(ctx context.Context, scheduler gocron.Scheduler, name string, interval string, job func(ctx context.Context) error) {
+	_, err := scheduler.NewJob(
+		gocron.CronJob(interval, false),
+		gocron.NewTask(job),
+		gocron.WithContext(ctx),
+		gocron.WithEventListeners(
+			gocron.AfterJobRuns(func(jobID uuid.UUID, jobName string) {
+				log.Printf("Job %q run successfully", name)
+			}),
+			gocron.AfterJobRunsWithError(func(jobID uuid.UUID, jobName string, err error) {
+				log.Printf("Job %q failed with error: %v", name, err)
+			}),
+		),
+	)
+
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Fatalf("Failed to register job %q: %v", name, err)
+	}
+}

backend/internal/job/ldap_job.go

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package job
 
 import (
+	"context"
 	"log"
 
 	"github.com/go-co-op/gocron/v2"
@@ -12,28 +13,30 @@ type LdapJobs struct {
 	appConfigService *service.AppConfigService
 }
 
-func RegisterLdapJobs(ldapService *service.LdapService, appConfigService *service.AppConfigService) {
+func RegisterLdapJobs(ctx context.Context, ldapService *service.LdapService, appConfigService *service.AppConfigService) {
 	jobs := &LdapJobs{ldapService: ldapService, appConfigService: appConfigService}
 
 	scheduler, err := gocron.NewScheduler()
 	if err != nil {
-		log.Fatalf("Failed to create a new scheduler: %s", err)
+		log.Fatalf("Failed to create a new scheduler: %v", err)
 	}
 
 	// Register the job to run every hour
-	registerJob(scheduler, "SyncLdap", "0 * * * *", jobs.syncLdap)
+	registerJob(ctx, scheduler, "SyncLdap", "0 * * * *", jobs.syncLdap)
 
 	// Run the job immediately on startup
-	if err := jobs.syncLdap(); err != nil {
+	err = jobs.syncLdap(ctx)
-		log.Printf("Failed to sync LDAP: %s", err)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Printf("Failed to sync LDAP: %v", err)
 	}
 
 	scheduler.Start()
 }
 
-func (j *LdapJobs) syncLdap() error {
+func (j *LdapJobs) syncLdap(ctx context.Context) error {
-	if j.appConfigService.DbConfig.LdapEnabled.Value == "true" {
+	if !j.appConfigService.GetDbConfig().LdapEnabled.IsTrue() {
-		return j.ldapService.SyncAll()
+		return nil
 	}
-	return nil
+
+	return j.ldapService.SyncAll(ctx)
 }

backend/internal/middleware/api_key_auth.go

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ func (m *ApiKeyAuthMiddleware) Add(adminRequired bool) gin.HandlerFunc {
 		userID, isAdmin, err := m.Verify(c, adminRequired)
 		if err != nil {
 			c.Abort()
-			c.Error(err)
+			_ = c.Error(err)
 			return
 		}
 
@@ -36,12 +36,15 @@ func (m *ApiKeyAuthMiddleware) Add(adminRequired bool) gin.HandlerFunc {
 func (m *ApiKeyAuthMiddleware) Verify(c *gin.Context, adminRequired bool) (userID string, isAdmin bool, err error) {
 	apiKey := c.GetHeader("X-API-KEY")
 
-	user, err := m.apiKeyService.ValidateApiKey(apiKey)
+	user, err := m.apiKeyService.ValidateApiKey(c.Request.Context(), apiKey)
 	if err != nil {
 		return "", false, &common.NotSignedInError{}
 	}
 
-	// Check if the user is an admin
+	if user.Disabled {
+		return "", false, &common.UserDisabledError{}
+	}
+
 	if adminRequired && !user.IsAdmin {
 		return "", false, &common.MissingPermissionError{}
 	}

backend/internal/middleware/auth_middleware.go

@@ -19,11 +19,12 @@ type AuthOptions struct {
 
 func NewAuthMiddleware(
 	apiKeyService *service.ApiKeyService,
+	userService *service.UserService,
 	jwtService *service.JwtService,
 ) *AuthMiddleware {
 	return &AuthMiddleware{
 		apiKeyMiddleware: NewApiKeyAuthMiddleware(apiKeyService, jwtService),
-		jwtMiddleware:    NewJwtAuthMiddleware(jwtService),
+		jwtMiddleware:    NewJwtAuthMiddleware(jwtService, userService),
 		options: AuthOptions{
 			AdminRequired:   true,
 			SuccessOptional: false,
@@ -57,12 +58,13 @@ func (m *AuthMiddleware) WithSuccessOptional() *AuthMiddleware {
 
 func (m *AuthMiddleware) Add() gin.HandlerFunc {
 	return func(c *gin.Context) {
-		// First try JWT auth
 		userID, isAdmin, err := m.jwtMiddleware.Verify(c, m.options.AdminRequired)
 		if err == nil {
-			// JWT auth succeeded, continue with the request
 			c.Set("userID", userID)
 			c.Set("userIsAdmin", isAdmin)
+			if c.IsAborted() {
+				return
+			}
 			c.Next()
 			return
 		}
@@ -70,9 +72,11 @@ func (m *AuthMiddleware) Add() gin.HandlerFunc {
 		// JWT auth failed, try API key auth
 		userID, isAdmin, err = m.apiKeyMiddleware.Verify(c, m.options.AdminRequired)
 		if err == nil {
-			// API key auth succeeded, continue with the request
 			c.Set("userID", userID)
 			c.Set("userIsAdmin", isAdmin)
+			if c.IsAborted() {
+				return
+			}
 			c.Next()
 			return
 		}
@@ -84,6 +88,6 @@ func (m *AuthMiddleware) Add() gin.HandlerFunc {
 
 		// Both JWT and API key auth failed
 		c.Abort()
-		c.Error(err)
+		_ = c.Error(err)
 	}
 }

backend/internal/middleware/cors.go

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 package middleware
 
 import (
+	"net/http"
+
 	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/common"
 )
@@ -14,16 +16,17 @@ func NewCorsMiddleware() *CorsMiddleware {
 func (m *CorsMiddleware) Add() gin.HandlerFunc {
 	return func(c *gin.Context) {
 		// Allow all origins for the token endpoint
-		if c.FullPath() == "/api/oidc/token" {
+		switch c.FullPath() {
+		case "/api/oidc/token", "/api/oidc/introspect":
 			c.Writer.Header().Set("Access-Control-Allow-Origin", "*")
-		} else {
+		default:
 			c.Writer.Header().Set("Access-Control-Allow-Origin", common.EnvConfig.AppURL)
 		}
 
 		c.Writer.Header().Set("Access-Control-Allow-Headers", "*")
 		c.Writer.Header().Set("Access-Control-Allow-Methods", "POST, OPTIONS, GET, PUT")
 
-		if c.Request.Method == "OPTIONS" {
+		if c.Request.Method == http.MethodOptions {
 			c.AbortWithStatus(204)
 			return
 		}

backend/internal/middleware/file_size_limit.go

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ func (m *FileSizeLimitMiddleware) Add(maxSize int64) gin.HandlerFunc {
 		c.Request.Body = http.MaxBytesReader(c.Writer, c.Request.Body, maxSize)
 		if err := c.Request.ParseMultipartForm(maxSize); err != nil {
 			err = &common.FileTooLargeError{MaxSize: formatFileSize(maxSize)}
-			c.Error(err)
+			_ = c.Error(err)
 			c.Abort()
 			return
 		}

backend/internal/middleware/jwt_auth.go

@@ -10,20 +10,20 @@ import (
 )
 
 type JwtAuthMiddleware struct {
-	jwtService *service.JwtService
+	userService *service.UserService
+	jwtService  *service.JwtService
 }
 
-func NewJwtAuthMiddleware(jwtService *service.JwtService) *JwtAuthMiddleware {
+func NewJwtAuthMiddleware(jwtService *service.JwtService, userService *service.UserService) *JwtAuthMiddleware {
-	return &JwtAuthMiddleware{jwtService: jwtService}
+	return &JwtAuthMiddleware{jwtService: jwtService, userService: userService}
 }
 
 func (m *JwtAuthMiddleware) Add(adminRequired bool) gin.HandlerFunc {
 	return func(c *gin.Context) {
-
 		userID, isAdmin, err := m.Verify(c, adminRequired)
 		if err != nil {
 			c.Abort()
-			c.Error(err)
+			_ = c.Error(err)
 			return
 		}
 
@@ -33,27 +33,41 @@ func (m *JwtAuthMiddleware) Add(adminRequired bool) gin.HandlerFunc {
 	}
 }
 
-func (m *JwtAuthMiddleware) Verify(c *gin.Context, adminRequired bool) (userID string, isAdmin bool, err error) {
+func (m *JwtAuthMiddleware) Verify(c *gin.Context, adminRequired bool) (subject string, isAdmin bool, err error) {
 	// Extract the token from the cookie
-	token, err := c.Cookie(cookie.AccessTokenCookieName)
+	accessToken, err := c.Cookie(cookie.AccessTokenCookieName)
 	if err != nil {
 		// Try to extract the token from the Authorization header if it's not in the cookie
-		authorizationHeaderSplit := strings.Split(c.GetHeader("Authorization"), " ")
+		var ok bool
-		if len(authorizationHeaderSplit) != 2 {
+		_, accessToken, ok = strings.Cut(c.GetHeader("Authorization"), " ")
+		if !ok || accessToken == "" {
 			return "", false, &common.NotSignedInError{}
 		}
-		token = authorizationHeaderSplit[1]
 	}
 
-	claims, err := m.jwtService.VerifyAccessToken(token)
+	token, err := m.jwtService.VerifyAccessToken(accessToken)
 	if err != nil {
 		return "", false, &common.NotSignedInError{}
 	}
 
-	// Check if the user is an admin
+	subject, ok := token.Subject()
-	if adminRequired && !claims.IsAdmin {
+	if !ok {
+		_ = c.Error(&common.TokenInvalidError{})
+		return
+	}
+
+	user, err := m.userService.GetUser(c, subject)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", false, &common.NotSignedInError{}
+	}
+
+	if user.Disabled {
+		return "", false, &common.UserDisabledError{}
+	}
+
+	if adminRequired && !user.IsAdmin {
 		return "", false, &common.MissingPermissionError{}
 	}
 
-	return claims.Subject, claims.IsAdmin, nil
+	return subject, isAdmin, nil
 }

backend/internal/middleware/rate_limit.go

@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ func (m *RateLimitMiddleware) Add(limit rate.Limit, burst int) gin.HandlerFunc {
 
 		limiter := getLimiter(ip, limit, burst, &mu, clients)
 		if !limiter.Allow() {
-			c.Error(&common.TooManyRequestsError{})
+			_ = c.Error(&common.TooManyRequestsError{})
 			c.Abort()
 			return
 		}

backend/internal/model/api_key.go

@@ -1,17 +1,16 @@
 package model
 
-import (
+import datatype "github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/model/types"
-	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/model/types"
-)
 
 type ApiKey struct {
 	Base
 
-	Name        string `sortable:"true"`
+	Name                string `sortable:"true"`
-	Key         string
+	Key                 string
-	Description *string
+	Description         *string
-	ExpiresAt   datatype.DateTime  `sortable:"true"`
+	ExpiresAt           datatype.DateTime  `sortable:"true"`
-	LastUsedAt  *datatype.DateTime `sortable:"true"`
+	LastUsedAt          *datatype.DateTime `sortable:"true"`
+	ExpirationEmailSent bool
 
 	UserID string
 	User   User

backend/internal/model/app_config.go

@@ -1,51 +1,189 @@
 package model
 
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"reflect"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+)
+
 type AppConfigVariable struct {
-	Key          string `gorm:"primaryKey;not null"`
+	Key   string `gorm:"primaryKey;not null"`
-	Type         string
+	Value string
-	IsPublic     bool
+}
-	IsInternal   bool
+
-	Value        string
+// IsTrue returns true if the value is a truthy string, such as "true", "t", "yes", "1", etc.
-	DefaultValue string
+func (a *AppConfigVariable) IsTrue() bool {
+	ok, _ := strconv.ParseBool(a.Value)
+	return ok
+}
+
+// AsDurationMinutes returns the value as a time.Duration, interpreting the string as a whole number of minutes.
+func (a *AppConfigVariable) AsDurationMinutes() time.Duration {
+	val, err := strconv.Atoi(a.Value)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0
+	}
+	return time.Duration(val) * time.Minute
 }
 
 type AppConfig struct {
 	// General
-	AppName             AppConfigVariable
+	AppName             AppConfigVariable `key:"appName,public"` // Public
-	SessionDuration     AppConfigVariable
+	SessionDuration     AppConfigVariable `key:"sessionDuration"`
-	EmailsVerified      AppConfigVariable
+	EmailsVerified      AppConfigVariable `key:"emailsVerified"`
-	AllowOwnAccountEdit AppConfigVariable
+	DisableAnimations   AppConfigVariable `key:"disableAnimations,public"`   // Public
+	AllowOwnAccountEdit AppConfigVariable `key:"allowOwnAccountEdit,public"` // Public
 	// Internal
-	BackgroundImageType AppConfigVariable
+	BackgroundImageType AppConfigVariable `key:"backgroundImageType,internal"` // Internal
-	LogoLightImageType  AppConfigVariable
+	LogoLightImageType  AppConfigVariable `key:"logoLightImageType,internal"`  // Internal
-	LogoDarkImageType   AppConfigVariable
+	LogoDarkImageType   AppConfigVariable `key:"logoDarkImageType,internal"`   // Internal
 	// Email
-	SmtpHost                      AppConfigVariable
+	SmtpHost                                   AppConfigVariable `key:"smtpHost"`
-	SmtpPort                      AppConfigVariable
+	SmtpPort                                   AppConfigVariable `key:"smtpPort"`
-	SmtpFrom                      AppConfigVariable
+	SmtpFrom                                   AppConfigVariable `key:"smtpFrom"`
-	SmtpUser                      AppConfigVariable
+	SmtpUser                                   AppConfigVariable `key:"smtpUser"`
-	SmtpPassword                  AppConfigVariable
+	SmtpPassword                               AppConfigVariable `key:"smtpPassword"`
-	SmtpTls                       AppConfigVariable
+	SmtpTls                                    AppConfigVariable `key:"smtpTls"`
-	SmtpSkipCertVerify            AppConfigVariable
+	SmtpSkipCertVerify                         AppConfigVariable `key:"smtpSkipCertVerify"`
-	EmailLoginNotificationEnabled AppConfigVariable
+	EmailLoginNotificationEnabled              AppConfigVariable `key:"emailLoginNotificationEnabled"`
-	EmailOneTimeAccessEnabled     AppConfigVariable
+	EmailOneTimeAccessAsUnauthenticatedEnabled AppConfigVariable `key:"emailOneTimeAccessAsUnauthenticatedEnabled,public"` // Public
+	EmailOneTimeAccessAsAdminEnabled           AppConfigVariable `key:"emailOneTimeAccessAsAdminEnabled,public"`           // Public
+	EmailApiKeyExpirationEnabled               AppConfigVariable `key:"emailApiKeyExpirationEnabled"`
 	// LDAP
-	LdapEnabled                        AppConfigVariable
+	LdapEnabled                        AppConfigVariable `key:"ldapEnabled,public"` // Public
-	LdapUrl                            AppConfigVariable
+	LdapUrl                            AppConfigVariable `key:"ldapUrl"`
-	LdapBindDn                         AppConfigVariable
+	LdapBindDn                         AppConfigVariable `key:"ldapBindDn"`
-	LdapBindPassword                   AppConfigVariable
+	LdapBindPassword                   AppConfigVariable `key:"ldapBindPassword"`
-	LdapBase                           AppConfigVariable
+	LdapBase                           AppConfigVariable `key:"ldapBase"`
-	LdapUserSearchFilter               AppConfigVariable
+	LdapUserSearchFilter               AppConfigVariable `key:"ldapUserSearchFilter"`
-	LdapUserGroupSearchFilter          AppConfigVariable
+	LdapUserGroupSearchFilter          AppConfigVariable `key:"ldapUserGroupSearchFilter"`
-	LdapSkipCertVerify                 AppConfigVariable
+	LdapSkipCertVerify                 AppConfigVariable `key:"ldapSkipCertVerify"`
-	LdapAttributeUserUniqueIdentifier  AppConfigVariable
+	LdapAttributeUserUniqueIdentifier  AppConfigVariable `key:"ldapAttributeUserUniqueIdentifier"`
-	LdapAttributeUserUsername          AppConfigVariable
+	LdapAttributeUserUsername          AppConfigVariable `key:"ldapAttributeUserUsername"`
-	LdapAttributeUserEmail             AppConfigVariable
+	LdapAttributeUserEmail             AppConfigVariable `key:"ldapAttributeUserEmail"`
-	LdapAttributeUserFirstName         AppConfigVariable
+	LdapAttributeUserFirstName         AppConfigVariable `key:"ldapAttributeUserFirstName"`
-	LdapAttributeUserLastName          AppConfigVariable
+	LdapAttributeUserLastName          AppConfigVariable `key:"ldapAttributeUserLastName"`
-	LdapAttributeUserProfilePicture    AppConfigVariable
+	LdapAttributeUserProfilePicture    AppConfigVariable `key:"ldapAttributeUserProfilePicture"`
-	LdapAttributeGroupMember           AppConfigVariable
+	LdapAttributeGroupMember           AppConfigVariable `key:"ldapAttributeGroupMember"`
-	LdapAttributeGroupUniqueIdentifier AppConfigVariable
+	LdapAttributeGroupUniqueIdentifier AppConfigVariable `key:"ldapAttributeGroupUniqueIdentifier"`
-	LdapAttributeGroupName             AppConfigVariable
+	LdapAttributeGroupName             AppConfigVariable `key:"ldapAttributeGroupName"`
-	LdapAttributeAdminGroup            AppConfigVariable
+	LdapAttributeAdminGroup            AppConfigVariable `key:"ldapAttributeAdminGroup"`
+	LdapSoftDeleteUsers                AppConfigVariable `key:"ldapSoftDeleteUsers"`
+}
+
+func (c *AppConfig) ToAppConfigVariableSlice(showAll bool) []AppConfigVariable {
+	// Use reflection to iterate through all fields
+	cfgValue := reflect.ValueOf(c).Elem()
+	cfgType := cfgValue.Type()
+
+	var res []AppConfigVariable
+
+	for i := range cfgType.NumField() {
+		field := cfgType.Field(i)
+
+		key, attrs, _ := strings.Cut(field.Tag.Get("key"), ",")
+		if key == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		// If we're only showing public variables and this is not public, skip it
+		if !showAll && attrs != "public" {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		fieldValue := cfgValue.Field(i)
+
+		appConfigVariable := AppConfigVariable{
+			Key:   key,
+			Value: fieldValue.FieldByName("Value").String(),
+		}
+
+		res = append(res, appConfigVariable)
+	}
+
+	return res
+}
+
+func (c *AppConfig) FieldByKey(key string) (string, error) {
+	rv := reflect.ValueOf(c).Elem()
+	rt := rv.Type()
+
+	// Find the field in the struct whose "key" tag matches
+	for i := range rt.NumField() {
+		// Grab only the first part of the key, if there's a comma with additional properties
+		tagValue, _, _ := strings.Cut(rt.Field(i).Tag.Get("key"), ",")
+		if tagValue != key {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		valueField := rv.Field(i).FieldByName("Value")
+		return valueField.String(), nil
+	}
+
+	// If we are here, the config key was not found
+	return "", AppConfigKeyNotFoundError{field: key}
+}
+
+func (c *AppConfig) UpdateField(key string, value string, noInternal bool) error {
+	rv := reflect.ValueOf(c).Elem()
+	rt := rv.Type()
+
+	// Find the field in the struct whose "key" tag matches, then update that
+	for i := range rt.NumField() {
+		// Separate the key (before the comma) from any optional attributes after
+		tagValue, attrs, _ := strings.Cut(rt.Field(i).Tag.Get("key"), ",")
+		if tagValue != key {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		// If the field is internal and noInternal is true, we skip that
+		if noInternal && attrs == "internal" {
+			return AppConfigInternalForbiddenError{field: key}
+		}
+
+		valueField := rv.Field(i).FieldByName("Value")
+		if !valueField.CanSet() {
+			return fmt.Errorf("field Value in AppConfigVariable is not settable for config key '%s'", key)
+		}
+
+		// Update the value
+		valueField.SetString(value)
+
+		// Return once updated
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	// If we're here, we have not found the right field to update
+	return AppConfigKeyNotFoundError{field: key}
+}
+
+type AppConfigKeyNotFoundError struct {
+	field string
+}
+
+func (e AppConfigKeyNotFoundError) Error() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("cannot find config key '%s'", e.field)
+}
+
+func (e AppConfigKeyNotFoundError) Is(target error) bool {
+	// Ignore the field property when checking if an error is of the type AppConfigKeyNotFoundError
+	x := AppConfigKeyNotFoundError{}
+	return errors.As(target, &x)
+}
+
+type AppConfigInternalForbiddenError struct {
+	field string
+}
+
+func (e AppConfigInternalForbiddenError) Error() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("field '%s' is internal and can't be updated", e.field)
+}
+
+func (e AppConfigInternalForbiddenError) Is(target error) bool {
+	// Ignore the field property when checking if an error is of the type AppConfigInternalForbiddenError
+	x := AppConfigInternalForbiddenError{}
+	return errors.As(target, &x)
 }

backend/internal/model/app_config_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+// We use model_test here to avoid an import cycle
+package model_test
+
+import (
+	"reflect"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+
+	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/dto"
+	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/model"
+)
+
+func TestAppConfigVariable_AsMinutesDuration(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name            string
+		value           string
+		expected        time.Duration
+		expectedSeconds int
+	}{
+		{
+			name:            "valid positive integer",
+			value:           "60",
+			expected:        60 * time.Minute,
+			expectedSeconds: 3600,
+		},
+		{
+			name:            "valid zero integer",
+			value:           "0",
+			expected:        0,
+			expectedSeconds: 0,
+		},
+		{
+			name:            "negative integer",
+			value:           "-30",
+			expected:        -30 * time.Minute,
+			expectedSeconds: -1800,
+		},
+		{
+			name:            "invalid non-integer",
+			value:           "not-a-number",
+			expected:        0,
+			expectedSeconds: 0,
+		},
+		{
+			name:            "empty string",
+			value:           "",
+			expected:        0,
+			expectedSeconds: 0,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			configVar := model.AppConfigVariable{
+				Value: tt.value,
+			}
+
+			result := configVar.AsDurationMinutes()
+			assert.Equal(t, tt.expected, result)
+			assert.Equal(t, tt.expectedSeconds, int(result.Seconds()))
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// This test ensures that the model.AppConfig and dto.AppConfigUpdateDto structs match:
+// - They should have the same properties, where the "json" tag of dto.AppConfigUpdateDto should match the "key" tag in model.AppConfig
+// - dto.AppConfigDto should not include "internal" fields from model.AppConfig
+// This test is primarily meant to catch discrepancies between the two structs as fields are added or removed over time
+func TestAppConfigStructMatchesUpdateDto(t *testing.T) {
+	appConfigType := reflect.TypeOf(model.AppConfig{})
+	updateDtoType := reflect.TypeOf(dto.AppConfigUpdateDto{})
+
+	// Process AppConfig fields
+	appConfigFields := make(map[string]string)
+	for i := 0; i < appConfigType.NumField(); i++ {
+		field := appConfigType.Field(i)
+		if field.Tag.Get("key") == "" {
+			// Skip internal fields
+			continue
+		}
+
+		// Extract the key name from the tag (takes the part before any comma)
+		keyTag := field.Tag.Get("key")
+		keyName, _, _ := strings.Cut(keyTag, ",")
+
+		appConfigFields[field.Name] = keyName
+	}
+
+	// Process AppConfigUpdateDto fields
+	dtoFields := make(map[string]string)
+	for i := 0; i < updateDtoType.NumField(); i++ {
+		field := updateDtoType.Field(i)
+
+		// Extract the json name from the tag (takes the part before any binding constraints)
+		jsonTag := field.Tag.Get("json")
+		jsonName, _, _ := strings.Cut(jsonTag, ",")
+
+		dtoFields[jsonName] = field.Name
+	}
+
+	// Verify every AppConfig field has a matching DTO field with the same name
+	for fieldName, keyName := range appConfigFields {
+		if strings.HasSuffix(fieldName, "ImageType") {
+			// Skip internal fields that shouldn't be in the DTO
+			continue
+		}
+
+		// Check if there's a DTO field with a matching JSON tag
+		_, exists := dtoFields[keyName]
+		assert.True(t, exists, "Field %s with key '%s' in AppConfig has no matching field in AppConfigUpdateDto", fieldName, keyName)
+	}
+
+	// Verify every DTO field has a matching AppConfig field
+	for jsonName, fieldName := range dtoFields {
+		// Find a matching field in AppConfig by key tag
+		found := false
+		for _, keyName := range appConfigFields {
+			if keyName == jsonName {
+				found = true
+				break
+			}
+		}
+
+		assert.True(t, found, "Field %s with json tag '%s' in AppConfigUpdateDto has no matching field in AppConfig", fieldName, jsonName)
+	}
+}

backend/internal/model/audit_log.go

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ package model
 import (
 	"database/sql/driver"
 	"encoding/json"
-	"errors"
+	"fmt"
 )
 
 type AuditLog struct {
@@ -14,13 +14,16 @@ type AuditLog struct {
 	Country   string        `sortable:"true"`
 	City      string        `sortable:"true"`
 	UserAgent string        `sortable:"true"`
-	UserID    string
+	Username  string        `gorm:"-"`
 	Data      AuditLogData
+
+	UserID string
+	User   User
 }
 
-type AuditLogData map[string]string
+type AuditLogData map[string]string //nolint:recvcheck
 
-type AuditLogEvent string
+type AuditLogEvent string //nolint:recvcheck
 
 const (
 	AuditLogEventSignIn                   AuditLogEvent = "SIGN_IN"
@@ -31,7 +34,7 @@ const (
 
 // Scan and Value methods for GORM to handle the custom type
 
-func (e *AuditLogEvent) Scan(value interface{}) error {
+func (e *AuditLogEvent) Scan(value any) error {
 	*e = AuditLogEvent(value.(string))
 	return nil
 }
@@ -40,11 +43,14 @@ func (e AuditLogEvent) Value() (driver.Value, error) {
 	return string(e), nil
 }
 
-func (d *AuditLogData) Scan(value interface{}) error {
+func (d *AuditLogData) Scan(value any) error {
-	if v, ok := value.([]byte); ok {
+	switch v := value.(type) {
+	case []byte:
 		return json.Unmarshal(v, d)
-	} else {
+	case string:
-		return errors.New("type assertion to []byte failed")
+		return json.Unmarshal([]byte(v), d)
+	default:
+		return fmt.Errorf("unsupported type: %T", value)
 	}
 }
 

backend/internal/model/base.go

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/google/uuid"
-	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/model/types"
+	datatype "github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/model/types"
 	"gorm.io/gorm"
 )
 

backend/internal/model/oidc.go

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ package model
 import (
 	"database/sql/driver"
 	"encoding/json"
-	"errors"
+	"fmt"
 
 	datatype "github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/model/types"
 	"gorm.io/gorm"
@@ -51,19 +51,36 @@ type OidcClient struct {
 	CreatedBy         User
 }
 
+type OidcRefreshToken struct {
+	Base
+
+	Token     string
+	ExpiresAt datatype.DateTime
+	Scope     string
+
+	UserID string
+	User   User
+
+	ClientID string
+	Client   OidcClient
+}
+
 func (c *OidcClient) AfterFind(_ *gorm.DB) (err error) {
 	// Compute HasLogo field
 	c.HasLogo = c.ImageType != nil && *c.ImageType != ""
 	return nil
 }
 
-type UrlList []string
+type UrlList []string //nolint:recvcheck
 
 func (cu *UrlList) Scan(value interface{}) error {
-	if v, ok := value.([]byte); ok {
+	switch v := value.(type) {
+	case []byte:
 		return json.Unmarshal(v, cu)
-	} else {
+	case string:
-		return errors.New("type assertion to []byte failed")
+		return json.Unmarshal([]byte(v), cu)
+	default:
+		return fmt.Errorf("unsupported type: %T", value)
 	}
 }
 

backend/internal/model/types/date_time.go

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import (
 )
 
 // DateTime custom type for time.Time to store date as unix timestamp for sqlite and as date for postgres
-type DateTime time.Time
+type DateTime time.Time //nolint:recvcheck
 
 func (date *DateTime) Scan(value interface{}) (err error) {
 	*date = DateTime(value.(time.Time))

backend/internal/model/user.go

@@ -1,9 +1,12 @@
 package model
 
 import (
+	"strings"
+
 	"github.com/go-webauthn/webauthn/protocol"
 	"github.com/go-webauthn/webauthn/webauthn"
 	datatype "github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/model/types"
+	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/utils"
 )
 
 type User struct {
@@ -14,7 +17,9 @@ type User struct {
 	FirstName string `sortable:"true"`
 	LastName  string `sortable:"true"`
 	IsAdmin   bool   `sortable:"true"`
+	Locale    *string
 	LdapID    *string
+	Disabled  bool `sortable:"true"`
 
 	CustomClaims []CustomClaim
 	UserGroups   []UserGroup `gorm:"many2many:user_groups_users;"`
@@ -62,6 +67,15 @@ func (u User) WebAuthnCredentialDescriptors() (descriptors []protocol.Credential
 
 func (u User) FullName() string { return u.FirstName + " " + u.LastName }
 
+func (u User) Initials() string {
+	first := utils.GetFirstCharacter(u.FirstName)
+	last := utils.GetFirstCharacter(u.LastName)
+	if first == "" && last == "" && len(u.Username) >= 2 {
+		return strings.ToUpper(u.Username[:2])
+	}
+	return strings.ToUpper(first + last)
+}
+
 type OneTimeAccessToken struct {
 	Base
 	Token     string

backend/internal/model/webauthn.go

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ package model
 import (
 	"database/sql/driver"
 	"encoding/json"
-	"errors"
+	"fmt"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/go-webauthn/webauthn/protocol"
@@ -45,15 +45,17 @@ type PublicKeyCredentialRequestOptions struct {
 	Timeout   time.Duration
 }
 
-type AuthenticatorTransportList []protocol.AuthenticatorTransport
+type AuthenticatorTransportList []protocol.AuthenticatorTransport //nolint:recvcheck
 
 // Scan and Value methods for GORM to handle the custom type
 func (atl *AuthenticatorTransportList) Scan(value interface{}) error {
-
+	switch v := value.(type) {
-	if v, ok := value.([]byte); ok {
+	case []byte:
 		return json.Unmarshal(v, atl)
-	} else {
+	case string:
-		return errors.New("type assertion to []byte failed")
+		return json.Unmarshal([]byte(v), atl)
+	default:
+		return fmt.Errorf("unsupported type: %T", value)
 	}
 }
 

backend/internal/service/api_key_service.go

@@ -1,28 +1,35 @@
 package service
 
 import (
+	"context"
 	"errors"
-	datatype "github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/model/types"
-	"log"
 	"time"
 
+	datatype "github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/model/types"
+	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/utils/email"
+
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/common"
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/dto"
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/model"
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/utils"
 	"gorm.io/gorm"
+	"gorm.io/gorm/clause"
 )
 
 type ApiKeyService struct {
-	db *gorm.DB
+	db           *gorm.DB
+	emailService *EmailService
 }
 
-func NewApiKeyService(db *gorm.DB) *ApiKeyService {
+func NewApiKeyService(db *gorm.DB, emailService *EmailService) *ApiKeyService {
-	return &ApiKeyService{db: db}
+	return &ApiKeyService{db: db, emailService: emailService}
 }
 
-func (s *ApiKeyService) ListApiKeys(userID string, sortedPaginationRequest utils.SortedPaginationRequest) ([]model.ApiKey, utils.PaginationResponse, error) {
+func (s *ApiKeyService) ListApiKeys(ctx context.Context, userID string, sortedPaginationRequest utils.SortedPaginationRequest) ([]model.ApiKey, utils.PaginationResponse, error) {
-	query := s.db.Where("user_id = ?", userID).Model(&model.ApiKey{})
+	query := s.db.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		Where("user_id = ?", userID).
+		Model(&model.ApiKey{})
 
 	var apiKeys []model.ApiKey
 	pagination, err := utils.PaginateAndSort(sortedPaginationRequest, query, &apiKeys)
@@ -33,7 +40,7 @@ func (s *ApiKeyService) ListApiKeys(userID string, sortedPaginationRequest utils
 	return apiKeys, pagination, nil
 }
 
-func (s *ApiKeyService) CreateApiKey(userID string, input dto.ApiKeyCreateDto) (model.ApiKey, string, error) {
+func (s *ApiKeyService) CreateApiKey(ctx context.Context, userID string, input dto.ApiKeyCreateDto) (model.ApiKey, string, error) {
 	// Check if expiration is in the future
 	if !input.ExpiresAt.ToTime().After(time.Now()) {
 		return model.ApiKey{}, "", &common.APIKeyExpirationDateError{}
@@ -53,7 +60,11 @@ func (s *ApiKeyService) CreateApiKey(userID string, input dto.ApiKeyCreateDto) (
 		UserID:      userID,
 	}
 
-	if err := s.db.Create(&apiKey).Error; err != nil {
+	err = s.db.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		Create(&apiKey).
+		Error
+	if err != nil {
 		return model.ApiKey{}, "", err
 	}
 
@@ -61,29 +72,44 @@ func (s *ApiKeyService) CreateApiKey(userID string, input dto.ApiKeyCreateDto) (
 	return apiKey, token, nil
 }
 
-func (s *ApiKeyService) RevokeApiKey(userID, apiKeyID string) error {
+func (s *ApiKeyService) RevokeApiKey(ctx context.Context, userID, apiKeyID string) error {
 	var apiKey model.ApiKey
-	if err := s.db.Where("id = ? AND user_id = ?", apiKeyID, userID).First(&apiKey).Error; err != nil {
+	err := s.db.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		Where("id = ? AND user_id = ?", apiKeyID, userID).
+		Delete(&apiKey).
+		Error
+	if err != nil {
 		if errors.Is(err, gorm.ErrRecordNotFound) {
 			return &common.APIKeyNotFoundError{}
 		}
 		return err
 	}
 
-	return s.db.Delete(&apiKey).Error
+	return nil
 }
 
-func (s *ApiKeyService) ValidateApiKey(apiKey string) (model.User, error) {
+func (s *ApiKeyService) ValidateApiKey(ctx context.Context, apiKey string) (model.User, error) {
 	if apiKey == "" {
 		return model.User{}, &common.NoAPIKeyProvidedError{}
 	}
 
-	var key model.ApiKey
+	now := time.Now()
 	hashedKey := utils.CreateSha256Hash(apiKey)
 
-	if err := s.db.Preload("User").Where("key = ? AND expires_at > ?",
+	var key model.ApiKey
-		hashedKey, datatype.DateTime(time.Now())).Preload("User").First(&key).Error; err != nil {
+	err := s.db.
-
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		Model(&model.ApiKey{}).
+		Clauses(clause.Returning{}).
+		Where("key = ? AND expires_at > ?", hashedKey, datatype.DateTime(now)).
+		Updates(&model.ApiKey{
+			LastUsedAt: utils.Ptr(datatype.DateTime(now)),
+		}).
+		Preload("User").
+		First(&key).
+		Error
+	if err != nil {
 		if errors.Is(err, gorm.ErrRecordNotFound) {
 			return model.User{}, &common.InvalidAPIKeyError{}
 		}
@@ -91,12 +117,49 @@ func (s *ApiKeyService) ValidateApiKey(apiKey string) (model.User, error) {
 		return model.User{}, err
 	}
 
-	// Update last used time
-	now := datatype.DateTime(time.Now())
-	key.LastUsedAt = &now
-	if err := s.db.Save(&key).Error; err != nil {
-		log.Printf("Failed to update last used time: %v", err)
-	}
-
 	return key.User, nil
 }
+
+func (s *ApiKeyService) ListExpiringApiKeys(ctx context.Context, daysAhead int) ([]model.ApiKey, error) {
+	var keys []model.ApiKey
+	now := time.Now()
+	cutoff := now.AddDate(0, 0, daysAhead)
+
+	err := s.db.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		Preload("User").
+		Where("expires_at > ? AND expires_at <= ? AND expiration_email_sent = ?", datatype.DateTime(now), datatype.DateTime(cutoff), false).
+		Find(&keys).
+		Error
+
+	return keys, err
+}
+
+func (s *ApiKeyService) SendApiKeyExpiringSoonEmail(ctx context.Context, apiKey model.ApiKey) error {
+	user := apiKey.User
+
+	if user.ID == "" {
+		if err := s.db.WithContext(ctx).First(&user, "id = ?", apiKey.UserID).Error; err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
+	err := SendEmail(ctx, s.emailService, email.Address{
+		Name:  user.FullName(),
+		Email: user.Email,
+	}, ApiKeyExpiringSoonTemplate, &ApiKeyExpiringSoonTemplateData{
+		ApiKeyName: apiKey.Name,
+		ExpiresAt:  apiKey.ExpiresAt.ToTime(),
+		Name:       user.FirstName,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// Mark the API key as having had an expiration email sent
+	return s.db.WithContext(ctx).
+		Model(&model.ApiKey{}).
+		Where("id = ?", apiKey.ID).
+		Update("expiration_email_sent", true).
+		Error
+}

backend/internal/service/app_config_service.go

@@ -1,396 +1,426 @@
 package service
 
 import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"log"
 	"mime/multipart"
 	"os"
 	"reflect"
+	"strings"
+	"sync/atomic"
+	"time"
+
+	"gorm.io/gorm"
+	"gorm.io/gorm/clause"
 
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/common"
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/dto"
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/model"
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/utils"
-	"gorm.io/gorm"
 )
 
 type AppConfigService struct {
-	DbConfig *model.AppConfig
+	dbConfig atomic.Pointer[model.AppConfig]
 	db       *gorm.DB
 }
 
-func NewAppConfigService(db *gorm.DB) *AppConfigService {
+func NewAppConfigService(ctx context.Context, db *gorm.DB) *AppConfigService {
 	service := &AppConfigService{
-		DbConfig: &defaultDbConfig,
+		db: db,
-		db:       db,
 	}
-	if err := service.InitDbConfig(); err != nil {
+
+	err := service.LoadDbConfig(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
 		log.Fatalf("Failed to initialize app config service: %v", err)
 	}
 
 	return service
 }
 
-var defaultDbConfig = model.AppConfig{
+// GetDbConfig returns the application configuration.
-	// General
+// Important: Treat the object as read-only: do not modify its properties directly!
-	AppName: model.AppConfigVariable{
+func (s *AppConfigService) GetDbConfig() *model.AppConfig {
-		Key:          "appName",
+	v := s.dbConfig.Load()
-		Type:         "string",
+	if v == nil {
-		IsPublic:     true,
+		// This indicates a development-time error
-		DefaultValue: "Pocket ID",
+		panic("called GetDbConfig before DbConfig is loaded")
-	},
+	}
-	SessionDuration: model.AppConfigVariable{
+
-		Key:          "sessionDuration",
+	return v
-		Type:         "number",
-		DefaultValue: "60",
-	},
-	EmailsVerified: model.AppConfigVariable{
-		Key:          "emailsVerified",
-		Type:         "bool",
-		DefaultValue: "false",
-	},
-	AllowOwnAccountEdit: model.AppConfigVariable{
-		Key:          "allowOwnAccountEdit",
-		Type:         "bool",
-		IsPublic:     true,
-		DefaultValue: "true",
-	},
-	// Internal
-	BackgroundImageType: model.AppConfigVariable{
-		Key:          "backgroundImageType",
-		Type:         "string",
-		IsInternal:   true,
-		DefaultValue: "jpg",
-	},
-	LogoLightImageType: model.AppConfigVariable{
-		Key:          "logoLightImageType",
-		Type:         "string",
-		IsInternal:   true,
-		DefaultValue: "svg",
-	},
-	LogoDarkImageType: model.AppConfigVariable{
-		Key:          "logoDarkImageType",
-		Type:         "string",
-		IsInternal:   true,
-		DefaultValue: "svg",
-	},
-	// Email
-	SmtpHost: model.AppConfigVariable{
-		Key:  "smtpHost",
-		Type: "string",
-	},
-	SmtpPort: model.AppConfigVariable{
-		Key:  "smtpPort",
-		Type: "number",
-	},
-	SmtpFrom: model.AppConfigVariable{
-		Key:  "smtpFrom",
-		Type: "string",
-	},
-	SmtpUser: model.AppConfigVariable{
-		Key:  "smtpUser",
-		Type: "string",
-	},
-	SmtpPassword: model.AppConfigVariable{
-		Key:  "smtpPassword",
-		Type: "string",
-	},
-	SmtpTls: model.AppConfigVariable{
-		Key:          "smtpTls",
-		Type:         "string",
-		DefaultValue: "none",
-	},
-	SmtpSkipCertVerify: model.AppConfigVariable{
-		Key:          "smtpSkipCertVerify",
-		Type:         "bool",
-		DefaultValue: "false",
-	},
-	EmailLoginNotificationEnabled: model.AppConfigVariable{
-		Key:          "emailLoginNotificationEnabled",
-		Type:         "bool",
-		DefaultValue: "false",
-	},
-	EmailOneTimeAccessEnabled: model.AppConfigVariable{
-		Key:          "emailOneTimeAccessEnabled",
-		Type:         "bool",
-		IsPublic:     true,
-		DefaultValue: "false",
-	},
-	// LDAP
-	LdapEnabled: model.AppConfigVariable{
-		Key:          "ldapEnabled",
-		Type:         "bool",
-		IsPublic:     true,
-		DefaultValue: "false",
-	},
-	LdapUrl: model.AppConfigVariable{
-		Key:  "ldapUrl",
-		Type: "string",
-	},
-	LdapBindDn: model.AppConfigVariable{
-		Key:  "ldapBindDn",
-		Type: "string",
-	},
-	LdapBindPassword: model.AppConfigVariable{
-		Key:  "ldapBindPassword",
-		Type: "string",
-	},
-	LdapBase: model.AppConfigVariable{
-		Key:  "ldapBase",
-		Type: "string",
-	},
-	LdapUserSearchFilter: model.AppConfigVariable{
-		Key:          "ldapUserSearchFilter",
-		Type:         "string",
-		DefaultValue: "(objectClass=person)",
-	},
-	LdapUserGroupSearchFilter: model.AppConfigVariable{
-		Key:          "ldapUserGroupSearchFilter",
-		Type:         "string",
-		DefaultValue: "(objectClass=groupOfNames)",
-	},
-	LdapSkipCertVerify: model.AppConfigVariable{
-		Key:          "ldapSkipCertVerify",
-		Type:         "bool",
-		DefaultValue: "false",
-	},
-	LdapAttributeUserUniqueIdentifier: model.AppConfigVariable{
-		Key:  "ldapAttributeUserUniqueIdentifier",
-		Type: "string",
-	},
-	LdapAttributeUserUsername: model.AppConfigVariable{
-		Key:  "ldapAttributeUserUsername",
-		Type: "string",
-	},
-	LdapAttributeUserEmail: model.AppConfigVariable{
-		Key:  "ldapAttributeUserEmail",
-		Type: "string",
-	},
-	LdapAttributeUserFirstName: model.AppConfigVariable{
-		Key:  "ldapAttributeUserFirstName",
-		Type: "string",
-	},
-	LdapAttributeUserLastName: model.AppConfigVariable{
-		Key:  "ldapAttributeUserLastName",
-		Type: "string",
-	},
-	LdapAttributeUserProfilePicture: model.AppConfigVariable{
-		Key:  "ldapAttributeUserProfilePicture",
-		Type: "string",
-	},
-	LdapAttributeGroupMember: model.AppConfigVariable{
-		Key:          "ldapAttributeGroupMember",
-		Type:         "string",
-		DefaultValue: "member",
-	},
-	LdapAttributeGroupUniqueIdentifier: model.AppConfigVariable{
-		Key:  "ldapAttributeGroupUniqueIdentifier",
-		Type: "string",
-	},
-	LdapAttributeGroupName: model.AppConfigVariable{
-		Key:  "ldapAttributeGroupName",
-		Type: "string",
-	},
-	LdapAttributeAdminGroup: model.AppConfigVariable{
-		Key:  "ldapAttributeAdminGroup",
-		Type: "string",
-	},
 }
 
-func (s *AppConfigService) UpdateAppConfig(input dto.AppConfigUpdateDto) ([]model.AppConfigVariable, error) {
+func (s *AppConfigService) getDefaultDbConfig() *model.AppConfig {
+	// Values are the default ones
+	return &model.AppConfig{
+		// General
+		AppName:             model.AppConfigVariable{Value: "Pocket ID"},
+		SessionDuration:     model.AppConfigVariable{Value: "60"},
+		EmailsVerified:      model.AppConfigVariable{Value: "false"},
+		DisableAnimations:   model.AppConfigVariable{Value: "false"},
+		AllowOwnAccountEdit: model.AppConfigVariable{Value: "true"},
+		// Internal
+		BackgroundImageType: model.AppConfigVariable{Value: "jpg"},
+		LogoLightImageType:  model.AppConfigVariable{Value: "svg"},
+		LogoDarkImageType:   model.AppConfigVariable{Value: "svg"},
+		// Email
+		SmtpHost:                      model.AppConfigVariable{},
+		SmtpPort:                      model.AppConfigVariable{},
+		SmtpFrom:                      model.AppConfigVariable{},
+		SmtpUser:                      model.AppConfigVariable{},
+		SmtpPassword:                  model.AppConfigVariable{},
+		SmtpTls:                       model.AppConfigVariable{Value: "none"},
+		SmtpSkipCertVerify:            model.AppConfigVariable{Value: "false"},
+		EmailLoginNotificationEnabled: model.AppConfigVariable{Value: "false"},
+		EmailOneTimeAccessAsUnauthenticatedEnabled: model.AppConfigVariable{Value: "false"},
+		EmailOneTimeAccessAsAdminEnabled:           model.AppConfigVariable{Value: "false"},
+		EmailApiKeyExpirationEnabled:               model.AppConfigVariable{Value: "false"},
+		// LDAP
+		LdapEnabled:                        model.AppConfigVariable{Value: "false"},
+		LdapUrl:                            model.AppConfigVariable{},
+		LdapBindDn:                         model.AppConfigVariable{},
+		LdapBindPassword:                   model.AppConfigVariable{},
+		LdapBase:                           model.AppConfigVariable{},
+		LdapUserSearchFilter:               model.AppConfigVariable{Value: "(objectClass=person)"},
+		LdapUserGroupSearchFilter:          model.AppConfigVariable{Value: "(objectClass=groupOfNames)"},
+		LdapSkipCertVerify:                 model.AppConfigVariable{Value: "false"},
+		LdapAttributeUserUniqueIdentifier:  model.AppConfigVariable{},
+		LdapAttributeUserUsername:          model.AppConfigVariable{},
+		LdapAttributeUserEmail:             model.AppConfigVariable{},
+		LdapAttributeUserFirstName:         model.AppConfigVariable{},
+		LdapAttributeUserLastName:          model.AppConfigVariable{},
+		LdapAttributeUserProfilePicture:    model.AppConfigVariable{},
+		LdapAttributeGroupMember:           model.AppConfigVariable{Value: "member"},
+		LdapAttributeGroupUniqueIdentifier: model.AppConfigVariable{},
+		LdapAttributeGroupName:             model.AppConfigVariable{},
+		LdapAttributeAdminGroup:            model.AppConfigVariable{},
+		LdapSoftDeleteUsers:                model.AppConfigVariable{Value: "true"},
+	}
+}
+
+func (s *AppConfigService) updateAppConfigStartTransaction(ctx context.Context) (tx *gorm.DB, err error) {
+	// We start a transaction before doing any work, to ensure that we are the only ones updating the data in the database
+	// This works across multiple processes too
+	tx = s.db.Begin()
+	err = tx.Error
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to begin database transaction: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// With SQLite there's nothing else we need to do, because a transaction blocks the entire database
+	// However, with Postgres we need to manually lock the table to prevent others from doing the same
+	switch s.db.Name() {
+	case "postgres":
+		// We do not use "NOWAIT" so this blocks until the database is available, or the context is canceled
+		// Here we use a context with a 10s timeout in case the database is blocked for longer
+		lockCtx, lockCancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, 10*time.Second)
+		defer lockCancel()
+		err = tx.
+			WithContext(lockCtx).
+			Exec("LOCK TABLE app_config_variables IN ACCESS EXCLUSIVE MODE").
+			Error
+		if err != nil {
+			tx.Rollback()
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to acquire lock on app_config_variables table: %w", err)
+		}
+	default:
+		// Nothing to do here
+	}
+
+	return tx, nil
+}
+
+func (s *AppConfigService) updateAppConfigUpdateDatabase(ctx context.Context, tx *gorm.DB, dbUpdate *[]model.AppConfigVariable) error {
+	err := tx.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		Clauses(clause.OnConflict{
+			// Perform an "upsert" if the key already exists, replacing the value
+			Columns:   []clause.Column{{Name: "key"}},
+			DoUpdates: clause.AssignmentColumns([]string{"value"}),
+		}).
+		Create(&dbUpdate).
+		Error
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to update config in database: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (s *AppConfigService) UpdateAppConfig(ctx context.Context, input dto.AppConfigUpdateDto) ([]model.AppConfigVariable, error) {
 	if common.EnvConfig.UiConfigDisabled {
 		return nil, &common.UiConfigDisabledError{}
 	}
 
-	tx := s.db.Begin()
+	// Start the transaction
-	rt := reflect.ValueOf(input).Type()
+	tx, err := s.updateAppConfigStartTransaction(ctx)
-	rv := reflect.ValueOf(input)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer func() {
+		tx.Rollback()
+	}()
 
-	var savedConfigVariables []model.AppConfigVariable
+	// From here onwards, we know we are the only process/goroutine with exclusive access to the config
-	for i := 0; i < rt.NumField(); i++ {
+	// Re-load the config from the database to be sure we have the correct data
-		field := rt.Field(i)
+	cfg, err := s.loadDbConfigInternal(ctx, tx)
-		key := field.Tag.Get("json")
+	if err != nil {
-		value := rv.FieldByName(field.Name).String()
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to reload config from database: %w", err)
-
-		// If the emailEnabled is set to false, disable the emailOneTimeAccessEnabled
-		if key == s.DbConfig.EmailOneTimeAccessEnabled.Key {
-			if rv.FieldByName("EmailEnabled").String() == "false" {
-				value = "false"
-			}
-		}
-
-		var appConfigVariable model.AppConfigVariable
-		if err := tx.First(&appConfigVariable, "key = ? AND is_internal = false", key).Error; err != nil {
-			tx.Rollback()
-			return nil, err
-		}
-
-		appConfigVariable.Value = value
-		if err := tx.Save(&appConfigVariable).Error; err != nil {
-			tx.Rollback()
-			return nil, err
-		}
-
-		savedConfigVariables = append(savedConfigVariables, appConfigVariable)
 	}
 
-	tx.Commit()
+	defaultCfg := s.getDefaultDbConfig()
 
-	if err := s.LoadDbConfigFromDb(); err != nil {
+	// Iterate through all the fields to update
+	// We update the in-memory data (in the cfg struct) and collect values to update in the database
+	rt := reflect.ValueOf(input).Type()
+	rv := reflect.ValueOf(input)
+	dbUpdate := make([]model.AppConfigVariable, 0, rt.NumField())
+	for i := range rt.NumField() {
+		field := rt.Field(i)
+		value := rv.FieldByName(field.Name).String()
+
+		// Get the value of the json tag, taking only what's before the comma
+		key, _, _ := strings.Cut(field.Tag.Get("json"), ",")
+
+		// Update the in-memory config value
+		// If the new value is an empty string, then we set the in-memory value to the default one
+		// Skip values that are internal only and can't be updated
+		if value == "" {
+			// Ignore errors here as we know the key exists
+			defaultValue, _ := defaultCfg.FieldByKey(key)
+			err = cfg.UpdateField(key, defaultValue, true)
+		} else {
+			err = cfg.UpdateField(key, value, true)
+		}
+
+		// If we tried to update an internal field, ignore the error (and do not update in the DB)
+		if errors.Is(err, model.AppConfigInternalForbiddenError{}) {
+			continue
+		} else if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to update in-memory config for key '%s': %w", key, err)
+		}
+
+		// We always save "value" which can be an empty string
+		dbUpdate = append(dbUpdate, model.AppConfigVariable{
+			Key:   key,
+			Value: value,
+		})
+	}
+
+	// Update the values in the database
+	err = s.updateAppConfigUpdateDatabase(ctx, tx, &dbUpdate)
+	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	return savedConfigVariables, nil
+	// Commit the changes to the DB, then finally save the updated config in the object
+	err = tx.Commit().Error
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to commit transaction: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	s.dbConfig.Store(cfg)
+
+	// Return the updated config
+	res := cfg.ToAppConfigVariableSlice(true)
+	return res, nil
 }
 
-func (s *AppConfigService) UpdateImageType(imageName string, fileType string) error {
+// UpdateAppConfigValues
-	key := fmt.Sprintf("%sImageType", imageName)
+func (s *AppConfigService) UpdateAppConfigValues(ctx context.Context, keysAndValues ...string) error {
-	err := s.db.Model(&model.AppConfigVariable{}).Where("key = ?", key).Update("value", fileType).Error
+	if common.EnvConfig.UiConfigDisabled {
+		return &common.UiConfigDisabledError{}
+	}
+
+	// Count of keysAndValues must be even
+	if len(keysAndValues)%2 != 0 {
+		return errors.New("invalid number of arguments received")
+	}
+
+	// Start the transaction
+	tx, err := s.updateAppConfigStartTransaction(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer func() {
+		tx.Rollback()
+	}()
+
+	// From here onwards, we know we are the only process/goroutine with exclusive access to the config
+	// Re-load the config from the database to be sure we have the correct data
+	cfg, err := s.loadDbConfigInternal(ctx, tx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to reload config from database: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	defaultCfg := s.getDefaultDbConfig()
+
+	// Iterate through all the fields to update
+	// We update the in-memory data (in the cfg struct) and collect values to update in the database
+	// (Note the += 2, as we are iterating through key-value pairs)
+	dbUpdate := make([]model.AppConfigVariable, 0, len(keysAndValues)/2)
+	for i := 0; i < len(keysAndValues); i += 2 {
+		key := keysAndValues[i]
+		value := keysAndValues[i+1]
+
+		// Ensure that the field is valid
+		// We do this by grabbing the default value
+		var defaultValue string
+		defaultValue, err = defaultCfg.FieldByKey(key)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("invalid configuration key '%s': %w", key, err)
+		}
+
+		// Update the in-memory config value
+		// If the new value is an empty string, then we set the in-memory value to the default one
+		// Skip values that are internal only and can't be updated
+		if value == "" {
+			err = cfg.UpdateField(key, defaultValue, false)
+		} else {
+			err = cfg.UpdateField(key, value, false)
+		}
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to update in-memory config for key '%s': %w", key, err)
+		}
+
+		// We always save "value" which can be an empty string
+		dbUpdate = append(dbUpdate, model.AppConfigVariable{
+			Key:   key,
+			Value: value,
+		})
+	}
+
+	// Update the values in the database
+	err = s.updateAppConfigUpdateDatabase(ctx, tx, &dbUpdate)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 
-	return s.LoadDbConfigFromDb()
+	// Commit the changes to the DB, then finally save the updated config in the object
-}
+	err = tx.Commit().Error
-
-func (s *AppConfigService) ListAppConfig(showAll bool) ([]model.AppConfigVariable, error) {
-	var configuration []model.AppConfigVariable
-	var err error
-
-	if showAll {
-		err = s.db.Find(&configuration).Error
-	} else {
-		err = s.db.Find(&configuration, "is_public = true").Error
-	}
-
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to commit transaction: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	for i := range configuration {
+	s.dbConfig.Store(cfg)
-		if common.EnvConfig.UiConfigDisabled {
-			// Set the value to the environment variable if the UI config is disabled
-			configuration[i].Value = s.getConfigVariableFromEnvironmentVariable(configuration[i].Key, configuration[i].DefaultValue)
 
-		} else if configuration[i].Value == "" && configuration[i].DefaultValue != "" {
+	return nil
-			// Set the value to the default value if it is empty
-			configuration[i].Value = configuration[i].DefaultValue
-		}
-	}
-
-	return configuration, nil
 }
 
-func (s *AppConfigService) UpdateImage(uploadedFile *multipart.FileHeader, imageName string, oldImageType string) error {
+func (s *AppConfigService) ListAppConfig(showAll bool) []model.AppConfigVariable {
+	return s.GetDbConfig().ToAppConfigVariableSlice(showAll)
+}
+
+func (s *AppConfigService) UpdateImage(ctx context.Context, uploadedFile *multipart.FileHeader, imageName string, oldImageType string) (err error) {
 	fileType := utils.GetFileExtension(uploadedFile.Filename)
 	mimeType := utils.GetImageMimeType(fileType)
 	if mimeType == "" {
 		return &common.FileTypeNotSupportedError{}
 	}
 
-	// Delete the old image if it has a different file type
+	// Save the updated image
+	imagePath := common.EnvConfig.UploadPath + "/application-images/" + imageName + "." + fileType
+	err = utils.SaveFile(uploadedFile, imagePath)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// Delete the old image if it has a different file type, then update the type in the database
 	if fileType != oldImageType {
-		oldImagePath := fmt.Sprintf("%s/application-images/%s.%s", common.EnvConfig.UploadPath, imageName, oldImageType)
+		oldImagePath := common.EnvConfig.UploadPath + "/application-images/" + imageName + "." + oldImageType
-		if err := os.Remove(oldImagePath); err != nil {
+		err = os.Remove(oldImagePath)
+		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
-	}
 
-	imagePath := fmt.Sprintf("%s/application-images/%s.%s", common.EnvConfig.UploadPath, imageName, fileType)
+		// Update the file type in the database
-	if err := utils.SaveFile(uploadedFile, imagePath); err != nil {
+		err = s.UpdateAppConfigValues(ctx, imageName+"ImageType", fileType)
-		return err
+		if err != nil {
-	}
+			return err
+		}
 
-	// Update the file type in the database
-	if err := s.UpdateImageType(imageName, fileType); err != nil {
-		return err
 	}
 
 	return nil
 }
 
-// InitDbConfig creates the default configuration values in the database if they do not exist,
+// LoadDbConfig loads the configuration values from the database into the DbConfig struct.
-// updates existing configurations if they differ from the default, and deletes any configurations
+func (s *AppConfigService) LoadDbConfig(ctx context.Context) (err error) {
-// that are not in the default configuration.
+	var dest *model.AppConfig
-func (s *AppConfigService) InitDbConfig() error {
-	// Reflect to get the underlying value of DbConfig and its default configuration
-	defaultConfigReflectValue := reflect.ValueOf(defaultDbConfig)
-	defaultKeys := make(map[string]struct{})
 
-	// Iterate over the fields of DbConfig
+	// If the UI config is disabled, only load from the env
-	for i := 0; i < defaultConfigReflectValue.NumField(); i++ {
+	if common.EnvConfig.UiConfigDisabled {
-		defaultConfigVar := defaultConfigReflectValue.Field(i).Interface().(model.AppConfigVariable)
+		dest, err = s.loadDbConfigFromEnv()
+	} else {
+		dest, err = s.loadDbConfigInternal(ctx, s.db)
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
 
-		defaultKeys[defaultConfigVar.Key] = struct{}{}
+	// Update the value in the object
+	s.dbConfig.Store(dest)
 
-		var storedConfigVar model.AppConfigVariable
+	return nil
-		if err := s.db.First(&storedConfigVar, "key = ?", defaultConfigVar.Key).Error; err != nil {
+}
-			// If the configuration does not exist, create it
+
-			if err := s.db.Create(&defaultConfigVar).Error; err != nil {
+func (s *AppConfigService) loadDbConfigFromEnv() (*model.AppConfig, error) {
-				return err
+	// First, start from the default configuration
-			}
+	dest := s.getDefaultDbConfig()
+
+	// Iterate through each field
+	rt := reflect.ValueOf(dest).Elem().Type()
+	rv := reflect.ValueOf(dest).Elem()
+	for i := range rt.NumField() {
+		field := rt.Field(i)
+
+		// Get the value of the key tag, taking only what's before the comma
+		// The env var name is the key converted to SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE
+		key, _, _ := strings.Cut(field.Tag.Get("key"), ",")
+		envVarName := utils.CamelCaseToScreamingSnakeCase(key)
+
+		// Set the value if it's set
+		value, ok := os.LookupEnv(envVarName)
+		if ok {
+			rv.Field(i).FieldByName("Value").SetString(value)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return dest, nil
+}
+
+func (s *AppConfigService) loadDbConfigInternal(ctx context.Context, tx *gorm.DB) (*model.AppConfig, error) {
+	// First, start from the default configuration
+	dest := s.getDefaultDbConfig()
+
+	// Load all configuration values from the database
+	// This loads all values in a single shot
+	loaded := []model.AppConfigVariable{}
+	queryCtx, queryCancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, 10*time.Second)
+	defer queryCancel()
+	err := tx.
+		WithContext(queryCtx).
+		Find(&loaded).Error
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to load configuration from the database: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Iterate through all values loaded from the database
+	for _, v := range loaded {
+		// If the value is empty, it means we are using the default value
+		if v.Value == "" {
 			continue
 		}
 
-		// Update existing configuration if it differs from the default
+		// Find the field in the struct whose "key" tag matches, then update that
-		if storedConfigVar.Type != defaultConfigVar.Type || storedConfigVar.IsPublic != defaultConfigVar.IsPublic || storedConfigVar.IsInternal != defaultConfigVar.IsInternal || storedConfigVar.DefaultValue != defaultConfigVar.DefaultValue {
+		err = dest.UpdateField(v.Key, v.Value, false)
-			storedConfigVar.Type = defaultConfigVar.Type
+
-			storedConfigVar.IsPublic = defaultConfigVar.IsPublic
+		// We ignore the case of fields that don't exist, as there may be leftover data in the database
-			storedConfigVar.IsInternal = defaultConfigVar.IsInternal
+		if err != nil && !errors.Is(err, model.AppConfigKeyNotFoundError{}) {
-			storedConfigVar.DefaultValue = defaultConfigVar.DefaultValue
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to process config for key '%s': %w", v.Key, err)
-			if err := s.db.Save(&storedConfigVar).Error; err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
 		}
 	}
 
-	// Delete any configurations not in the default keys
+	return dest, nil
-	var allConfigVars []model.AppConfigVariable
-	if err := s.db.Find(&allConfigVars).Error; err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	for _, config := range allConfigVars {
-		if _, exists := defaultKeys[config.Key]; !exists {
-			if err := s.db.Delete(&config).Error; err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	return s.LoadDbConfigFromDb()
-}
-
-// LoadDbConfigFromDb loads the configuration values from the database into the DbConfig struct.
-func (s *AppConfigService) LoadDbConfigFromDb() error {
-	dbConfigReflectValue := reflect.ValueOf(s.DbConfig).Elem()
-
-	for i := 0; i < dbConfigReflectValue.NumField(); i++ {
-		dbConfigField := dbConfigReflectValue.Field(i)
-		currentConfigVar := dbConfigField.Interface().(model.AppConfigVariable)
-		var storedConfigVar model.AppConfigVariable
-		if err := s.db.First(&storedConfigVar, "key = ?", currentConfigVar.Key).Error; err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-
-		if common.EnvConfig.UiConfigDisabled {
-			storedConfigVar.Value = s.getConfigVariableFromEnvironmentVariable(currentConfigVar.Key, storedConfigVar.DefaultValue)
-		} else if storedConfigVar.Value == "" && storedConfigVar.DefaultValue != "" {
-			storedConfigVar.Value = storedConfigVar.DefaultValue
-		}
-
-		dbConfigField.Set(reflect.ValueOf(storedConfigVar))
-
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
-
-func (s *AppConfigService) getConfigVariableFromEnvironmentVariable(key, fallbackValue string) string {
-	environmentVariableName := utils.CamelCaseToScreamingSnakeCase(key)
-
-	if value, exists := os.LookupEnv(environmentVariableName); exists {
-		return value
-	}
-
-	return fallbackValue
 }

backend/internal/service/app_config_service_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,523 @@
+package service
+
+import (
+	"sync/atomic"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"gorm.io/driver/sqlite"
+	"gorm.io/gorm"
+	"gorm.io/gorm/logger"
+
+	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/common"
+	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/dto"
+	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/model"
+	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/utils"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+// NewTestAppConfigService is a function used by tests to create AppConfigService objects with pre-defined configuration values
+func NewTestAppConfigService(config *model.AppConfig) *AppConfigService {
+	service := &AppConfigService{
+		dbConfig: atomic.Pointer[model.AppConfig]{},
+	}
+	service.dbConfig.Store(config)
+
+	return service
+}
+
+func TestLoadDbConfig(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("empty config table", func(t *testing.T) {
+		db := newAppConfigTestDatabaseForTest(t)
+		service := &AppConfigService{
+			db: db,
+		}
+
+		// Load the config
+		err := service.LoadDbConfig(t.Context())
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		// Config should be equal to default config
+		require.Equal(t, service.GetDbConfig(), service.getDefaultDbConfig())
+	})
+
+	t.Run("loads value from config table", func(t *testing.T) {
+		db := newAppConfigTestDatabaseForTest(t)
+
+		// Populate the config table with some initial values
+		err := db.
+			Create([]model.AppConfigVariable{
+				// Should be set to the default value because it's an empty string
+				{Key: "appName", Value: ""},
+				// Overrides default value
+				{Key: "sessionDuration", Value: "5"},
+				// Does not have a default value
+				{Key: "smtpHost", Value: "example"},
+			}).
+			Error
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		// Load the config
+		service := &AppConfigService{
+			db: db,
+		}
+		err = service.LoadDbConfig(t.Context())
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		// Values should match expected ones
+		expect := service.getDefaultDbConfig()
+		expect.SessionDuration.Value = "5"
+		expect.SmtpHost.Value = "example"
+		require.Equal(t, service.GetDbConfig(), expect)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("ignores unknown config keys", func(t *testing.T) {
+		db := newAppConfigTestDatabaseForTest(t)
+
+		// Add an entry with a key that doesn't exist in the config struct
+		err := db.Create([]model.AppConfigVariable{
+			{Key: "__nonExistentKey", Value: "some value"},
+			{Key: "appName", Value: "TestApp"}, // This one should still be loaded
+		}).Error
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		service := &AppConfigService{
+			db: db,
+		}
+		// This should not fail, just ignore the unknown key
+		err = service.LoadDbConfig(t.Context())
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		config := service.GetDbConfig()
+		require.Equal(t, "TestApp", config.AppName.Value)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("loading config multiple times", func(t *testing.T) {
+		db := newAppConfigTestDatabaseForTest(t)
+
+		// Initial state
+		err := db.Create([]model.AppConfigVariable{
+			{Key: "appName", Value: "InitialApp"},
+		}).Error
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		service := &AppConfigService{
+			db: db,
+		}
+		err = service.LoadDbConfig(t.Context())
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, "InitialApp", service.GetDbConfig().AppName.Value)
+
+		// Update the database value
+		err = db.Model(&model.AppConfigVariable{}).
+			Where("key = ?", "appName").
+			Update("value", "UpdatedApp").Error
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		// Load the config again, it should reflect the updated value
+		err = service.LoadDbConfig(t.Context())
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, "UpdatedApp", service.GetDbConfig().AppName.Value)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("loads config from env when UiConfigDisabled is true", func(t *testing.T) {
+		// Save the original state and restore it after the test
+		originalUiConfigDisabled := common.EnvConfig.UiConfigDisabled
+		defer func() {
+			common.EnvConfig.UiConfigDisabled = originalUiConfigDisabled
+		}()
+
+		// Set environment variables for testing
+		t.Setenv("APP_NAME", "EnvTest App")
+		t.Setenv("SESSION_DURATION", "45")
+
+		// Enable UiConfigDisabled to load from env
+		common.EnvConfig.UiConfigDisabled = true
+
+		// Create database with config that should be ignored
+		db := newAppConfigTestDatabaseForTest(t)
+		err := db.Create([]model.AppConfigVariable{
+			{Key: "appName", Value: "DB App"},
+			{Key: "sessionDuration", Value: "120"},
+		}).Error
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		service := &AppConfigService{
+			db: db,
+		}
+
+		// Load the config
+		err = service.LoadDbConfig(t.Context())
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		// Config should be loaded from env, not DB
+		config := service.GetDbConfig()
+		require.Equal(t, "EnvTest App", config.AppName.Value, "Should load appName from env")
+		require.Equal(t, "45", config.SessionDuration.Value, "Should load sessionDuration from env")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("ignores env vars when UiConfigDisabled is false", func(t *testing.T) {
+		// Save the original state and restore it after the test
+		originalUiConfigDisabled := common.EnvConfig.UiConfigDisabled
+		defer func() {
+			common.EnvConfig.UiConfigDisabled = originalUiConfigDisabled
+		}()
+
+		// Set environment variables that should be ignored
+		t.Setenv("APP_NAME", "EnvTest App")
+		t.Setenv("SESSION_DURATION", "45")
+
+		// Make sure UiConfigDisabled is false to load from DB
+		common.EnvConfig.UiConfigDisabled = false
+
+		// Create database with config values that should take precedence
+		db := newAppConfigTestDatabaseForTest(t)
+		err := db.Create([]model.AppConfigVariable{
+			{Key: "appName", Value: "DB App"},
+			{Key: "sessionDuration", Value: "120"},
+		}).Error
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		service := &AppConfigService{
+			db: db,
+		}
+
+		// Load the config
+		err = service.LoadDbConfig(t.Context())
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		// Config should be loaded from DB, not env
+		config := service.GetDbConfig()
+		require.Equal(t, "DB App", config.AppName.Value, "Should load appName from DB, not env")
+		require.Equal(t, "120", config.SessionDuration.Value, "Should load sessionDuration from DB, not env")
+	})
+}
+
+func TestUpdateAppConfigValues(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("update single value", func(t *testing.T) {
+		db := newAppConfigTestDatabaseForTest(t)
+
+		// Create a service with default config
+		service := &AppConfigService{
+			db: db,
+		}
+		err := service.LoadDbConfig(t.Context())
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		// Update a single config value
+		err = service.UpdateAppConfigValues(t.Context(), "appName", "Test App")
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		// Verify in-memory config was updated
+		config := service.GetDbConfig()
+		require.Equal(t, "Test App", config.AppName.Value)
+
+		// Verify database was updated
+		var dbValue model.AppConfigVariable
+		err = db.Where("key = ?", "appName").First(&dbValue).Error
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, "Test App", dbValue.Value)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("update multiple values", func(t *testing.T) {
+		db := newAppConfigTestDatabaseForTest(t)
+
+		// Create a service with default config
+		service := &AppConfigService{
+			db: db,
+		}
+		err := service.LoadDbConfig(t.Context())
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		// Update multiple config values
+		err = service.UpdateAppConfigValues(
+			t.Context(),
+			"appName", "Test App",
+			"sessionDuration", "30",
+			"smtpHost", "mail.example.com",
+		)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		// Verify in-memory config was updated
+		config := service.GetDbConfig()
+		require.Equal(t, "Test App", config.AppName.Value)
+		require.Equal(t, "30", config.SessionDuration.Value)
+		require.Equal(t, "mail.example.com", config.SmtpHost.Value)
+
+		// Verify database was updated
+		var count int64
+		db.Model(&model.AppConfigVariable{}).Count(&count)
+		require.Equal(t, int64(3), count)
+
+		var appName, sessionDuration, smtpHost model.AppConfigVariable
+		err = db.Where("key = ?", "appName").First(&appName).Error
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, "Test App", appName.Value)
+
+		err = db.Where("key = ?", "sessionDuration").First(&sessionDuration).Error
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, "30", sessionDuration.Value)
+
+		err = db.Where("key = ?", "smtpHost").First(&smtpHost).Error
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, "mail.example.com", smtpHost.Value)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("empty value resets to default", func(t *testing.T) {
+		db := newAppConfigTestDatabaseForTest(t)
+
+		// Create a service with default config
+		service := &AppConfigService{
+			db: db,
+		}
+		err := service.LoadDbConfig(t.Context())
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		// First change the value
+		err = service.UpdateAppConfigValues(t.Context(), "sessionDuration", "30")
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, "30", service.GetDbConfig().SessionDuration.Value)
+
+		// Now set it to empty which should use default value
+		err = service.UpdateAppConfigValues(t.Context(), "sessionDuration", "")
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, "60", service.GetDbConfig().SessionDuration.Value) // Default value from getDefaultDbConfig
+	})
+
+	t.Run("error with odd number of arguments", func(t *testing.T) {
+		db := newAppConfigTestDatabaseForTest(t)
+
+		// Create a service with default config
+		service := &AppConfigService{
+			db: db,
+		}
+		err := service.LoadDbConfig(t.Context())
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		// Try to update with odd number of arguments
+		err = service.UpdateAppConfigValues(t.Context(), "appName", "Test App", "sessionDuration")
+		require.Error(t, err)
+		require.Contains(t, err.Error(), "invalid number of arguments")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("error with invalid key", func(t *testing.T) {
+		db := newAppConfigTestDatabaseForTest(t)
+
+		// Create a service with default config
+		service := &AppConfigService{
+			db: db,
+		}
+		err := service.LoadDbConfig(t.Context())
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		// Try to update with invalid key
+		err = service.UpdateAppConfigValues(t.Context(), "nonExistentKey", "some value")
+		require.Error(t, err)
+		require.Contains(t, err.Error(), "invalid configuration key")
+	})
+}
+
+func TestUpdateAppConfig(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("updates configuration values from DTO", func(t *testing.T) {
+		db := newAppConfigTestDatabaseForTest(t)
+
+		// Create a service with default config
+		service := &AppConfigService{
+			db: db,
+		}
+		err := service.LoadDbConfig(t.Context())
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		// Create update DTO
+		input := dto.AppConfigUpdateDto{
+			AppName:         "Updated App Name",
+			SessionDuration: "120",
+			SmtpHost:        "smtp.example.com",
+			SmtpPort:        "587",
+		}
+
+		// Update config
+		updatedVars, err := service.UpdateAppConfig(t.Context(), input)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		// Verify returned updated variables
+		require.NotEmpty(t, updatedVars)
+
+		var foundAppName, foundSessionDuration, foundSmtpHost, foundSmtpPort bool
+		for _, v := range updatedVars {
+			switch v.Key {
+			case "appName":
+				require.Equal(t, "Updated App Name", v.Value)
+				foundAppName = true
+			case "sessionDuration":
+				require.Equal(t, "120", v.Value)
+				foundSessionDuration = true
+			case "smtpHost":
+				require.Equal(t, "smtp.example.com", v.Value)
+				foundSmtpHost = true
+			case "smtpPort":
+				require.Equal(t, "587", v.Value)
+				foundSmtpPort = true
+			}
+		}
+		require.True(t, foundAppName)
+		require.True(t, foundSessionDuration)
+		require.True(t, foundSmtpHost)
+		require.True(t, foundSmtpPort)
+
+		// Verify in-memory config was updated
+		config := service.GetDbConfig()
+		require.Equal(t, "Updated App Name", config.AppName.Value)
+		require.Equal(t, "120", config.SessionDuration.Value)
+		require.Equal(t, "smtp.example.com", config.SmtpHost.Value)
+		require.Equal(t, "587", config.SmtpPort.Value)
+
+		// Verify database was updated
+		var appName, sessionDuration, smtpHost, smtpPort model.AppConfigVariable
+		err = db.Where("key = ?", "appName").First(&appName).Error
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, "Updated App Name", appName.Value)
+
+		err = db.Where("key = ?", "sessionDuration").First(&sessionDuration).Error
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, "120", sessionDuration.Value)
+
+		err = db.Where("key = ?", "smtpHost").First(&smtpHost).Error
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, "smtp.example.com", smtpHost.Value)
+
+		err = db.Where("key = ?", "smtpPort").First(&smtpPort).Error
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, "587", smtpPort.Value)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("empty values reset to defaults", func(t *testing.T) {
+		db := newAppConfigTestDatabaseForTest(t)
+
+		// Create a service with default config and modify some values
+		service := &AppConfigService{
+			db: db,
+		}
+		err := service.LoadDbConfig(t.Context())
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		// First set some non-default values
+		err = service.UpdateAppConfigValues(t.Context(),
+			"appName", "Custom App",
+			"sessionDuration", "120",
+		)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		// Create update DTO with empty values to reset to defaults
+		input := dto.AppConfigUpdateDto{
+			AppName:         "", // Should reset to default "Pocket ID"
+			SessionDuration: "", // Should reset to default "60"
+		}
+
+		// Update config
+		updatedVars, err := service.UpdateAppConfig(t.Context(), input)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		// Verify returned updated variables (they should be empty strings in DB)
+		var foundAppName, foundSessionDuration bool
+		for _, v := range updatedVars {
+			switch v.Key {
+			case "appName":
+				require.Equal(t, "Pocket ID", v.Value) // Returns the default value
+				foundAppName = true
+			case "sessionDuration":
+				require.Equal(t, "60", v.Value) // Returns the default value
+				foundSessionDuration = true
+			}
+		}
+		require.True(t, foundAppName)
+		require.True(t, foundSessionDuration)
+
+		// Verify in-memory config was reset to defaults
+		config := service.GetDbConfig()
+		require.Equal(t, "Pocket ID", config.AppName.Value)  // Default value
+		require.Equal(t, "60", config.SessionDuration.Value) // Default value
+
+		// Verify database was updated with empty values
+		for _, key := range []string{"appName", "sessionDuration"} {
+			var loaded model.AppConfigVariable
+			err = db.Where("key = ?", key).First(&loaded).Error
+			require.NoErrorf(t, err, "Failed to load DB value for key '%s'", key)
+			require.Emptyf(t, loaded.Value, "Loaded value for key '%s' is not empty", key)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("cannot update when UiConfigDisabled is true", func(t *testing.T) {
+		// Save the original state and restore it after the test
+		originalUiConfigDisabled := common.EnvConfig.UiConfigDisabled
+		defer func() {
+			common.EnvConfig.UiConfigDisabled = originalUiConfigDisabled
+		}()
+
+		// Disable UI config
+		common.EnvConfig.UiConfigDisabled = true
+
+		db := newAppConfigTestDatabaseForTest(t)
+		service := &AppConfigService{
+			db: db,
+		}
+		err := service.LoadDbConfig(t.Context())
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		// Try to update config
+		_, err = service.UpdateAppConfig(t.Context(), dto.AppConfigUpdateDto{
+			AppName: "Should Not Update",
+		})
+
+		// Should get a UiConfigDisabledError
+		require.Error(t, err)
+		var uiConfigDisabledErr *common.UiConfigDisabledError
+		require.ErrorAs(t, err, &uiConfigDisabledErr)
+	})
+}
+
+// Implements gorm's logger.Writer interface
+type testLoggerAdapter struct {
+	t *testing.T
+}
+
+func (l testLoggerAdapter) Printf(format string, args ...any) {
+	l.t.Logf(format, args...)
+}
+
+func newAppConfigTestDatabaseForTest(t *testing.T) *gorm.DB {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	// Get a name for this in-memory database that is specific to the test
+	dbName := utils.CreateSha256Hash(t.Name())
+
+	// Connect to a new in-memory SQL database
+	db, err := gorm.Open(
+		sqlite.Open("file:"+dbName+"?mode=memory&cache=shared"),
+		&gorm.Config{
+			TranslateError: true,
+			Logger: logger.New(
+				testLoggerAdapter{t: t},
+				logger.Config{
+					SlowThreshold:             200 * time.Millisecond,
+					LogLevel:                  logger.Info,
+					IgnoreRecordNotFoundError: false,
+					ParameterizedQueries:      false,
+					Colorful:                  false,
+				},
+			),
+		})
+	require.NoError(t, err, "Failed to connect to test database")
+
+	// Create the app_config_variables table
+	err = db.Exec(`
+CREATE TABLE app_config_variables
+(
+    key           VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
+    value         TEXT NOT NULL
+)
+`).Error
+	require.NoError(t, err, "Failed to create test config table")
+
+	return db
+}

backend/internal/service/audit_log_service.go

@@ -1,9 +1,12 @@
 package service
 
 import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
 	"log"
 
 	userAgentParser "github.com/mileusna/useragent"
+	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/dto"
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/model"
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/utils"
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/utils/email"
@@ -22,10 +25,10 @@ func NewAuditLogService(db *gorm.DB, appConfigService *AppConfigService, emailSe
 }
 
 // Create creates a new audit log entry in the database
-func (s *AuditLogService) Create(event model.AuditLogEvent, ipAddress, userAgent, userID string, data model.AuditLogData) model.AuditLog {
+func (s *AuditLogService) Create(ctx context.Context, event model.AuditLogEvent, ipAddress, userAgent, userID string, data model.AuditLogData, tx *gorm.DB) model.AuditLog {
 	country, city, err := s.geoliteService.GetLocationByIP(ipAddress)
 	if err != nil {
-		log.Printf("Failed to get IP location: %v\n", err)
+		log.Printf("Failed to get IP location: %v", err)
 	}
 
 	auditLog := model.AuditLog{
@@ -39,8 +42,12 @@ func (s *AuditLogService) Create(event model.AuditLogEvent, ipAddress, userAgent
 	}
 
 	// Save the audit log in the database
-	if err := s.db.Create(&auditLog).Error; err != nil {
+	err = tx.
-		log.Printf("Failed to create audit log: %v\n", err)
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		Create(&auditLog).
+		Error
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Printf("Failed to create audit log: %v", err)
 		return model.AuditLog{}
 	}
 
@@ -48,25 +55,42 @@ func (s *AuditLogService) Create(event model.AuditLogEvent, ipAddress, userAgent
 }
 
 // CreateNewSignInWithEmail creates a new audit log entry in the database and sends an email if the device hasn't been used before
-func (s *AuditLogService) CreateNewSignInWithEmail(ipAddress, userAgent, userID string) model.AuditLog {
+func (s *AuditLogService) CreateNewSignInWithEmail(ctx context.Context, ipAddress, userAgent, userID string, tx *gorm.DB) model.AuditLog {
-	createdAuditLog := s.Create(model.AuditLogEventSignIn, ipAddress, userAgent, userID, model.AuditLogData{})
+	createdAuditLog := s.Create(ctx, model.AuditLogEventSignIn, ipAddress, userAgent, userID, model.AuditLogData{}, tx)
 
 	// Count the number of times the user has logged in from the same device
 	var count int64
-	err := s.db.Model(&model.AuditLog{}).Where("user_id = ? AND ip_address = ? AND user_agent = ?", userID, ipAddress, userAgent).Count(&count).Error
+	err := tx.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		Model(&model.AuditLog{}).
+		Where("user_id = ? AND ip_address = ? AND user_agent = ?", userID, ipAddress, userAgent).
+		Count(&count).
+		Error
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Printf("Failed to count audit logs: %v\n", err)
 		return createdAuditLog
 	}
 
 	// If the user hasn't logged in from the same device before and email notifications are enabled, send an email
-	if s.appConfigService.DbConfig.EmailLoginNotificationEnabled.Value == "true" && count <= 1 {
+	if s.appConfigService.GetDbConfig().EmailLoginNotificationEnabled.IsTrue() && count <= 1 {
+		// We use a background context here as this is running in a goroutine
+		//nolint:contextcheck
 		go func() {
-			var user model.User
+			innerCtx := context.Background()
-			s.db.Where("id = ?", userID).First(&user)
 
-			err := SendEmail(s.emailService, email.Address{
+			// Note we don't use the transaction here because this is running in background
-				Name:  user.Username,
+			var user model.User
+			innerErr := s.db.
+				WithContext(innerCtx).
+				Where("id = ?", userID).
+				First(&user).
+				Error
+			if innerErr != nil {
+				log.Printf("Failed to load user: %v", innerErr)
+			}
+
+			innerErr = SendEmail(innerCtx, s.emailService, email.Address{
+				Name:  user.FullName(),
 				Email: user.Email,
 			}, NewLoginTemplate, &NewLoginTemplateData{
 				IPAddress: ipAddress,
@@ -75,8 +99,8 @@ func (s *AuditLogService) CreateNewSignInWithEmail(ipAddress, userAgent, userID
 				Device:    s.DeviceStringFromUserAgent(userAgent),
 				DateTime:  createdAuditLog.CreatedAt.UTC(),
 			})
-			if err != nil {
+			if innerErr != nil {
-				log.Printf("Failed to send email to '%s': %v\n", user.Email, err)
+				log.Printf("Failed to send email to '%s': %v", user.Email, innerErr)
 			}
 		}()
 	}
@@ -85,9 +109,12 @@ func (s *AuditLogService) CreateNewSignInWithEmail(ipAddress, userAgent, userID
 }
 
 // ListAuditLogsForUser retrieves all audit logs for a given user ID
-func (s *AuditLogService) ListAuditLogsForUser(userID string, sortedPaginationRequest utils.SortedPaginationRequest) ([]model.AuditLog, utils.PaginationResponse, error) {
+func (s *AuditLogService) ListAuditLogsForUser(ctx context.Context, userID string, sortedPaginationRequest utils.SortedPaginationRequest) ([]model.AuditLog, utils.PaginationResponse, error) {
 	var logs []model.AuditLog
-	query := s.db.Model(&model.AuditLog{}).Where("user_id = ?", userID)
+	query := s.db.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		Model(&model.AuditLog{}).
+		Where("user_id = ?", userID)
 
 	pagination, err := utils.PaginateAndSort(sortedPaginationRequest, query, &logs)
 	return logs, pagination, err
@@ -97,3 +124,99 @@ func (s *AuditLogService) DeviceStringFromUserAgent(userAgent string) string {
 	ua := userAgentParser.Parse(userAgent)
 	return ua.Name + " on " + ua.OS + " " + ua.OSVersion
 }
+
+func (s *AuditLogService) ListAllAuditLogs(ctx context.Context, sortedPaginationRequest utils.SortedPaginationRequest, filters dto.AuditLogFilterDto) ([]model.AuditLog, utils.PaginationResponse, error) {
+	var logs []model.AuditLog
+
+	query := s.db.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		Preload("User").
+		Model(&model.AuditLog{})
+
+	if filters.UserID != "" {
+		query = query.Where("user_id = ?", filters.UserID)
+	}
+	if filters.Event != "" {
+		query = query.Where("event = ?", filters.Event)
+	}
+	if filters.ClientName != "" {
+		dialect := s.db.Name()
+		switch dialect {
+		case "sqlite":
+			query = query.Where("json_extract(data, '$.clientName') = ?", filters.ClientName)
+		case "postgres":
+			query = query.Where("data->>'clientName' = ?", filters.ClientName)
+		default:
+			return nil, utils.PaginationResponse{}, fmt.Errorf("unsupported database dialect: %s", dialect)
+		}
+	}
+
+	pagination, err := utils.PaginateAndSort(sortedPaginationRequest, query, &logs)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, pagination, err
+	}
+
+	return logs, pagination, nil
+}
+
+func (s *AuditLogService) ListUsernamesWithIds(ctx context.Context) (users map[string]string, err error) {
+	query := s.db.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		Joins("User").
+		Model(&model.AuditLog{}).
+		Select("DISTINCT \"User\".id, \"User\".username").
+		Where("\"User\".username IS NOT NULL")
+
+	type Result struct {
+		ID       string `gorm:"column:id"`
+		Username string `gorm:"column:username"`
+	}
+
+	var results []Result
+	if err := query.Find(&results).Error; err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to query user IDs: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	users = make(map[string]string, len(results))
+	for _, result := range results {
+		users[result.ID] = result.Username
+	}
+
+	return users, nil
+}
+
+func (s *AuditLogService) ListClientNames(ctx context.Context) (clientNames []string, err error) {
+	dialect := s.db.Name()
+	query := s.db.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		Model(&model.AuditLog{})
+
+	switch dialect {
+	case "sqlite":
+		query = query.
+			Select("DISTINCT json_extract(data, '$.clientName') AS client_name").
+			Where("json_extract(data, '$.clientName') IS NOT NULL")
+	case "postgres":
+		query = query.
+			Select("DISTINCT data->>'clientName' AS client_name").
+			Where("data->>'clientName' IS NOT NULL")
+	default:
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unsupported database dialect: %s", dialect)
+	}
+
+	type Result struct {
+		ClientName string `gorm:"column:client_name"`
+	}
+
+	var results []Result
+	if err := query.Find(&results).Error; err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to query client IDs: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	clientNames = make([]string, len(results))
+	for i, result := range results {
+		clientNames[i] = result.ClientName
+	}
+
+	return clientNames, nil
+}

backend/internal/service/custom_claim_service.go

@@ -1,34 +1,14 @@
 package service
 
 import (
+	"context"
+
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/common"
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/dto"
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/model"
 	"gorm.io/gorm"
 )
 
-// Reserved claims
-var reservedClaims = map[string]struct{}{
-	"given_name":         {},
-	"family_name":        {},
-	"name":               {},
-	"email":              {},
-	"preferred_username": {},
-	"groups":             {},
-	"sub":                {},
-	"iss":                {},
-	"aud":                {},
-	"exp":                {},
-	"iat":                {},
-	"auth_time":          {},
-	"nonce":              {},
-	"acr":                {},
-	"amr":                {},
-	"azp":                {},
-	"nbf":                {},
-	"jti":                {},
-}
-
 type CustomClaimService struct {
 	db *gorm.DB
 }
@@ -39,8 +19,30 @@ func NewCustomClaimService(db *gorm.DB) *CustomClaimService {
 
 // isReservedClaim checks if a claim key is reserved e.g. email, preferred_username
 func isReservedClaim(key string) bool {
-	_, ok := reservedClaims[key]
+	switch key {
-	return ok
+	case "given_name",
+		"family_name",
+		"name",
+		"email",
+		"preferred_username",
+		"groups",
+		TokenTypeClaim,
+		"sub",
+		"iss",
+		"aud",
+		"exp",
+		"iat",
+		"auth_time",
+		"nonce",
+		"acr",
+		"amr",
+		"azp",
+		"nbf",
+		"jti":
+		return true
+	default:
+		return false
+	}
 }
 
 // idType is the type of the id used to identify the user or user group
@@ -52,28 +54,37 @@ const (
 )
 
 // UpdateCustomClaimsForUser updates the custom claims for a user
-func (s *CustomClaimService) UpdateCustomClaimsForUser(userID string, claims []dto.CustomClaimCreateDto) ([]model.CustomClaim, error) {
+func (s *CustomClaimService) UpdateCustomClaimsForUser(ctx context.Context, userID string, claims []dto.CustomClaimCreateDto) ([]model.CustomClaim, error) {
-	return s.updateCustomClaims(UserID, userID, claims)
+	return s.updateCustomClaims(ctx, UserID, userID, claims)
 }
 
 // UpdateCustomClaimsForUserGroup updates the custom claims for a user group
-func (s *CustomClaimService) UpdateCustomClaimsForUserGroup(userGroupID string, claims []dto.CustomClaimCreateDto) ([]model.CustomClaim, error) {
+func (s *CustomClaimService) UpdateCustomClaimsForUserGroup(ctx context.Context, userGroupID string, claims []dto.CustomClaimCreateDto) ([]model.CustomClaim, error) {
-	return s.updateCustomClaims(UserGroupID, userGroupID, claims)
+	return s.updateCustomClaims(ctx, UserGroupID, userGroupID, claims)
 }
 
 // updateCustomClaims updates the custom claims for a user or user group
-func (s *CustomClaimService) updateCustomClaims(idType idType, value string, claims []dto.CustomClaimCreateDto) ([]model.CustomClaim, error) {
+func (s *CustomClaimService) updateCustomClaims(ctx context.Context, idType idType, value string, claims []dto.CustomClaimCreateDto) ([]model.CustomClaim, error) {
 	// Check for duplicate keys in the claims slice
-	seenKeys := make(map[string]bool)
+	seenKeys := make(map[string]struct{})
 	for _, claim := range claims {
-		if seenKeys[claim.Key] {
+		if _, ok := seenKeys[claim.Key]; ok {
 			return nil, &common.DuplicateClaimError{Key: claim.Key}
 		}
-		seenKeys[claim.Key] = true
+		seenKeys[claim.Key] = struct{}{}
 	}
 
+	tx := s.db.Begin()
+	defer func() {
+		tx.Rollback()
+	}()
+
 	var existingClaims []model.CustomClaim
-	err := s.db.Where(string(idType), value).Find(&existingClaims).Error
+	err := tx.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		Where(string(idType), value).
+		Find(&existingClaims).
+		Error
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -87,8 +98,12 @@ func (s *CustomClaimService) updateCustomClaims(idType idType, value string, cla
 				break
 			}
 		}
+
 		if !found {
-			err = s.db.Delete(&existingClaim).Error
+			err = tx.
+				WithContext(ctx).
+				Delete(&existingClaim).
+				Error
 			if err != nil {
 				return nil, err
 			}
@@ -105,14 +120,20 @@ func (s *CustomClaimService) updateCustomClaims(idType idType, value string, cla
 			Value: claim.Value,
 		}
 
-		if idType == UserID {
+		switch idType {
+		case UserID:
 			customClaim.UserID = &value
-		} else if idType == UserGroupID {
+		case UserGroupID:
 			customClaim.UserGroupID = &value
 		}
 
 		// Update the claim if it already exists or create a new one
-		err = s.db.Where(string(idType)+" = ? AND key = ?", value, claim.Key).Assign(&customClaim).FirstOrCreate(&model.CustomClaim{}).Error
+		err = tx.
+			WithContext(ctx).
+			Where(string(idType)+" = ? AND key = ?", value, claim.Key).
+			Assign(&customClaim).
+			FirstOrCreate(&model.CustomClaim{}).
+			Error
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
@@ -120,7 +141,16 @@ func (s *CustomClaimService) updateCustomClaims(idType idType, value string, cla
 
 	// Get the updated claims
 	var updatedClaims []model.CustomClaim
-	err = s.db.Where(string(idType)+" = ?", value).Find(&updatedClaims).Error
+	err = tx.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		Where(string(idType)+" = ?", value).
+		Find(&updatedClaims).
+		Error
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	err = tx.Commit().Error
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -128,23 +158,31 @@ func (s *CustomClaimService) updateCustomClaims(idType idType, value string, cla
 	return updatedClaims, nil
 }
 
-func (s *CustomClaimService) GetCustomClaimsForUser(userID string) ([]model.CustomClaim, error) {
+func (s *CustomClaimService) GetCustomClaimsForUser(ctx context.Context, userID string, tx *gorm.DB) ([]model.CustomClaim, error) {
 	var customClaims []model.CustomClaim
-	err := s.db.Where("user_id = ?", userID).Find(&customClaims).Error
+	err := tx.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		Where("user_id = ?", userID).
+		Find(&customClaims).
+		Error
 	return customClaims, err
 }
 
-func (s *CustomClaimService) GetCustomClaimsForUserGroup(userGroupID string) ([]model.CustomClaim, error) {
+func (s *CustomClaimService) GetCustomClaimsForUserGroup(ctx context.Context, userGroupID string, tx *gorm.DB) ([]model.CustomClaim, error) {
 	var customClaims []model.CustomClaim
-	err := s.db.Where("user_group_id = ?", userGroupID).Find(&customClaims).Error
+	err := tx.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		Where("user_group_id = ?", userGroupID).
+		Find(&customClaims).
+		Error
 	return customClaims, err
 }
 
 // GetCustomClaimsForUserWithUserGroups returns the custom claims of a user and all user groups the user is a member of,
 // prioritizing the user's claims over user group claims with the same key.
-func (s *CustomClaimService) GetCustomClaimsForUserWithUserGroups(userID string) ([]model.CustomClaim, error) {
+func (s *CustomClaimService) GetCustomClaimsForUserWithUserGroups(ctx context.Context, userID string, tx *gorm.DB) ([]model.CustomClaim, error) {
 	// Get the custom claims of the user
-	customClaims, err := s.GetCustomClaimsForUser(userID)
+	customClaims, err := s.GetCustomClaimsForUser(ctx, userID, tx)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -157,7 +195,9 @@ func (s *CustomClaimService) GetCustomClaimsForUserWithUserGroups(userID string)
 
 	// Get all user groups of the user
 	var userGroupsOfUser []model.UserGroup
-	err = s.db.Preload("CustomClaims").
+	err = tx.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		Preload("CustomClaims").
 		Joins("JOIN user_groups_users ON user_groups_users.user_group_id = user_groups.id").
 		Where("user_groups_users.user_id = ?", userID).
 		Find(&userGroupsOfUser).Error
@@ -185,10 +225,12 @@ func (s *CustomClaimService) GetCustomClaimsForUserWithUserGroups(userID string)
 }
 
 // GetSuggestions returns a list of custom claim keys that have been used before
-func (s *CustomClaimService) GetSuggestions() ([]string, error) {
+func (s *CustomClaimService) GetSuggestions(ctx context.Context) ([]string, error) {
 	var customClaimsKeys []string
 
-	err := s.db.Model(&model.CustomClaim{}).
+	err := s.db.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		Model(&model.CustomClaim{}).
 		Group("key").
 		Order("COUNT(*) DESC").
 		Pluck("key", &customClaimsKeys).Error

backend/internal/service/e2etest_service.go

@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
+//go:build e2etest
+
 package service
 
 import (
+	"context"
 	"crypto/ecdsa"
 	"crypto/x509"
 	"encoding/base64"
@@ -32,6 +35,7 @@ func NewTestService(db *gorm.DB, appConfigService *AppConfigService, jwtService
 	return &TestService{db: db, appConfigService: appConfigService, jwtService: jwtService}
 }
 
+//nolint:gocognit
 func (s *TestService) SeedDatabase() error {
 	return s.db.Transaction(func(tx *gorm.DB) error {
 		users := []model.User{
@@ -152,6 +156,17 @@ func (s *TestService) SeedDatabase() error {
 			return err
 		}
 
+		refreshToken := model.OidcRefreshToken{
+			Token:     utils.CreateSha256Hash("ou87UDg249r1StBLYkMEqy9TXDbV5HmGuDpMcZDo"),
+			ExpiresAt: datatype.DateTime(time.Now().Add(24 * time.Hour)),
+			Scope:     "openid profile email",
+			UserID:    users[0].ID,
+			ClientID:  oidcClients[0].ID,
+		}
+		if err := tx.Create(&refreshToken).Error; err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
 		accessToken := model.OneTimeAccessToken{
 			Token:     "one-time-token",
 			ExpiresAt: datatype.DateTime(time.Now().Add(1 * time.Hour)),
@@ -174,11 +189,8 @@ func (s *TestService) SeedDatabase() error {
 		// openssl genpkey -algorithm EC -pkeyopt ec_paramgen_curve:P-256 | \
 		// openssl pkcs8 -topk8 -nocrypt | tee >(openssl pkey -pubout)
 
-		publicKeyPasskey1, err := s.getCborPublicKey("MFkwEwYHKoZIzj0CAQYIKoZIzj0DAQcDQgAEwcOo5KV169KR67QEHrcYkeXE3CCxv2BgwnSq4VYTQxyLtdmKxegexa8JdwFKhKXa2BMI9xaN15BoL6wSCRFJhg==")
+		publicKeyPasskey1, _ := s.getCborPublicKey("MFkwEwYHKoZIzj0CAQYIKoZIzj0DAQcDQgAEwcOo5KV169KR67QEHrcYkeXE3CCxv2BgwnSq4VYTQxyLtdmKxegexa8JdwFKhKXa2BMI9xaN15BoL6wSCRFJhg==")
-		publicKeyPasskey2, err := s.getCborPublicKey("MFkwEwYHKoZIzj0CAQYIKoZIzj0DAQcDQgAEj4qA0PrZzg8Co1C27nyUbzrp8Ewjr7eOlGI2LfrzmbL5nPhZRAdJ3hEaqrHMSnJBhfMqtQGKwDYpaLIQFAKLhw==")
+		publicKeyPasskey2, _ := s.getCborPublicKey("MFkwEwYHKoZIzj0CAQYIKoZIzj0DAQcDQgAEj4qA0PrZzg8Co1C27nyUbzrp8Ewjr7eOlGI2LfrzmbL5nPhZRAdJ3hEaqrHMSnJBhfMqtQGKwDYpaLIQFAKLhw==")
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
 		webauthnCredentials := []model.WebauthnCredential{
 			{
 				Name:            "Passkey 1",
@@ -288,26 +300,22 @@ func (s *TestService) ResetApplicationImages() error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (s *TestService) ResetAppConfig() error {
+func (s *TestService) ResetAppConfig(ctx context.Context) error {
-	// Reseed the config variables
+	// Reset all app config variables to their default values in the database
-	if err := s.appConfigService.InitDbConfig(); err != nil {
+	err := s.db.Session(&gorm.Session{AllowGlobalUpdate: true}).Model(&model.AppConfigVariable{}).Update("value", "").Error
-		return err
+	if err != nil {
-	}
-
-	// Reset all app config variables to their default values
-	if err := s.db.Session(&gorm.Session{AllowGlobalUpdate: true}).Model(&model.AppConfigVariable{}).Update("value", "").Error; err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 
 	// Reload the app config from the database after resetting the values
-	return s.appConfigService.LoadDbConfigFromDb()
+	return s.appConfigService.LoadDbConfig(ctx)
 }
 
 func (s *TestService) SetJWTKeys() {
 	const privateKeyString = `{"alg":"RS256","d":"mvMDWSdPPvcum0c0iEHE2gbqtV2NKMmLwrl9E6K7g8lTV95SePLnW_bwyMPV7EGp7PQk3l17I5XRhFjze7GqTnFIOgKzMianPs7jv2ELtBMGK0xOPATgu1iGb70xZ6vcvuEfRyY3dJ0zr4jpUdVuXwKmx9rK4IdZn2dFCKfvSuspqIpz11RhF1ALrqDLkxGVv7ZwNh0_VhJZU9hcjG5l6xc7rQEKpPRkZp0IdjkGS8Z0FskoVaiRIWAbZuiVFB9WCW8k1czC4HQTPLpII01bUQx2ludbm0UlXRgVU9ptUUbU7GAImQqTOW8LfPGklEvcgzlIlR_oqw4P9yBxLi-yMQ","dp":"pvNCSnnhbo8Igw9psPR-DicxFnkXlu_ix4gpy6efTrxA-z1VDFDioJ814vKQNioYDzpyAP1gfMPhRkvG_q0hRZsJah3Sb9dfA-WkhSWY7lURQP4yIBTMU0PF_rEATuS7lRciYk1SOx5fqXZd3m_LP0vpBC4Ujlq6NAq6CIjCnms","dq":"TtUVGCCkPNgfOLmkYXu7dxxUCV5kB01-xAEK2OY0n0pG8vfDophH4_D_ZC7nvJ8J9uDhs_3JStexq1lIvaWtG99RNTChIEDzpdn6GH9yaVcb_eB4uJjrNm64FhF8PGCCwxA-xMCZMaARKwhMB2_IOMkxUbWboL3gnhJ2rDO_QO0","e":"AQAB","kid":"8uHDw3M6rf8","kty":"RSA","n":"yaeEL0VKoPBXIAaWXsUgmu05lAvEIIdJn0FX9lHh4JE5UY9B83C5sCNdhs9iSWzpeP11EVjWp8i3Yv2CF7c7u50BXnVBGtxpZpFC-585UXacoJ0chUmarL9GRFJcM1nPHBTFu68aRrn1rIKNHUkNaaxFo0NFGl_4EDDTO8HwawTjwkPoQlRzeByhlvGPVvwgB3Fn93B8QJ_cZhXKxJvjjrC_8Pk76heC_ntEMru71Ix77BoC3j2TuyiN7m9RNBW8BU5q6lKoIdvIeZfTFLzi37iufyfvMrJTixp9zhNB1NxlLCeOZl2MXegtiGqd2H3cbAyqoOiv9ihUWTfXj7SxJw","p":"_Yylc9e07CKdqNRD2EosMC2mrhrEa9j5oY_l00Qyy4-jmCA59Q9viyqvveRo0U7cRvFA5BWgWN6GGLh1DG3X-QBqVr0dnk3uzbobb55RYUXyPLuBZI2q6w2oasbiDwPdY7KpkVv_H-bpITQlyDvO8hhucA6rUV7F6KTQVz8M3Ms","q":"y5p3hch-7jJ21TkAhp_Vk1fLCAuD4tbErwQs2of9ja8sB4iJOs5Wn6HD3P7Mc8Plye7qaLHvzc8I5g0tPKWvC0DPd_FLPXiWwMVAzee3NUX_oGeJNOQp11y1w_KqdO9qZqHSEPZ3NcFL_SZMFgggxhM1uzRiPzsVN0lnD_6prZU","qi":"2Grt6uXHm61ji3xSdkBWNtUnj19vS1-7rFJp5SoYztVQVThf_W52BAiXKBdYZDRVoItC_VS2NvAOjeJjhYO_xQ_q3hK7MdtuXfEPpLnyXKkmWo3lrJ26wbeF6l05LexCkI7ShsOuSt-dsyaTJTszuKDIA6YOfWvfo3aVZmlWRaI","use":"sig"}`
 
 	privateKey, _ := jwk.ParseKey([]byte(privateKeyString))
-	s.jwtService.SetKey(privateKey)
+	_ = s.jwtService.SetKey(privateKey)
 }
 
 // getCborPublicKey decodes a Base64 encoded public key and returns the CBOR encoded COSE key

backend/internal/service/email_service.go

@@ -2,24 +2,28 @@ package service
 
 import (
 	"bytes"
+	"context"
 	"crypto/tls"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
-	"github.com/emersion/go-sasl"
-	"github.com/emersion/go-smtp"
-	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/common"
-	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/model"
-	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/utils/email"
-	"gorm.io/gorm"
 	htemplate "html/template"
+	"io"
 	"mime/multipart"
 	"mime/quotedprintable"
 	"net/textproto"
 	"os"
+	"strings"
 	ttemplate "text/template"
 	"time"
+
+	"github.com/emersion/go-sasl"
+	"github.com/emersion/go-smtp"
 	"github.com/google/uuid"
-	"strings"
+	"gorm.io/gorm"
+
+	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/common"
+	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/model"
+	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/utils/email"
 )
 
 type EmailService struct {
@@ -48,22 +52,28 @@ func NewEmailService(appConfigService *AppConfigService, db *gorm.DB) (*EmailSer
 	}, nil
 }
 
-func (srv *EmailService) SendTestEmail(recipientUserId string) error {
+func (srv *EmailService) SendTestEmail(ctx context.Context, recipientUserId string) error {
 	var user model.User
-	if err := srv.db.First(&user, "id = ?", recipientUserId).Error; err != nil {
+	err := srv.db.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		First(&user, "id = ?", recipientUserId).
+		Error
+	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 
-	return SendEmail(srv,
+	return SendEmail(ctx, srv,
 		email.Address{
 			Email: user.Email,
 			Name:  user.FullName(),
 		}, TestTemplate, nil)
 }
 
-func SendEmail[V any](srv *EmailService, toEmail email.Address, template email.Template[V], tData *V) error {
+func SendEmail[V any](ctx context.Context, srv *EmailService, toEmail email.Address, template email.Template[V], tData *V) error {
+	dbConfig := srv.appConfigService.GetDbConfig()
+
 	data := &email.TemplateData[V]{
-		AppName: srv.appConfigService.DbConfig.AppName.Value,
+		AppName: dbConfig.AppName.Value,
 		LogoURL: common.EnvConfig.AppURL + "/api/application-configuration/logo",
 		Data:    tData,
 	}
@@ -78,8 +88,8 @@ func SendEmail[V any](srv *EmailService, toEmail email.Address, template email.T
 	c.AddHeader("Subject", template.Title(data))
 	c.AddAddressHeader("From", []email.Address{
 		{
-			Email: srv.appConfigService.DbConfig.SmtpFrom.Value,
+			Email: dbConfig.SmtpFrom.Value,
-			Name:  srv.appConfigService.DbConfig.AppName.Value,
+			Name:  dbConfig.AppName.Value,
 		},
 	})
 	c.AddAddressHeader("To", []email.Address{toEmail})
@@ -94,10 +104,10 @@ func SendEmail[V any](srv *EmailService, toEmail email.Address, template email.T
 	// so we use the domain of the from address instead (the same as Thunderbird does)
 	// if the address does not have an @ (which would be unusual), we use hostname
 
-	from_address := srv.appConfigService.DbConfig.SmtpFrom.Value
+	fromAddress := dbConfig.SmtpFrom.Value
 	domain := ""
-	if strings.Contains(from_address, "@") {
+	if strings.Contains(fromAddress, "@") {
-		domain = strings.Split(from_address, "@")[1]
+		domain = strings.Split(fromAddress, "@")[1]
 	} else {
 		hostname, err := os.Hostname()
 		if err != nil {
@@ -107,10 +117,19 @@ func SendEmail[V any](srv *EmailService, toEmail email.Address, template email.T
 			domain = hostname
 		}
 	}
-	c.AddHeader("Message-ID", "<" + uuid.New().String() + "@" + domain + ">")
+	c.AddHeader("Message-ID", "<"+uuid.New().String()+"@"+domain+">")
 
 	c.Body(body)
 
+	// Check if the context is still valid before attemtping to connect
+	// We need to do this because the smtp library doesn't have context support
+	select {
+	case <-ctx.Done():
+		return ctx.Err()
+	default:
+		// All good
+	}
+
 	// Connect to the SMTP server
 	client, err := srv.getSmtpClient()
 	if err != nil {
@@ -118,6 +137,14 @@ func SendEmail[V any](srv *EmailService, toEmail email.Address, template email.T
 	}
 	defer client.Close()
 
+	// Check if the context is still valid before sending the email
+	select {
+	case <-ctx.Done():
+		return ctx.Err()
+	default:
+		// All good
+	}
+
 	// Send the email
 	if err := srv.sendEmailContent(client, toEmail, c); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("send email content: %w", err)
@@ -127,16 +154,18 @@ func SendEmail[V any](srv *EmailService, toEmail email.Address, template email.T
 }
 
 func (srv *EmailService) getSmtpClient() (client *smtp.Client, err error) {
-	port := srv.appConfigService.DbConfig.SmtpPort.Value
+	dbConfig := srv.appConfigService.GetDbConfig()
-	smtpAddress := srv.appConfigService.DbConfig.SmtpHost.Value + ":" + port
+
+	port := dbConfig.SmtpPort.Value
+	smtpAddress := dbConfig.SmtpHost.Value + ":" + port
 
 	tlsConfig := &tls.Config{
-		InsecureSkipVerify: srv.appConfigService.DbConfig.SmtpSkipCertVerify.Value == "true",
+		InsecureSkipVerify: dbConfig.SmtpSkipCertVerify.IsTrue(), //nolint:gosec
-		ServerName:         srv.appConfigService.DbConfig.SmtpHost.Value,
+		ServerName:         dbConfig.SmtpHost.Value,
 	}
 
 	// Connect to the SMTP server based on TLS setting
-	switch srv.appConfigService.DbConfig.SmtpTls.Value {
+	switch dbConfig.SmtpTls.Value {
 	case "none":
 		client, err = smtp.Dial(smtpAddress)
 	case "tls":
@@ -147,7 +176,7 @@ func (srv *EmailService) getSmtpClient() (client *smtp.Client, err error) {
 			tlsConfig,
 		)
 	default:
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid SMTP TLS setting: %s", srv.appConfigService.DbConfig.SmtpTls.Value)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid SMTP TLS setting: %s", dbConfig.SmtpTls.Value)
 	}
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to connect to SMTP server: %w", err)
@@ -161,8 +190,8 @@ func (srv *EmailService) getSmtpClient() (client *smtp.Client, err error) {
 	}
 
 	// Set up the authentication if user or password are set
-	smtpUser := srv.appConfigService.DbConfig.SmtpUser.Value
+	smtpUser := dbConfig.SmtpUser.Value
-	smtpPassword := srv.appConfigService.DbConfig.SmtpPassword.Value
+	smtpPassword := dbConfig.SmtpPassword.Value
 
 	if smtpUser != "" || smtpPassword != "" {
 		// Authenticate with plain auth
@@ -198,7 +227,7 @@ func (srv *EmailService) sendHelloCommand(client *smtp.Client) error {
 
 func (srv *EmailService) sendEmailContent(client *smtp.Client, toEmail email.Address, c *email.Composer) error {
 	// Set the sender
-	if err := client.Mail(srv.appConfigService.DbConfig.SmtpFrom.Value, nil); err != nil {
+	if err := client.Mail(srv.appConfigService.GetDbConfig().SmtpFrom.Value, nil); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to set sender: %w", err)
 	}
 
@@ -214,7 +243,7 @@ func (srv *EmailService) sendEmailContent(client *smtp.Client, toEmail email.Add
 	}
 
 	// Write the email content
-	_, err = w.Write([]byte(c.String()))
+	_, err = io.Copy(w, strings.NewReader(c.String()))
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to write email data: %w", err)
 	}

backend/internal/service/email_service_templates.go

@@ -42,6 +42,13 @@ var TestTemplate = email.Template[struct{}]{
 	},
 }
 
+var ApiKeyExpiringSoonTemplate = email.Template[ApiKeyExpiringSoonTemplateData]{
+	Path: "api-key-expiring-soon",
+	Title: func(data *email.TemplateData[ApiKeyExpiringSoonTemplateData]) string {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("API Key \"%s\" Expiring Soon", data.Data.ApiKeyName)
+	},
+}
+
 type NewLoginTemplateData struct {
 	IPAddress string
 	Country   string
@@ -54,7 +61,14 @@ type OneTimeAccessTemplateData = struct {
 	Code              string
 	LoginLink         string
 	LoginLinkWithCode string
+	ExpirationString  string
+}
+
+type ApiKeyExpiringSoonTemplateData struct {
+	Name       string
+	ApiKeyName string
+	ExpiresAt  time.Time
 }
 
 // this is list of all template paths used for preloading templates
-var emailTemplatesPaths = []string{NewLoginTemplate.Path, OneTimeAccessTemplate.Path, TestTemplate.Path}
+var emailTemplatesPaths = []string{NewLoginTemplate.Path, OneTimeAccessTemplate.Path, TestTemplate.Path, ApiKeyExpiringSoonTemplate.Path}

backend/internal/service/geolite_service.go

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package service
 import (
 	"archive/tar"
 	"compress/gzip"
+	"context"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
@@ -41,7 +42,7 @@ var tailscaleIPNets = []*net.IPNet{
 }
 
 // NewGeoLiteService initializes a new GeoLiteService instance and starts a goroutine to update the GeoLite2 City database.
-func NewGeoLiteService() *GeoLiteService {
+func NewGeoLiteService(ctx context.Context) *GeoLiteService {
 	service := &GeoLiteService{}
 
 	if common.EnvConfig.MaxMindLicenseKey == "" && common.EnvConfig.GeoLiteDBUrl == common.MaxMindGeoLiteCityUrl {
@@ -51,8 +52,9 @@ func NewGeoLiteService() *GeoLiteService {
 	}
 
 	go func() {
-		if err := service.updateDatabase(); err != nil {
+		err := service.updateDatabase(ctx)
-			log.Printf("Failed to update GeoLite2 City database: %v\n", err)
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Printf("Failed to update GeoLite2 City database: %v", err)
 		}
 	}()
 
@@ -110,7 +112,7 @@ func (s *GeoLiteService) GetLocationByIP(ipAddress string) (country, city string
 }
 
 // UpdateDatabase checks the age of the database and updates it if it's older than 14 days.
-func (s *GeoLiteService) updateDatabase() error {
+func (s *GeoLiteService) updateDatabase(parentCtx context.Context) error {
 	if s.disableUpdater {
 		// Avoid updating the GeoLite2 City database.
 		return nil
@@ -124,8 +126,15 @@ func (s *GeoLiteService) updateDatabase() error {
 	log.Println("Updating GeoLite2 City database...")
 	downloadUrl := fmt.Sprintf(common.EnvConfig.GeoLiteDBUrl, common.EnvConfig.MaxMindLicenseKey)
 
-	// Download the database tar.gz file
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(parentCtx, 10*time.Minute)
-	resp, err := http.Get(downloadUrl)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodGet, downloadUrl, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to create request: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	resp, err := http.DefaultClient.Do(req)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to download database: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -164,6 +173,9 @@ func (s *GeoLiteService) extractDatabase(reader io.Reader) error {
 
 	tarReader := tar.NewReader(gzr)
 
+	var totalSize int64
+	const maxTotalSize = 300 * 1024 * 1024 // 300 MB limit for total decompressed size
+
 	// Iterate over the files in the tar archive
 	for {
 		header, err := tarReader.Next()
@@ -176,6 +188,11 @@ func (s *GeoLiteService) extractDatabase(reader io.Reader) error {
 
 		// Check if the file is the GeoLite2-City.mmdb file
 		if header.Typeflag == tar.TypeReg && filepath.Base(header.Name) == "GeoLite2-City.mmdb" {
+			totalSize += header.Size
+			if totalSize > maxTotalSize {
+				return errors.New("total decompressed size exceeds maximum allowed limit")
+			}
+
 			// extract to a temporary file to avoid having a corrupted db in case of write failure.
 			baseDir := filepath.Dir(common.EnvConfig.GeoLiteDBPath)
 			tmpFile, err := os.CreateTemp(baseDir, "geolite.*.mmdb.tmp")
@@ -185,7 +202,7 @@ func (s *GeoLiteService) extractDatabase(reader io.Reader) error {
 			tempName := tmpFile.Name()
 
 			// Write the file contents directly to the target location
-			if _, err := io.Copy(tmpFile, tarReader); err != nil {
+			if _, err := io.Copy(tmpFile, tarReader); err != nil { //nolint:gosec
 				// if fails to write, then cleanup and throw an error
 				tmpFile.Close()
 				os.Remove(tempName)

backend/internal/service/jwt_service.go

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package service
 
 import (
+	"context"
 	"crypto/rand"
 	"crypto/rsa"
 	"encoding/base64"
@@ -11,13 +12,11 @@ import (
 	"log"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
-	"slices"
-	"strconv"
 	"time"
 
-	"github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v5"
 	"github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/v3/jwa"
 	"github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/v3/jwk"
+	"github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/v3/jwt"
 
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/common"
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/model"
@@ -25,15 +24,34 @@ import (
 )
 
 const (
-	// Path in the data/keys folder where the key is stored
+	// PrivateKeyFile is the path in the data/keys folder where the key is stored
 	// This is a JSON file containing a key encoded as JWK
 	PrivateKeyFile = "jwt_private_key.json"
 
-	// Size, in bits, of the RSA key to generate if none is found
+	// RsaKeySize is the size, in bits, of the RSA key to generate if none is found
 	RsaKeySize = 2048
 
-	// Usage for the private keys, for the "use" property
+	// KeyUsageSigning is the usage for the private keys, for the "use" property
 	KeyUsageSigning = "sig"
+
+	// IsAdminClaim is a boolean claim used in access tokens for admin users
+	// This may be omitted on non-admin tokens
+	IsAdminClaim = "isAdmin"
+
+	// TokenTypeClaim is the claim used to identify the type of token
+	TokenTypeClaim = "type"
+
+	// OAuthAccessTokenJWTType identifies a JWT as an OAuth access token
+	OAuthAccessTokenJWTType = "oauth-access-token" //nolint:gosec
+
+	// AccessTokenJWTType identifies a JWT as an access token used by Pocket ID
+	AccessTokenJWTType = "access-token"
+
+	// IDTokenJWTType identifies a JWT as an ID token used by Pocket ID
+	IDTokenJWTType = "id-token"
+
+	// Acceptable clock skew for verifying tokens
+	clockSkew = time.Minute
 )
 
 type JwtService struct {
@@ -61,11 +79,6 @@ func (s *JwtService) init(appConfigService *AppConfigService, keysPath string) e
 	return s.loadOrGenerateKey(keysPath)
 }
 
-type AccessTokenJWTClaims struct {
-	jwt.RegisteredClaims
-	IsAdmin bool `json:"isAdmin,omitempty"`
-}
-
 // loadOrGenerateKey loads the private key from the given path or generates it if not existing.
 func (s *JwtService) loadOrGenerateKey(keysPath string) error {
 	var key jwk.Key
@@ -142,9 +155,15 @@ func (s *JwtService) SetKey(privateKey jwk.Key) error {
 		return fmt.Errorf("private key is not valid: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	// Set the private key in the object
+	// Set the private key and key id in the object
 	s.privateKey = privateKey
 
+	keyId, ok := privateKey.KeyID()
+	if !ok {
+		return errors.New("key object does not contain a key ID")
+	}
+	s.keyId = keyId
+
 	// Create and encode a JWKS containing the public key
 	publicKey, err := s.GetPublicJWK()
 	if err != nil {
@@ -164,133 +183,182 @@ func (s *JwtService) SetKey(privateKey jwk.Key) error {
 }
 
 func (s *JwtService) GenerateAccessToken(user model.User) (string, error) {
-	sessionDurationInMinutes, _ := strconv.Atoi(s.appConfigService.DbConfig.SessionDuration.Value)
+	now := time.Now()
-	claim := AccessTokenJWTClaims{
+	token, err := jwt.NewBuilder().
-		RegisteredClaims: jwt.RegisteredClaims{
+		Subject(user.ID).
-			Subject:   user.ID,
+		Expiration(now.Add(s.appConfigService.GetDbConfig().SessionDuration.AsDurationMinutes())).
-			ExpiresAt: jwt.NewNumericDate(time.Now().Add(time.Duration(sessionDurationInMinutes) * time.Minute)),
+		IssuedAt(now).
-			IssuedAt:  jwt.NewNumericDate(time.Now()),
+		Issuer(common.EnvConfig.AppURL).
-			Audience:  jwt.ClaimStrings{common.EnvConfig.AppURL},
+		Build()
-		},
-		IsAdmin: user.IsAdmin,
-	}
-
-	token := jwt.NewWithClaims(jwt.SigningMethodRS256, claim)
-	token.Header["kid"] = s.keyId
-
-	var privateKeyRaw any
-	err := jwk.Export(s.privateKey, &privateKeyRaw)
 	if err != nil {
-		return "", fmt.Errorf("failed to export private key object: %w", err)
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("failed to build token: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	signed, err := token.SignedString(privateKeyRaw)
+	err = SetAudienceString(token, common.EnvConfig.AppURL)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("failed to set 'aud' claim in token: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	err = SetTokenType(token, AccessTokenJWTType)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("failed to set 'type' claim in token: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	err = SetIsAdmin(token, user.IsAdmin)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("failed to set 'isAdmin' claim in token: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	alg, _ := s.privateKey.Algorithm()
+	signed, err := jwt.Sign(token, jwt.WithKey(alg, s.privateKey))
 	if err != nil {
 		return "", fmt.Errorf("failed to sign token: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	return signed, nil
+	return string(signed), nil
 }
 
-func (s *JwtService) VerifyAccessToken(tokenString string) (*AccessTokenJWTClaims, error) {
+func (s *JwtService) VerifyAccessToken(tokenString string) (jwt.Token, error) {
-	token, err := jwt.ParseWithClaims(tokenString, &AccessTokenJWTClaims{}, func(token *jwt.Token) (any, error) {
+	alg, _ := s.privateKey.Algorithm()
-		return s.getPublicKeyRaw()
+	token, err := jwt.ParseString(
-	})
+		tokenString,
-	if err != nil || !token.Valid {
+		jwt.WithValidate(true),
-		return nil, errors.New("couldn't handle this token")
+		jwt.WithKey(alg, s.privateKey),
+		jwt.WithAcceptableSkew(clockSkew),
+		jwt.WithAudience(common.EnvConfig.AppURL),
+		jwt.WithIssuer(common.EnvConfig.AppURL),
+		jwt.WithValidator(TokenTypeValidator(AccessTokenJWTType)),
+	)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to parse token: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	claims, isValid := token.Claims.(*AccessTokenJWTClaims)
+	return token, nil
-	if !isValid {
-		return nil, errors.New("can't parse claims")
-	}
-
-	if !slices.Contains(claims.Audience, common.EnvConfig.AppURL) {
-		return nil, errors.New("audience doesn't match")
-	}
-	return claims, nil
 }
 
-func (s *JwtService) GenerateIDToken(userClaims map[string]interface{}, clientID string, nonce string) (string, error) {
+func (s *JwtService) GenerateIDToken(userClaims map[string]any, clientID string, nonce string) (string, error) {
-	// Initialize with capacity for userClaims, + 4 fixed claims, + 2 claims which may be set in some cases, to avoid re-allocations
+	now := time.Now()
-	claims := make(jwt.MapClaims, len(userClaims)+6)
+	token, err := jwt.NewBuilder().
-	claims["aud"] = clientID
+		Expiration(now.Add(1 * time.Hour)).
-	claims["exp"] = jwt.NewNumericDate(time.Now().Add(1 * time.Hour))
+		IssuedAt(now).
-	claims["iat"] = jwt.NewNumericDate(time.Now())
+		Issuer(common.EnvConfig.AppURL).
-	claims["iss"] = common.EnvConfig.AppURL
+		Build()
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("failed to build token: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	err = SetAudienceString(token, clientID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("failed to set 'aud' claim in token: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	err = SetTokenType(token, IDTokenJWTType)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("failed to set 'type' claim in token: %w", err)
+	}
 
 	for k, v := range userClaims {
-		claims[k] = v
+		err = token.Set(k, v)
+		if err != nil {
+			return "", fmt.Errorf("failed to set claim '%s': %w", k, err)
+		}
 	}
 
 	if nonce != "" {
-		claims["nonce"] = nonce
+		err = token.Set("nonce", nonce)
+		if err != nil {
+			return "", fmt.Errorf("failed to set claim 'nonce': %w", err)
+		}
 	}
 
-	token := jwt.NewWithClaims(jwt.SigningMethodRS256, claims)
+	alg, _ := s.privateKey.Algorithm()
-	token.Header["kid"] = s.keyId
+	signed, err := jwt.Sign(token, jwt.WithKey(alg, s.privateKey))
-
-	var privateKeyRaw any
-	err := jwk.Export(s.privateKey, &privateKeyRaw)
 	if err != nil {
-		return "", fmt.Errorf("failed to export private key object: %w", err)
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("failed to sign token: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	return token.SignedString(privateKeyRaw)
+	return string(signed), nil
 }
 
-func (s *JwtService) VerifyIdToken(tokenString string) (*jwt.RegisteredClaims, error) {
+func (s *JwtService) VerifyIdToken(tokenString string, acceptExpiredTokens bool) (jwt.Token, error) {
-	token, err := jwt.ParseWithClaims(tokenString, &jwt.RegisteredClaims{}, func(token *jwt.Token) (any, error) {
+	alg, _ := s.privateKey.Algorithm()
-		return s.getPublicKeyRaw()
-	}, jwt.WithIssuer(common.EnvConfig.AppURL))
 
-	if err != nil && !errors.Is(err, jwt.ErrTokenExpired) {
+	opts := make([]jwt.ParseOption, 0)
-		return nil, errors.New("couldn't handle this token")
+
+	// These options are always present
+	opts = append(opts,
+		jwt.WithValidate(true),
+		jwt.WithKey(alg, s.privateKey),
+		jwt.WithAcceptableSkew(clockSkew),
+		jwt.WithIssuer(common.EnvConfig.AppURL),
+		jwt.WithValidator(TokenTypeValidator(IDTokenJWTType)),
+	)
+
+	// By default, jwt.Parse includes 3 default validators for "nbf", "iat", and "exp"
+	// In case we want to accept expired tokens (during logout), we need to set the validators explicitly without validating "exp"
+	if acceptExpiredTokens {
+		// This is equivalent to the default validators except it doesn't validate "exp"
+		opts = append(opts,
+			jwt.WithResetValidators(true),
+			jwt.WithValidator(jwt.IsIssuedAtValid()),
+			jwt.WithValidator(jwt.IsNbfValid()),
+		)
 	}
 
-	claims, isValid := token.Claims.(*jwt.RegisteredClaims)
+	token, err := jwt.ParseString(tokenString, opts...)
-	if !isValid {
+	if err != nil {
-		return nil, errors.New("can't parse claims")
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to parse token: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	return claims, nil
+	return token, nil
 }
 
 func (s *JwtService) GenerateOauthAccessToken(user model.User, clientID string) (string, error) {
-	claim := jwt.RegisteredClaims{
+	now := time.Now()
-		Subject:   user.ID,
+	token, err := jwt.NewBuilder().
-		ExpiresAt: jwt.NewNumericDate(time.Now().Add(1 * time.Hour)),
+		Subject(user.ID).
-		IssuedAt:  jwt.NewNumericDate(time.Now()),
+		Expiration(now.Add(1 * time.Hour)).
-		Audience:  jwt.ClaimStrings{clientID},
+		IssuedAt(now).
-		Issuer:    common.EnvConfig.AppURL,
+		Issuer(common.EnvConfig.AppURL).
-	}
+		Build()
-
-	token := jwt.NewWithClaims(jwt.SigningMethodRS256, claim)
-	token.Header["kid"] = s.keyId
-
-	var privateKeyRaw any
-	err := jwk.Export(s.privateKey, &privateKeyRaw)
 	if err != nil {
-		return "", fmt.Errorf("failed to export private key object: %w", err)
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("failed to build token: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	return token.SignedString(privateKeyRaw)
+	err = SetAudienceString(token, clientID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("failed to set 'aud' claim in token: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	err = SetTokenType(token, OAuthAccessTokenJWTType)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("failed to set 'type' claim in token: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	alg, _ := s.privateKey.Algorithm()
+	signed, err := jwt.Sign(token, jwt.WithKey(alg, s.privateKey))
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("failed to sign token: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return string(signed), nil
 }
 
-func (s *JwtService) VerifyOauthAccessToken(tokenString string) (*jwt.RegisteredClaims, error) {
+func (s *JwtService) VerifyOauthAccessToken(tokenString string) (jwt.Token, error) {
-	token, err := jwt.ParseWithClaims(tokenString, &jwt.RegisteredClaims{}, func(token *jwt.Token) (any, error) {
+	alg, _ := s.privateKey.Algorithm()
-		return s.getPublicKeyRaw()
+	token, err := jwt.ParseString(
-	})
+		tokenString,
-	if err != nil || !token.Valid {
+		jwt.WithValidate(true),
-		return nil, errors.New("couldn't handle this token")
+		jwt.WithKey(alg, s.privateKey),
+		jwt.WithAcceptableSkew(clockSkew),
+		jwt.WithIssuer(common.EnvConfig.AppURL),
+		jwt.WithValidator(TokenTypeValidator(OAuthAccessTokenJWTType)),
+	)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to parse token: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	claims, isValid := token.Claims.(*jwt.RegisteredClaims)
+	return token, nil
-	if !isValid {
-		return nil, errors.New("can't parse claims")
-	}
-
-	return claims, nil
 }
 
 // GetPublicJWK returns the JSON Web Key (JWK) for the public key.
@@ -319,17 +387,18 @@ func (s *JwtService) GetPublicJWKSAsJSON() ([]byte, error) {
 	return s.jwksEncoded, nil
 }
 
-func (s *JwtService) getPublicKeyRaw() (any, error) {
+// GetKeyAlg returns the algorithm of the key
-	pubKey, err := s.privateKey.PublicKey()
+func (s *JwtService) GetKeyAlg() (jwa.KeyAlgorithm, error) {
-	if err != nil {
+	if len(s.jwksEncoded) == 0 {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to get public key: %w", err)
+		return nil, errors.New("key is not initialized")
 	}
-	var pubKeyRaw any
+
-	err = jwk.Export(pubKey, &pubKeyRaw)
+	alg, ok := s.privateKey.Algorithm()
-	if err != nil {
+	if !ok || alg == nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to export raw public key: %w", err)
+		return nil, errors.New("failed to retrieve algorithm for key")
 	}
-	return pubKeyRaw, nil
+
+	return alg, nil
 }
 
 func (s *JwtService) loadKeyJWK(path string) (jwk.Key, error) {
@@ -424,7 +493,6 @@ func SaveKeyJWK(key jwk.Key, path string) error {
 }
 
 // generateRandomKeyID generates a random key ID.
-// It is used for newly-generated keys
 func generateRandomKeyID() (string, error) {
 	buf := make([]byte, 8)
 	_, err := io.ReadFull(rand.Reader, buf)
@@ -433,3 +501,51 @@ func generateRandomKeyID() (string, error) {
 	}
 	return base64.RawURLEncoding.EncodeToString(buf), nil
 }
+
+// GetIsAdmin returns the value of the "isAdmin" claim in the token
+func GetIsAdmin(token jwt.Token) (bool, error) {
+	if !token.Has(IsAdminClaim) {
+		return false, nil
+	}
+	var isAdmin bool
+	err := token.Get(IsAdminClaim, &isAdmin)
+	return isAdmin, err
+}
+
+// SetTokenType sets the "type" claim in the token
+func SetTokenType(token jwt.Token, tokenType string) error {
+	if tokenType == "" {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return token.Set(TokenTypeClaim, tokenType)
+}
+
+// SetIsAdmin sets the "isAdmin" claim in the token
+func SetIsAdmin(token jwt.Token, isAdmin bool) error {
+	// Only set if true
+	if !isAdmin {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return token.Set(IsAdminClaim, isAdmin)
+}
+
+// SetAudienceString sets the "aud" claim with a value that is a string, and not an array
+// This is permitted by RFC 7519, and it's done here for backwards-compatibility
+func SetAudienceString(token jwt.Token, audience string) error {
+	return token.Set(jwt.AudienceKey, audience)
+}
+
+// TokenTypeValidator is a validator function that checks the "type" claim in the token
+func TokenTypeValidator(expectedTokenType string) jwt.ValidatorFunc {
+	return func(_ context.Context, t jwt.Token) error {
+		var tokenType string
+		err := t.Get(TokenTypeClaim, &tokenType)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to get token type claim: %w", err)
+		}
+		if tokenType != expectedTokenType {
+			return fmt.Errorf("invalid token type: expected %s, got %s", expectedTokenType, tokenType)
+		}
+		return nil
+	}
+}

backend/internal/service/ldap_service.go

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package service
 
 import (
 	"bytes"
+	"context"
 	"crypto/tls"
 	"encoding/base64"
 	"errors"
@@ -11,8 +12,10 @@ import (
 	"net/http"
 	"net/url"
 	"strings"
+	"time"
 
 	"github.com/go-ldap/ldap/v3"
+	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/common"
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/dto"
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/model"
 	"gorm.io/gorm"
@@ -26,46 +29,44 @@ type LdapService struct {
 }
 
 func NewLdapService(db *gorm.DB, appConfigService *AppConfigService, userService *UserService, groupService *UserGroupService) *LdapService {
-	return &LdapService{db: db, appConfigService: appConfigService, userService: userService, groupService: groupService}
+	return &LdapService{
+		db:               db,
+		appConfigService: appConfigService,
+		userService:      userService,
+		groupService:     groupService,
+	}
 }
 
 func (s *LdapService) createClient() (*ldap.Conn, error) {
-	if s.appConfigService.DbConfig.LdapEnabled.Value != "true" {
+	dbConfig := s.appConfigService.GetDbConfig()
+
+	if !dbConfig.LdapEnabled.IsTrue() {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("LDAP is not enabled")
 	}
+
 	// Setup LDAP connection
-	ldapURL := s.appConfigService.DbConfig.LdapUrl.Value
+	client, err := ldap.DialURL(dbConfig.LdapUrl.Value, ldap.DialWithTLSConfig(&tls.Config{
-	skipTLSVerify := s.appConfigService.DbConfig.LdapSkipCertVerify.Value == "true"
+		InsecureSkipVerify: dbConfig.LdapSkipCertVerify.IsTrue(), //nolint:gosec
-	client, err := ldap.DialURL(ldapURL, ldap.DialWithTLSConfig(&tls.Config{InsecureSkipVerify: skipTLSVerify}))
+	}))
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to connect to LDAP: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	// Bind as service account
-	bindDn := s.appConfigService.DbConfig.LdapBindDn.Value
+	err = client.Bind(dbConfig.LdapBindDn.Value, dbConfig.LdapBindPassword.Value)
-	bindPassword := s.appConfigService.DbConfig.LdapBindPassword.Value
-	err = client.Bind(bindDn, bindPassword)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to bind to LDAP: %w", err)
 	}
 	return client, nil
 }
 
-func (s *LdapService) SyncAll() error {
+func (s *LdapService) SyncAll(ctx context.Context) error {
-	err := s.SyncUsers()
+	// Start a transaction
-	if err != nil {
+	tx := s.db.Begin()
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to sync users: %w", err)
+	defer func() {
-	}
+		tx.Rollback()
+	}()
 
-	err = s.SyncGroups()
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to sync groups: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
-
-func (s *LdapService) SyncGroups() error {
 	// Setup LDAP connection
 	client, err := s.createClient()
 	if err != nil {
@@ -73,237 +74,368 @@ func (s *LdapService) SyncGroups() error {
 	}
 	defer client.Close()
 
-	baseDN := s.appConfigService.DbConfig.LdapBase.Value
+	err = s.SyncUsers(ctx, tx, client)
-	nameAttribute := s.appConfigService.DbConfig.LdapAttributeGroupName.Value
+	if err != nil {
-	uniqueIdentifierAttribute := s.appConfigService.DbConfig.LdapAttributeGroupUniqueIdentifier.Value
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to sync users: %w", err)
-	groupMemberOfAttribute := s.appConfigService.DbConfig.LdapAttributeGroupMember.Value
-	filter := s.appConfigService.DbConfig.LdapUserGroupSearchFilter.Value
-
-	searchAttrs := []string{
-		nameAttribute,
-		uniqueIdentifierAttribute,
-		groupMemberOfAttribute,
 	}
 
-	searchReq := ldap.NewSearchRequest(baseDN, ldap.ScopeWholeSubtree, 0, 0, 0, false, filter, searchAttrs, []ldap.Control{})
+	err = s.SyncGroups(ctx, tx, client)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to sync groups: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Commit the changes
+	err = tx.Commit().Error
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to commit changes to database: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+//nolint:gocognit
+func (s *LdapService) SyncGroups(ctx context.Context, tx *gorm.DB, client *ldap.Conn) error {
+	dbConfig := s.appConfigService.GetDbConfig()
+
+	searchAttrs := []string{
+		dbConfig.LdapAttributeGroupName.Value,
+		dbConfig.LdapAttributeGroupUniqueIdentifier.Value,
+		dbConfig.LdapAttributeGroupMember.Value,
+	}
+
+	searchReq := ldap.NewSearchRequest(
+		dbConfig.LdapBase.Value,
+		ldap.ScopeWholeSubtree,
+		0, 0, 0, false,
+		dbConfig.LdapUserGroupSearchFilter.Value,
+		searchAttrs,
+		[]ldap.Control{},
+	)
 	result, err := client.Search(searchReq)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to query LDAP: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	// Create a mapping for groups that exist
-	ldapGroupIDs := make(map[string]bool)
+	ldapGroupIDs := make(map[string]struct{}, len(result.Entries))
 
 	for _, value := range result.Entries {
-		var membersUserId []string
+		ldapId := value.GetAttributeValue(dbConfig.LdapAttributeGroupUniqueIdentifier.Value)
 
-		ldapId := value.GetAttributeValue(uniqueIdentifierAttribute)
+		// Skip groups without a valid LDAP ID
-		ldapGroupIDs[ldapId] = true
+		if ldapId == "" {
+			log.Printf("Skipping LDAP group without a valid unique identifier (attribute: %s)", dbConfig.LdapAttributeGroupUniqueIdentifier.Value)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		ldapGroupIDs[ldapId] = struct{}{}
 
 		// Try to find the group in the database
 		var databaseGroup model.UserGroup
-		s.db.Where("ldap_id = ?", ldapId).First(&databaseGroup)
+		err = tx.
+			WithContext(ctx).
+			Where("ldap_id = ?", ldapId).
+			First(&databaseGroup).
+			Error
+		if err != nil && !errors.Is(err, gorm.ErrRecordNotFound) {
+			// This could error with ErrRecordNotFound and we want to ignore that here
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to query for LDAP group ID '%s': %w", ldapId, err)
+		}
 
 		// Get group members and add to the correct Group
-		groupMembers := value.GetAttributeValues(groupMemberOfAttribute)
+		groupMembers := value.GetAttributeValues(dbConfig.LdapAttributeGroupMember.Value)
+		membersUserId := make([]string, 0, len(groupMembers))
 		for _, member := range groupMembers {
-			// Normal output of this would be CN=username,ou=people,dc=example,dc=com
+			ldapId := getDNProperty("uid", member)
-			// Splitting at the "=" and "," then just grabbing the username for that string
+			if ldapId == "" {
-			singleMember := strings.Split(strings.Split(member, "=")[1], ",")[0]
+				continue
+			}
 
 			var databaseUser model.User
-			err := s.db.Where("username = ? AND ldap_id IS NOT NULL", singleMember).First(&databaseUser).Error
+			err = tx.
-			if err != nil {
+				WithContext(ctx).
-				if errors.Is(err, gorm.ErrRecordNotFound) {
+				Where("username = ? AND ldap_id IS NOT NULL", ldapId).
-					// The user collides with a non-LDAP user, so we skip it
+				First(&databaseUser).
-					continue
+				Error
-				} else {
+			if errors.Is(err, gorm.ErrRecordNotFound) {
-					return err
+				// The user collides with a non-LDAP user, so we skip it
-				}
+				continue
-
+			} else if err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("failed to query for existing user '%s': %w", ldapId, err)
 			}
 
 			membersUserId = append(membersUserId, databaseUser.ID)
 		}
 
 		syncGroup := dto.UserGroupCreateDto{
-			Name:         value.GetAttributeValue(nameAttribute),
+			Name:         value.GetAttributeValue(dbConfig.LdapAttributeGroupName.Value),
-			FriendlyName: value.GetAttributeValue(nameAttribute),
+			FriendlyName: value.GetAttributeValue(dbConfig.LdapAttributeGroupName.Value),
-			LdapID:       value.GetAttributeValue(uniqueIdentifierAttribute),
+			LdapID:       value.GetAttributeValue(dbConfig.LdapAttributeGroupUniqueIdentifier.Value),
 		}
 
 		if databaseGroup.ID == "" {
-			newGroup, err := s.groupService.Create(syncGroup)
+			newGroup, err := s.groupService.createInternal(ctx, syncGroup, tx)
 			if err != nil {
-				log.Printf("Error syncing group %s: %s", syncGroup.Name, err)
+				return fmt.Errorf("failed to create group '%s': %w", syncGroup.Name, err)
-			} else {
+			}
-				if _, err = s.groupService.UpdateUsers(newGroup.ID, membersUserId); err != nil {
+
-					log.Printf("Error syncing group %s: %s", syncGroup.Name, err)
+			_, err = s.groupService.updateUsersInternal(ctx, newGroup.ID, membersUserId, tx)
-				}
+			if err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("failed to sync users for group '%s': %w", syncGroup.Name, err)
 			}
 		} else {
-			_, err = s.groupService.Update(databaseGroup.ID, syncGroup, true)
+			_, err = s.groupService.updateInternal(ctx, databaseGroup.ID, syncGroup, true, tx)
-			_, err = s.groupService.UpdateUsers(databaseGroup.ID, membersUserId)
 			if err != nil {
-				log.Printf("Error syncing group %s: %s", syncGroup.Name, err)
+				return fmt.Errorf("failed to update group '%s': %w", syncGroup.Name, err)
-				return err
 			}
 
+			_, err = s.groupService.updateUsersInternal(ctx, databaseGroup.ID, membersUserId, tx)
+			if err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("failed to sync users for group '%s': %w", syncGroup.Name, err)
+			}
 		}
-
 	}
 
 	// Get all LDAP groups from the database
 	var ldapGroupsInDb []model.UserGroup
-	if err := s.db.Find(&ldapGroupsInDb, "ldap_id IS NOT NULL").Select("ldap_id").Error; err != nil {
+	err = tx.
-		fmt.Println(fmt.Errorf("failed to fetch groups from database: %v", err))
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		Find(&ldapGroupsInDb, "ldap_id IS NOT NULL").
+		Select("ldap_id").
+		Error
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to fetch groups from database: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	// Delete groups that no longer exist in LDAP
 	for _, group := range ldapGroupsInDb {
-		if _, exists := ldapGroupIDs[*group.LdapID]; !exists {
+		if _, exists := ldapGroupIDs[*group.LdapID]; exists {
-			if err := s.db.Delete(&model.UserGroup{}, "ldap_id = ?", group.LdapID).Error; err != nil {
+			continue
-				log.Printf("Failed to delete group %s with: %v", group.Name, err)
-			} else {
-				log.Printf("Deleted group %s", group.Name)
-			}
 		}
+
+		err = tx.
+			WithContext(ctx).
+			Delete(&model.UserGroup{}, "ldap_id = ?", group.LdapID).
+			Error
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to delete group '%s': %w", group.Name, err)
+		}
+
+		log.Printf("Deleted group '%s'", group.Name)
 	}
 
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (s *LdapService) SyncUsers() error {
+//nolint:gocognit
-	// Setup LDAP connection
+func (s *LdapService) SyncUsers(ctx context.Context, tx *gorm.DB, client *ldap.Conn) error {
-	client, err := s.createClient()
+	dbConfig := s.appConfigService.GetDbConfig()
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to create LDAP client: %w", err)
-	}
-	defer client.Close()
-
-	baseDN := s.appConfigService.DbConfig.LdapBase.Value
-	uniqueIdentifierAttribute := s.appConfigService.DbConfig.LdapAttributeUserUniqueIdentifier.Value
-	usernameAttribute := s.appConfigService.DbConfig.LdapAttributeUserUsername.Value
-	emailAttribute := s.appConfigService.DbConfig.LdapAttributeUserEmail.Value
-	firstNameAttribute := s.appConfigService.DbConfig.LdapAttributeUserFirstName.Value
-	lastNameAttribute := s.appConfigService.DbConfig.LdapAttributeUserLastName.Value
-	profilePictureAttribute := s.appConfigService.DbConfig.LdapAttributeUserProfilePicture.Value
-	adminGroupAttribute := s.appConfigService.DbConfig.LdapAttributeAdminGroup.Value
-	filter := s.appConfigService.DbConfig.LdapUserSearchFilter.Value
 
 	searchAttrs := []string{
 		"memberOf",
 		"sn",
 		"cn",
-		uniqueIdentifierAttribute,
+		dbConfig.LdapAttributeUserUniqueIdentifier.Value,
-		usernameAttribute,
+		dbConfig.LdapAttributeUserUsername.Value,
-		emailAttribute,
+		dbConfig.LdapAttributeUserEmail.Value,
-		firstNameAttribute,
+		dbConfig.LdapAttributeUserFirstName.Value,
-		lastNameAttribute,
+		dbConfig.LdapAttributeUserLastName.Value,
-		profilePictureAttribute,
+		dbConfig.LdapAttributeUserProfilePicture.Value,
 	}
 
 	// Filters must start and finish with ()!
-	searchReq := ldap.NewSearchRequest(baseDN, ldap.ScopeWholeSubtree, 0, 0, 0, false, filter, searchAttrs, []ldap.Control{})
+	searchReq := ldap.NewSearchRequest(
+		dbConfig.LdapBase.Value,
+		ldap.ScopeWholeSubtree,
+		0, 0, 0, false,
+		dbConfig.LdapUserSearchFilter.Value,
+		searchAttrs,
+		[]ldap.Control{},
+	)
 
 	result, err := client.Search(searchReq)
 	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Println(fmt.Errorf("failed to query LDAP: %w", err))
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to query LDAP: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	// Create a mapping for users that exist
-	ldapUserIDs := make(map[string]bool)
+	ldapUserIDs := make(map[string]struct{}, len(result.Entries))
 
 	for _, value := range result.Entries {
-		ldapId := value.GetAttributeValue(uniqueIdentifierAttribute)
+		ldapId := value.GetAttributeValue(dbConfig.LdapAttributeUserUniqueIdentifier.Value)
-		ldapUserIDs[ldapId] = true
+
+		// Skip users without a valid LDAP ID
+		if ldapId == "" {
+			log.Printf("Skipping LDAP user without a valid unique identifier (attribute: %s)", dbConfig.LdapAttributeUserUniqueIdentifier.Value)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		ldapUserIDs[ldapId] = struct{}{}
 
 		// Get the user from the database
 		var databaseUser model.User
-		s.db.Where("ldap_id = ?", ldapId).First(&databaseUser)
+		err = tx.
+			WithContext(ctx).
+			Where("ldap_id = ?", ldapId).
+			First(&databaseUser).
+			Error
+
+		// If a user is found (even if disabled), enable them since they're now back in LDAP
+		if databaseUser.ID != "" && databaseUser.Disabled {
+			// Use the transaction instead of the direct context
+			err = tx.
+				WithContext(ctx).
+				Model(&model.User{}).
+				Where("id = ?", databaseUser.ID).
+				Update("disabled", false).
+				Error
+
+			if err != nil {
+				log.Printf("Failed to enable user %s: %v", databaseUser.Username, err)
+			}
+		}
+
+		if err != nil && !errors.Is(err, gorm.ErrRecordNotFound) {
+			// This could error with ErrRecordNotFound and we want to ignore that here
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to query for LDAP user ID '%s': %w", ldapId, err)
+		}
 
 		// Check if user is admin by checking if they are in the admin group
 		isAdmin := false
 		for _, group := range value.GetAttributeValues("memberOf") {
-			if strings.Contains(group, adminGroupAttribute) {
+			if getDNProperty("cn", group) == dbConfig.LdapAttributeAdminGroup.Value {
 				isAdmin = true
+				break
 			}
 		}
 
 		newUser := dto.UserCreateDto{
-			Username:  value.GetAttributeValue(usernameAttribute),
+			Username:  value.GetAttributeValue(dbConfig.LdapAttributeUserUsername.Value),
-			Email:     value.GetAttributeValue(emailAttribute),
+			Email:     value.GetAttributeValue(dbConfig.LdapAttributeUserEmail.Value),
-			FirstName: value.GetAttributeValue(firstNameAttribute),
+			FirstName: value.GetAttributeValue(dbConfig.LdapAttributeUserFirstName.Value),
-			LastName:  value.GetAttributeValue(lastNameAttribute),
+			LastName:  value.GetAttributeValue(dbConfig.LdapAttributeUserLastName.Value),
 			IsAdmin:   isAdmin,
 			LdapID:    ldapId,
 		}
 
 		if databaseUser.ID == "" {
-			_, err = s.userService.CreateUser(newUser)
+			_, err = s.userService.createUserInternal(ctx, newUser, true, tx)
-			if err != nil {
+			if errors.Is(err, &common.AlreadyInUseError{}) {
-				log.Printf("Error syncing user %s: %s", newUser.Username, err)
+				log.Printf("Skipping creating LDAP user '%s': %v", newUser.Username, err)
+				continue
+			} else if err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("error creating user '%s': %w", newUser.Username, err)
 			}
 		} else {
-			_, err = s.userService.UpdateUser(databaseUser.ID, newUser, false, true)
+			_, err = s.userService.updateUserInternal(ctx, databaseUser.ID, newUser, false, true, tx)
-			if err != nil {
+			if errors.Is(err, &common.AlreadyInUseError{}) {
-				log.Printf("Error syncing user %s: %s", newUser.Username, err)
+				log.Printf("Skipping updating LDAP user '%s': %v", newUser.Username, err)
+				continue
+			} else if err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("error updating user '%s': %w", newUser.Username, err)
 			}
 		}
 
 		// Save profile picture
-		if pictureString := value.GetAttributeValue(profilePictureAttribute); pictureString != "" {
+		pictureString := value.GetAttributeValue(dbConfig.LdapAttributeUserProfilePicture.Value)
-			if err := s.SaveProfilePicture(databaseUser.ID, pictureString); err != nil {
+		if pictureString != "" {
-				log.Printf("Error saving profile picture for user %s: %s", newUser.Username, err)
+			err = s.saveProfilePicture(ctx, databaseUser.ID, pictureString)
+			if err != nil {
+				// This is not a fatal error
+				log.Printf("Error saving profile picture for user %s: %v", newUser.Username, err)
 			}
 		}
 	}
 
 	// Get all LDAP users from the database
 	var ldapUsersInDb []model.User
-	if err := s.db.Find(&ldapUsersInDb, "ldap_id IS NOT NULL").Select("ldap_id").Error; err != nil {
+	err = tx.
-		fmt.Println(fmt.Errorf("failed to fetch users from database: %v", err))
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		Find(&ldapUsersInDb, "ldap_id IS NOT NULL").
+		Select("id, username, ldap_id, disabled").
+		Error
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to fetch users from database: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	// Delete users that no longer exist in LDAP
+	// Mark users as disabled or delete users that no longer exist in LDAP
 	for _, user := range ldapUsersInDb {
-		if _, exists := ldapUserIDs[*user.LdapID]; !exists {
+		// Skip if the user ID exists in the fetched LDAP results
-			if err := s.userService.DeleteUser(user.ID); err != nil {
+		if _, exists := ldapUserIDs[*user.LdapID]; exists {
-				log.Printf("Failed to delete user %s with: %v", user.Username, err)
+			continue
-			} else {
+		}
-				log.Printf("Deleted user %s", user.Username)
+
+		if dbConfig.LdapSoftDeleteUsers.IsTrue() {
+			err = s.userService.DisableUser(ctx, user.ID, tx)
+			if err != nil {
+				log.Printf("Failed to disable user %s: %v", user.Username, err)
+				continue
+			}
+		} else {
+			err = s.userService.DeleteUser(ctx, user.ID, true)
+			if err != nil {
+				log.Printf("Failed to delete user %s: %v", user.Username, err)
+				continue
 			}
 		}
 	}
+
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (s *LdapService) SaveProfilePicture(userId string, pictureString string) error {
+func (s *LdapService) saveProfilePicture(parentCtx context.Context, userId string, pictureString string) error {
 	var reader io.Reader
 
-	if _, err := url.ParseRequestURI(pictureString); err == nil {
+	_, err := url.ParseRequestURI(pictureString)
-		// If the photo is a URL, download it
+	if err == nil {
-		response, err := http.Get(pictureString)
+		ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(parentCtx, 5*time.Second)
+		defer cancel()
+
+		var req *http.Request
+		req, err = http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodGet, pictureString, nil)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to create request: %w", err)
+		}
+
+		var res *http.Response
+		res, err = http.DefaultClient.Do(req)
 		if err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("failed to download profile picture: %w", err)
 		}
-		defer response.Body.Close()
+		defer res.Body.Close()
-
-		reader = response.Body
 
+		reader = res.Body
 	} else if decodedPhoto, err := base64.StdEncoding.DecodeString(pictureString); err == nil {
 		// If the photo is a base64 encoded string, decode it
 		reader = bytes.NewReader(decodedPhoto)
-
 	} else {
 		// If the photo is a string, we assume that it's a binary string
 		reader = bytes.NewReader([]byte(pictureString))
 	}
 
 	// Update the profile picture
-	if err := s.userService.UpdateProfilePicture(userId, reader); err != nil {
+	err = s.userService.UpdateProfilePicture(userId, reader)
+	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to update profile picture: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	return nil
 }
+
+// getDNProperty returns the value of a property from a LDAP identifier
+// See: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/windows/desktop/ldap/distinguished-names
+func getDNProperty(property string, str string) string {
+	// Example format is "CN=username,ou=people,dc=example,dc=com"
+	// First we split at the comma
+	property = strings.ToLower(property)
+	l := len(property) + 1
+	for _, v := range strings.Split(str, ",") {
+		v = strings.TrimSpace(v)
+		if len(v) > l && strings.ToLower(v)[0:l] == property+"=" {
+			return v[l:]
+		}
+	}
+
+	// CN not found, return an empty string
+	return ""
+}

backend/internal/service/ldap_service_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+package service
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestGetDNProperty(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name           string
+		property       string
+		dn             string
+		expectedResult string
+	}{
+		{
+			name:           "simple case",
+			property:       "cn",
+			dn:             "cn=username,ou=people,dc=example,dc=com",
+			expectedResult: "username",
+		},
+		{
+			name:           "property not found",
+			property:       "uid",
+			dn:             "cn=username,ou=people,dc=example,dc=com",
+			expectedResult: "",
+		},
+		{
+			name:           "mixed case property",
+			property:       "CN",
+			dn:             "cn=username,ou=people,dc=example,dc=com",
+			expectedResult: "username",
+		},
+		{
+			name:           "mixed case DN",
+			property:       "cn",
+			dn:             "CN=username,OU=people,DC=example,DC=com",
+			expectedResult: "username",
+		},
+		{
+			name:           "spaces in DN",
+			property:       "cn",
+			dn:             "cn=username, ou=people, dc=example, dc=com",
+			expectedResult: "username",
+		},
+		{
+			name:           "value with special characters",
+			property:       "cn",
+			dn:             "cn=user.name+123,ou=people,dc=example,dc=com",
+			expectedResult: "user.name+123",
+		},
+		{
+			name:           "empty DN",
+			property:       "cn",
+			dn:             "",
+			expectedResult: "",
+		},
+		{
+			name:           "empty property",
+			property:       "",
+			dn:             "cn=username,ou=people,dc=example,dc=com",
+			expectedResult: "",
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			result := getDNProperty(tt.property, tt.dn)
+			if result != tt.expectedResult {
+				t.Errorf("getDNProperty(%q, %q) = %q, want %q",
+					tt.property, tt.dn, result, tt.expectedResult)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}

backend/internal/service/oidc_service.go

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package service
 
 import (
+	"context"
 	"crypto/sha256"
 	"encoding/base64"
 	"encoding/json"
@@ -9,9 +10,12 @@ import (
 	"mime/multipart"
 	"os"
 	"regexp"
+	"slices"
 	"strings"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/v3/jwt"
+
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/common"
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/dto"
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/model"
@@ -39,9 +43,19 @@ func NewOidcService(db *gorm.DB, jwtService *JwtService, appConfigService *AppCo
 	}
 }
 
-func (s *OidcService) Authorize(input dto.AuthorizeOidcClientRequestDto, userID, ipAddress, userAgent string) (string, string, error) {
+func (s *OidcService) Authorize(ctx context.Context, input dto.AuthorizeOidcClientRequestDto, userID, ipAddress, userAgent string) (string, string, error) {
+	tx := s.db.Begin()
+	defer func() {
+		tx.Rollback()
+	}()
+
 	var client model.OidcClient
-	if err := s.db.Preload("AllowedUserGroups").First(&client, "id = ?", input.ClientID).Error; err != nil {
+	err := tx.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		Preload("AllowedUserGroups").
+		First(&client, "id = ?", input.ClientID).
+		Error
+	if err != nil {
 		return "", "", err
 	}
 
@@ -58,7 +72,12 @@ func (s *OidcService) Authorize(input dto.AuthorizeOidcClientRequestDto, userID,
 
 	// Check if the user group is allowed to authorize the client
 	var user model.User
-	if err := s.db.Preload("UserGroups").First(&user, "id = ?", userID).Error; err != nil {
+	err = tx.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		Preload("UserGroups").
+		First(&user, "id = ?", userID).
+		Error
+	if err != nil {
 		return "", "", err
 	}
 
@@ -67,7 +86,7 @@ func (s *OidcService) Authorize(input dto.AuthorizeOidcClientRequestDto, userID,
 	}
 
 	// Check if the user has already authorized the client with the given scope
-	hasAuthorizedClient, err := s.HasAuthorizedClient(input.ClientID, userID, input.Scope)
+	hasAuthorizedClient, err := s.hasAuthorizedClientInternal(ctx, input.ClientID, userID, input.Scope, tx)
 	if err != nil {
 		return "", "", err
 	}
@@ -80,39 +99,55 @@ func (s *OidcService) Authorize(input dto.AuthorizeOidcClientRequestDto, userID,
 			Scope:    input.Scope,
 		}
 
-		if err := s.db.Create(&userAuthorizedClient).Error; err != nil {
+		err = tx.
-			if errors.Is(err, gorm.ErrDuplicatedKey) {
+			WithContext(ctx).
-				// The client has already been authorized but with a different scope so we need to update the scope
+			Create(&userAuthorizedClient).
-				if err := s.db.Model(&userAuthorizedClient).Update("scope", input.Scope).Error; err != nil {
+			Error
-					return "", "", err
+		if errors.Is(err, gorm.ErrDuplicatedKey) {
-				}
+			// The client has already been authorized but with a different scope so we need to update the scope
-			} else {
+			if err := tx.
+				WithContext(ctx).
+				Model(&userAuthorizedClient).Update("scope", input.Scope).Error; err != nil {
 				return "", "", err
 			}
+		} else if err != nil {
+			return "", "", err
 		}
 	}
 
 	// Create the authorization code
-	code, err := s.createAuthorizationCode(input.ClientID, userID, input.Scope, input.Nonce, input.CodeChallenge, input.CodeChallengeMethod)
+	code, err := s.createAuthorizationCode(ctx, input.ClientID, userID, input.Scope, input.Nonce, input.CodeChallenge, input.CodeChallengeMethod, tx)
 	if err != nil {
 		return "", "", err
 	}
 
 	// Log the authorization event
 	if hasAuthorizedClient {
-		s.auditLogService.Create(model.AuditLogEventClientAuthorization, ipAddress, userAgent, userID, model.AuditLogData{"clientName": client.Name})
+		s.auditLogService.Create(ctx, model.AuditLogEventClientAuthorization, ipAddress, userAgent, userID, model.AuditLogData{"clientName": client.Name}, tx)
 	} else {
-		s.auditLogService.Create(model.AuditLogEventNewClientAuthorization, ipAddress, userAgent, userID, model.AuditLogData{"clientName": client.Name})
+		s.auditLogService.Create(ctx, model.AuditLogEventNewClientAuthorization, ipAddress, userAgent, userID, model.AuditLogData{"clientName": client.Name}, tx)
+	}
 
+	err = tx.Commit().Error
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", "", err
 	}
 
 	return code, callbackURL, nil
 }
 
 // HasAuthorizedClient checks if the user has already authorized the client with the given scope
-func (s *OidcService) HasAuthorizedClient(clientID, userID, scope string) (bool, error) {
+func (s *OidcService) HasAuthorizedClient(ctx context.Context, clientID, userID, scope string) (bool, error) {
+	return s.hasAuthorizedClientInternal(ctx, clientID, userID, scope, s.db)
+}
+
+func (s *OidcService) hasAuthorizedClientInternal(ctx context.Context, clientID, userID, scope string, tx *gorm.DB) (bool, error) {
 	var userAuthorizedOidcClient model.UserAuthorizedOidcClient
-	if err := s.db.First(&userAuthorizedOidcClient, "client_id = ? AND user_id = ?", clientID, userID).Error; err != nil {
+	err := tx.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		First(&userAuthorizedOidcClient, "client_id = ? AND user_id = ?", clientID, userID).
+		Error
+	if err != nil {
 		if errors.Is(err, gorm.ErrRecordNotFound) {
 			return false, nil
 		}
@@ -145,74 +180,296 @@ func (s *OidcService) IsUserGroupAllowedToAuthorize(user model.User, client mode
 	return isAllowedToAuthorize
 }
 
-func (s *OidcService) CreateTokens(code, grantType, clientID, clientSecret, codeVerifier string) (string, string, error) {
+func (s *OidcService) CreateTokens(ctx context.Context, code, grantType, clientID, clientSecret, codeVerifier, refreshToken string) (idToken string, accessToken string, newRefreshToken string, exp int, err error) {
-	if grantType != "authorization_code" {
+	switch grantType {
-		return "", "", &common.OidcGrantTypeNotSupportedError{}
+	case "authorization_code":
+		return s.createTokenFromAuthorizationCode(ctx, code, clientID, clientSecret, codeVerifier)
+	case "refresh_token":
+		accessToken, newRefreshToken, exp, err = s.createTokenFromRefreshToken(ctx, refreshToken, clientID, clientSecret)
+		return "", accessToken, newRefreshToken, exp, err
+	default:
+		return "", "", "", 0, &common.OidcGrantTypeNotSupportedError{}
 	}
+}
+
+func (s *OidcService) createTokenFromAuthorizationCode(ctx context.Context, code, clientID, clientSecret, codeVerifier string) (idToken string, accessToken string, refreshToken string, exp int, err error) {
+	tx := s.db.Begin()
+	defer func() {
+		tx.Rollback()
+	}()
 
 	var client model.OidcClient
-	if err := s.db.First(&client, "id = ?", clientID).Error; err != nil {
+	err = tx.
-		return "", "", err
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		First(&client, "id = ?", clientID).
+		Error
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", "", "", 0, err
 	}
 
 	// Verify the client secret if the client is not public
 	if !client.IsPublic {
 		if clientID == "" || clientSecret == "" {
-			return "", "", &common.OidcMissingClientCredentialsError{}
+			return "", "", "", 0, &common.OidcMissingClientCredentialsError{}
 		}
 
 		err := bcrypt.CompareHashAndPassword([]byte(client.Secret), []byte(clientSecret))
 		if err != nil {
-			return "", "", &common.OidcClientSecretInvalidError{}
+			return "", "", "", 0, &common.OidcClientSecretInvalidError{}
 		}
 	}
 
 	var authorizationCodeMetaData model.OidcAuthorizationCode
-	err := s.db.Preload("User").First(&authorizationCodeMetaData, "code = ?", code).Error
+	err = tx.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		Preload("User").
+		First(&authorizationCodeMetaData, "code = ?", code).
+		Error
 	if err != nil {
-		return "", "", &common.OidcInvalidAuthorizationCodeError{}
+		return "", "", "", 0, &common.OidcInvalidAuthorizationCodeError{}
 	}
 
 	// If the client is public or PKCE is enabled, the code verifier must match the code challenge
 	if client.IsPublic || client.PkceEnabled {
 		if !s.validateCodeVerifier(codeVerifier, *authorizationCodeMetaData.CodeChallenge, *authorizationCodeMetaData.CodeChallengeMethodSha256) {
-			return "", "", &common.OidcInvalidCodeVerifierError{}
+			return "", "", "", 0, &common.OidcInvalidCodeVerifierError{}
 		}
 	}
 
 	if authorizationCodeMetaData.ClientID != clientID && authorizationCodeMetaData.ExpiresAt.ToTime().Before(time.Now()) {
-		return "", "", &common.OidcInvalidAuthorizationCodeError{}
+		return "", "", "", 0, &common.OidcInvalidAuthorizationCodeError{}
 	}
 
-	userClaims, err := s.GetUserClaimsForClient(authorizationCodeMetaData.UserID, clientID)
+	userClaims, err := s.getUserClaimsForClientInternal(ctx, authorizationCodeMetaData.UserID, clientID, tx)
 	if err != nil {
-		return "", "", err
+		return "", "", "", 0, err
 	}
 
-	idToken, err := s.jwtService.GenerateIDToken(userClaims, clientID, authorizationCodeMetaData.Nonce)
+	idToken, err = s.jwtService.GenerateIDToken(userClaims, clientID, authorizationCodeMetaData.Nonce)
 	if err != nil {
-		return "", "", err
+		return "", "", "", 0, err
 	}
 
-	accessToken, err := s.jwtService.GenerateOauthAccessToken(authorizationCodeMetaData.User, clientID)
+	// Generate a refresh token
+	refreshToken, err = s.createRefreshToken(ctx, clientID, authorizationCodeMetaData.UserID, authorizationCodeMetaData.Scope, tx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", "", "", 0, err
+	}
 
-	s.db.Delete(&authorizationCodeMetaData)
+	accessToken, err = s.jwtService.GenerateOauthAccessToken(authorizationCodeMetaData.User, clientID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", "", "", 0, err
+	}
 
-	return idToken, accessToken, nil
+	err = tx.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		Delete(&authorizationCodeMetaData).
+		Error
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", "", "", 0, err
+	}
+
+	err = tx.Commit().Error
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", "", "", 0, err
+	}
+
+	return idToken, accessToken, refreshToken, 3600, nil
 }
 
-func (s *OidcService) GetClient(clientID string) (model.OidcClient, error) {
+func (s *OidcService) createTokenFromRefreshToken(ctx context.Context, refreshToken, clientID, clientSecret string) (accessToken string, newRefreshToken string, exp int, err error) {
+	if refreshToken == "" {
+		return "", "", 0, &common.OidcMissingRefreshTokenError{}
+	}
+
+	tx := s.db.Begin()
+	defer func() {
+		tx.Rollback()
+	}()
+
+	// Get the client to check if it's public
 	var client model.OidcClient
-	if err := s.db.Preload("CreatedBy").Preload("AllowedUserGroups").First(&client, "id = ?", clientID).Error; err != nil {
+	err = tx.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		First(&client, "id = ?", clientID).
+		Error
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", "", 0, err
+	}
+
+	// Verify the client secret if the client is not public
+	if !client.IsPublic {
+		if clientID == "" || clientSecret == "" {
+			return "", "", 0, &common.OidcMissingClientCredentialsError{}
+		}
+
+		err := bcrypt.CompareHashAndPassword([]byte(client.Secret), []byte(clientSecret))
+		if err != nil {
+			return "", "", 0, &common.OidcClientSecretInvalidError{}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Verify refresh token
+	var storedRefreshToken model.OidcRefreshToken
+	err = tx.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		Preload("User").
+		Where("token = ? AND expires_at > ?", utils.CreateSha256Hash(refreshToken), datatype.DateTime(time.Now())).
+		First(&storedRefreshToken).
+		Error
+	if err != nil {
+		if errors.Is(err, gorm.ErrRecordNotFound) {
+			return "", "", 0, &common.OidcInvalidRefreshTokenError{}
+		}
+		return "", "", 0, err
+	}
+
+	// Verify that the refresh token belongs to the provided client
+	if storedRefreshToken.ClientID != clientID {
+		return "", "", 0, &common.OidcInvalidRefreshTokenError{}
+	}
+
+	// Generate a new access token
+	accessToken, err = s.jwtService.GenerateOauthAccessToken(storedRefreshToken.User, clientID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", "", 0, err
+	}
+
+	// Generate a new refresh token and invalidate the old one
+	newRefreshToken, err = s.createRefreshToken(ctx, clientID, storedRefreshToken.UserID, storedRefreshToken.Scope, tx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", "", 0, err
+	}
+
+	// Delete the used refresh token
+	err = tx.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		Delete(&storedRefreshToken).
+		Error
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", "", 0, err
+	}
+
+	err = tx.Commit().Error
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", "", 0, err
+	}
+
+	return accessToken, newRefreshToken, 3600, nil
+}
+
+func (s *OidcService) IntrospectToken(clientID, clientSecret, tokenString string) (introspectDto dto.OidcIntrospectionResponseDto, err error) {
+	if clientID == "" || clientSecret == "" {
+		return introspectDto, &common.OidcMissingClientCredentialsError{}
+	}
+
+	// Get the client to check if we are authorized.
+	var client model.OidcClient
+	if err := s.db.First(&client, "id = ?", clientID).Error; err != nil {
+		return introspectDto, &common.OidcClientSecretInvalidError{}
+	}
+
+	// Verify the client secret. This endpoint may not be used by public clients.
+	if client.IsPublic {
+		return introspectDto, &common.OidcClientSecretInvalidError{}
+	}
+
+	if err := bcrypt.CompareHashAndPassword([]byte(client.Secret), []byte(clientSecret)); err != nil {
+		return introspectDto, &common.OidcClientSecretInvalidError{}
+	}
+
+	token, err := s.jwtService.VerifyOauthAccessToken(tokenString)
+	if err != nil {
+		if errors.Is(err, jwt.ParseError()) {
+			// It's apparently not a valid JWT token, so we check if it's a valid refresh_token.
+			return s.introspectRefreshToken(tokenString)
+		}
+
+		// Every failure we get means the token is invalid. Nothing more to do with the error.
+		introspectDto.Active = false
+		return introspectDto, nil
+	}
+
+	introspectDto.Active = true
+	introspectDto.TokenType = "access_token"
+	if token.Has("scope") {
+		var asString string
+		var asStrings []string
+		if err := token.Get("scope", &asString); err == nil {
+			introspectDto.Scope = asString
+		} else if err := token.Get("scope", &asStrings); err == nil {
+			introspectDto.Scope = strings.Join(asStrings, " ")
+		}
+	}
+	if expiration, hasExpiration := token.Expiration(); hasExpiration {
+		introspectDto.Expiration = expiration.Unix()
+	}
+	if issuedAt, hasIssuedAt := token.IssuedAt(); hasIssuedAt {
+		introspectDto.IssuedAt = issuedAt.Unix()
+	}
+	if notBefore, hasNotBefore := token.NotBefore(); hasNotBefore {
+		introspectDto.NotBefore = notBefore.Unix()
+	}
+	if subject, hasSubject := token.Subject(); hasSubject {
+		introspectDto.Subject = subject
+	}
+	if audience, hasAudience := token.Audience(); hasAudience {
+		introspectDto.Audience = audience
+	}
+	if issuer, hasIssuer := token.Issuer(); hasIssuer {
+		introspectDto.Issuer = issuer
+	}
+	if identifier, hasIdentifier := token.JwtID(); hasIdentifier {
+		introspectDto.Identifier = identifier
+	}
+
+	return introspectDto, nil
+}
+
+func (s *OidcService) introspectRefreshToken(refreshToken string) (introspectDto dto.OidcIntrospectionResponseDto, err error) {
+	var storedRefreshToken model.OidcRefreshToken
+	err = s.db.Preload("User").
+		Where("token = ? AND expires_at > ?", utils.CreateSha256Hash(refreshToken), datatype.DateTime(time.Now())).
+		First(&storedRefreshToken).
+		Error
+	if err != nil {
+		if errors.Is(err, gorm.ErrRecordNotFound) {
+			introspectDto.Active = false
+			return introspectDto, nil
+		}
+		return introspectDto, err
+	}
+
+	introspectDto.Active = true
+	introspectDto.TokenType = "refresh_token"
+	return introspectDto, nil
+}
+
+func (s *OidcService) GetClient(ctx context.Context, clientID string) (model.OidcClient, error) {
+	return s.getClientInternal(ctx, clientID, s.db)
+}
+
+func (s *OidcService) getClientInternal(ctx context.Context, clientID string, tx *gorm.DB) (model.OidcClient, error) {
+	var client model.OidcClient
+	err := tx.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		Preload("CreatedBy").
+		Preload("AllowedUserGroups").
+		First(&client, "id = ?", clientID).
+		Error
+	if err != nil {
 		return model.OidcClient{}, err
 	}
 	return client, nil
 }
 
-func (s *OidcService) ListClients(searchTerm string, sortedPaginationRequest utils.SortedPaginationRequest) ([]model.OidcClient, utils.PaginationResponse, error) {
+func (s *OidcService) ListClients(ctx context.Context, searchTerm string, sortedPaginationRequest utils.SortedPaginationRequest) ([]model.OidcClient, utils.PaginationResponse, error) {
 	var clients []model.OidcClient
 
-	query := s.db.Preload("CreatedBy").Model(&model.OidcClient{})
+	query := s.db.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		Preload("CreatedBy").
+		Model(&model.OidcClient{})
 	if searchTerm != "" {
 		searchPattern := "%" + searchTerm + "%"
 		query = query.Where("name LIKE ?", searchPattern)
@@ -226,7 +483,7 @@ func (s *OidcService) ListClients(searchTerm string, sortedPaginationRequest uti
 	return clients, pagination, nil
 }
 
-func (s *OidcService) CreateClient(input dto.OidcClientCreateDto, userID string) (model.OidcClient, error) {
+func (s *OidcService) CreateClient(ctx context.Context, input dto.OidcClientCreateDto, userID string) (model.OidcClient, error) {
 	client := model.OidcClient{
 		Name:               input.Name,
 		CallbackURLs:       input.CallbackURLs,
@@ -236,16 +493,30 @@ func (s *OidcService) CreateClient(input dto.OidcClientCreateDto, userID string)
 		PkceEnabled:        input.IsPublic || input.PkceEnabled,
 	}
 
-	if err := s.db.Create(&client).Error; err != nil {
+	err := s.db.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		Create(&client).
+		Error
+	if err != nil {
 		return model.OidcClient{}, err
 	}
 
 	return client, nil
 }
 
-func (s *OidcService) UpdateClient(clientID string, input dto.OidcClientCreateDto) (model.OidcClient, error) {
+func (s *OidcService) UpdateClient(ctx context.Context, clientID string, input dto.OidcClientCreateDto) (model.OidcClient, error) {
+	tx := s.db.Begin()
+	defer func() {
+		tx.Rollback()
+	}()
+
 	var client model.OidcClient
-	if err := s.db.Preload("CreatedBy").First(&client, "id = ?", clientID).Error; err != nil {
+	err := tx.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		Preload("CreatedBy").
+		First(&client, "id = ?", clientID).
+		Error
+	if err != nil {
 		return model.OidcClient{}, err
 	}
 
@@ -255,29 +526,48 @@ func (s *OidcService) UpdateClient(clientID string, input dto.OidcClientCreateDt
 	client.IsPublic = input.IsPublic
 	client.PkceEnabled = input.IsPublic || input.PkceEnabled
 
-	if err := s.db.Save(&client).Error; err != nil {
+	err = tx.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		Save(&client).
+		Error
+	if err != nil {
+		return model.OidcClient{}, err
+	}
+
+	err = tx.Commit().Error
+	if err != nil {
 		return model.OidcClient{}, err
 	}
 
 	return client, nil
 }
 
-func (s *OidcService) DeleteClient(clientID string) error {
+func (s *OidcService) DeleteClient(ctx context.Context, clientID string) error {
 	var client model.OidcClient
-	if err := s.db.First(&client, "id = ?", clientID).Error; err != nil {
+	err := s.db.
-		return err
+		WithContext(ctx).
-	}
+		Where("id = ?", clientID).
-
+		Delete(&client).
-	if err := s.db.Delete(&client).Error; err != nil {
+		Error
+	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (s *OidcService) CreateClientSecret(clientID string) (string, error) {
+func (s *OidcService) CreateClientSecret(ctx context.Context, clientID string) (string, error) {
+	tx := s.db.Begin()
+	defer func() {
+		tx.Rollback()
+	}()
+
 	var client model.OidcClient
-	if err := s.db.First(&client, "id = ?", clientID).Error; err != nil {
+	err := tx.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		First(&client, "id = ?", clientID).
+		Error
+	if err != nil {
 		return "", err
 	}
 
@@ -292,16 +582,29 @@ func (s *OidcService) CreateClientSecret(clientID string) (string, error) {
 	}
 
 	client.Secret = string(hashedSecret)
-	if err := s.db.Save(&client).Error; err != nil {
+	err = tx.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		Save(&client).
+		Error
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+
+	err = tx.Commit().Error
+	if err != nil {
 		return "", err
 	}
 
 	return clientSecret, nil
 }
 
-func (s *OidcService) GetClientLogo(clientID string) (string, string, error) {
+func (s *OidcService) GetClientLogo(ctx context.Context, clientID string) (string, string, error) {
 	var client model.OidcClient
-	if err := s.db.First(&client, "id = ?", clientID).Error; err != nil {
+	err := s.db.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		First(&client, "id = ?", clientID).
+		Error
+	if err != nil {
 		return "", "", err
 	}
 
@@ -309,26 +612,35 @@ func (s *OidcService) GetClientLogo(clientID string) (string, string, error) {
 		return "", "", errors.New("image not found")
 	}
 
-	imageType := *client.ImageType
+	imagePath := common.EnvConfig.UploadPath + "/oidc-client-images/" + client.ID + "." + *client.ImageType
-	imagePath := fmt.Sprintf("%s/oidc-client-images/%s.%s", common.EnvConfig.UploadPath, client.ID, imageType)
+	mimeType := utils.GetImageMimeType(*client.ImageType)
-	mimeType := utils.GetImageMimeType(imageType)
 
 	return imagePath, mimeType, nil
 }
 
-func (s *OidcService) UpdateClientLogo(clientID string, file *multipart.FileHeader) error {
+func (s *OidcService) UpdateClientLogo(ctx context.Context, clientID string, file *multipart.FileHeader) error {
 	fileType := utils.GetFileExtension(file.Filename)
 	if mimeType := utils.GetImageMimeType(fileType); mimeType == "" {
 		return &common.FileTypeNotSupportedError{}
 	}
 
-	imagePath := fmt.Sprintf("%s/oidc-client-images/%s.%s", common.EnvConfig.UploadPath, clientID, fileType)
+	imagePath := common.EnvConfig.UploadPath + "/oidc-client-images/" + clientID + "." + fileType
-	if err := utils.SaveFile(file, imagePath); err != nil {
+	err := utils.SaveFile(file, imagePath)
+	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 
+	tx := s.db.Begin()
+	defer func() {
+		tx.Rollback()
+	}()
+
 	var client model.OidcClient
-	if err := s.db.First(&client, "id = ?", clientID).Error; err != nil {
+	err = tx.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		First(&client, "id = ?", clientID).
+		Error
+	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 
@@ -340,16 +652,34 @@ func (s *OidcService) UpdateClientLogo(clientID string, file *multipart.FileHead
 	}
 
 	client.ImageType = &fileType
-	if err := s.db.Save(&client).Error; err != nil {
+	err = tx.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		Save(&client).
+		Error
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	err = tx.Commit().Error
+	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (s *OidcService) DeleteClientLogo(clientID string) error {
+func (s *OidcService) DeleteClientLogo(ctx context.Context, clientID string) error {
+	tx := s.db.Begin()
+	defer func() {
+		tx.Rollback()
+	}()
+
 	var client model.OidcClient
-	if err := s.db.First(&client, "id = ?", clientID).Error; err != nil {
+	err := tx.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		First(&client, "id = ?", clientID).
+		Error
+	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 
@@ -357,38 +687,71 @@ func (s *OidcService) DeleteClientLogo(clientID string) error {
 		return errors.New("image not found")
 	}
 
-	imagePath := fmt.Sprintf("%s/oidc-client-images/%s.%s", common.EnvConfig.UploadPath, client.ID, *client.ImageType)
+	client.ImageType = nil
+	err = tx.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		Save(&client).
+		Error
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	imagePath := common.EnvConfig.UploadPath + "/oidc-client-images/" + client.ID + "." + *client.ImageType
 	if err := os.Remove(imagePath); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 
-	client.ImageType = nil
+	err = tx.Commit().Error
-	if err := s.db.Save(&client).Error; err != nil {
+	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (s *OidcService) GetUserClaimsForClient(userID string, clientID string) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
+func (s *OidcService) GetUserClaimsForClient(ctx context.Context, userID string, clientID string) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
+	tx := s.db.Begin()
+	defer func() {
+		tx.Rollback()
+	}()
+
+	claims, err := s.getUserClaimsForClientInternal(ctx, userID, clientID, s.db)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	err = tx.Commit().Error
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return claims, nil
+}
+
+func (s *OidcService) getUserClaimsForClientInternal(ctx context.Context, userID string, clientID string, tx *gorm.DB) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
 	var authorizedOidcClient model.UserAuthorizedOidcClient
-	if err := s.db.Preload("User.UserGroups").First(&authorizedOidcClient, "user_id = ? AND client_id = ?", userID, clientID).Error; err != nil {
+	err := tx.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		Preload("User.UserGroups").
+		First(&authorizedOidcClient, "user_id = ? AND client_id = ?", userID, clientID).
+		Error
+	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
 	user := authorizedOidcClient.User
-	scope := authorizedOidcClient.Scope
+	scopes := strings.Split(authorizedOidcClient.Scope, " ")
 
 	claims := map[string]interface{}{
 		"sub": user.ID,
 	}
 
-	if strings.Contains(scope, "email") {
+	if slices.Contains(scopes, "email") {
 		claims["email"] = user.Email
-		claims["email_verified"] = s.appConfigService.DbConfig.EmailsVerified.Value == "true"
+		claims["email_verified"] = s.appConfigService.GetDbConfig().EmailsVerified.IsTrue()
 	}
 
-	if strings.Contains(scope, "groups") {
+	if slices.Contains(scopes, "groups") {
 		userGroups := make([]string, len(user.UserGroups))
 		for i, group := range user.UserGroups {
 			userGroups[i] = group.Name
@@ -401,17 +764,17 @@ func (s *OidcService) GetUserClaimsForClient(userID string, clientID string) (ma
 		"family_name":        user.LastName,
 		"name":               user.FullName(),
 		"preferred_username": user.Username,
-		"picture":            fmt.Sprintf("%s/api/users/%s/profile-picture.png", common.EnvConfig.AppURL, user.ID),
+		"picture":            common.EnvConfig.AppURL + "/api/users/" + user.ID + "/profile-picture.png",
 	}
 
-	if strings.Contains(scope, "profile") {
+	if slices.Contains(scopes, "profile") {
 		// Add profile claims
 		for k, v := range profileClaims {
 			claims[k] = v
 		}
 
 		// Add custom claims
-		customClaims, err := s.customClaimService.GetCustomClaimsForUserWithUserGroups(userID)
+		customClaims, err := s.customClaimService.GetCustomClaimsForUserWithUserGroups(ctx, userID, tx)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
@@ -419,8 +782,8 @@ func (s *OidcService) GetUserClaimsForClient(userID string, clientID string) (ma
 		for _, customClaim := range customClaims {
 			// The value of the custom claim can be a JSON object or a string
 			var jsonValue interface{}
-			json.Unmarshal([]byte(customClaim.Value), &jsonValue)
+			err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(customClaim.Value), &jsonValue)
-			if jsonValue != nil {
+			if err == nil {
 				// It's JSON so we store it as an object
 				claims[customClaim.Key] = jsonValue
 			} else {
@@ -429,15 +792,21 @@ func (s *OidcService) GetUserClaimsForClient(userID string, clientID string) (ma
 			}
 		}
 	}
-	if strings.Contains(scope, "email") {
+
+	if slices.Contains(scopes, "email") {
 		claims["email"] = user.Email
 	}
 
 	return claims, nil
 }
 
-func (s *OidcService) UpdateAllowedUserGroups(id string, input dto.OidcUpdateAllowedUserGroupsDto) (client model.OidcClient, err error) {
+func (s *OidcService) UpdateAllowedUserGroups(ctx context.Context, id string, input dto.OidcUpdateAllowedUserGroupsDto) (client model.OidcClient, err error) {
-	client, err = s.GetClient(id)
+	tx := s.db.Begin()
+	defer func() {
+		tx.Rollback()
+	}()
+
+	client, err = s.getClientInternal(ctx, id, tx)
 	if err != nil {
 		return model.OidcClient{}, err
 	}
@@ -445,18 +814,37 @@ func (s *OidcService) UpdateAllowedUserGroups(id string, input dto.OidcUpdateAll
 	// Fetch the user groups based on UserGroupIDs in input
 	var groups []model.UserGroup
 	if len(input.UserGroupIDs) > 0 {
-		if err := s.db.Where("id IN (?)", input.UserGroupIDs).Find(&groups).Error; err != nil {
+		err = tx.
+			WithContext(ctx).
+			Where("id IN (?)", input.UserGroupIDs).
+			Find(&groups).
+			Error
+		if err != nil {
 			return model.OidcClient{}, err
 		}
 	}
 
 	// Replace the current user groups with the new set of user groups
-	if err := s.db.Model(&client).Association("AllowedUserGroups").Replace(groups); err != nil {
+	err = tx.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		Model(&client).
+		Association("AllowedUserGroups").
+		Replace(groups)
+	if err != nil {
 		return model.OidcClient{}, err
 	}
 
 	// Save the updated client
-	if err := s.db.Save(&client).Error; err != nil {
+	err = tx.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		Save(&client).
+		Error
+	if err != nil {
+		return model.OidcClient{}, err
+	}
+
+	err = tx.Commit().Error
+	if err != nil {
 		return model.OidcClient{}, err
 	}
 
@@ -464,28 +852,36 @@ func (s *OidcService) UpdateAllowedUserGroups(id string, input dto.OidcUpdateAll
 }
 
 // ValidateEndSession returns the logout callback URL for the client if all the validations pass
-func (s *OidcService) ValidateEndSession(input dto.OidcLogoutDto, userID string) (string, error) {
+func (s *OidcService) ValidateEndSession(ctx context.Context, input dto.OidcLogoutDto, userID string) (string, error) {
 	// If no ID token hint is provided, return an error
 	if input.IdTokenHint == "" {
 		return "", &common.TokenInvalidError{}
 	}
 
 	// If the ID token hint is provided, verify the ID token
-	claims, err := s.jwtService.VerifyIdToken(input.IdTokenHint)
+	// Here we also accept expired ID tokens, which are fine per spec
+	token, err := s.jwtService.VerifyIdToken(input.IdTokenHint, true)
 	if err != nil {
 		return "", &common.TokenInvalidError{}
 	}
 
 	// If the client ID is provided check if the client ID in the ID token matches the client ID in the request
-	if input.ClientId != "" && claims.Audience[0] != input.ClientId {
+	clientID, ok := token.Audience()
+	if !ok || len(clientID) == 0 {
+		return "", &common.TokenInvalidError{}
+	}
+	if input.ClientId != "" && clientID[0] != input.ClientId {
 		return "", &common.OidcClientIdNotMatchingError{}
 	}
 
-	clientId := claims.Audience[0]
-
 	// Check if the user has authorized the client before
 	var userAuthorizedOIDCClient model.UserAuthorizedOidcClient
-	if err := s.db.Preload("Client").First(&userAuthorizedOIDCClient, "client_id = ? AND user_id = ?", clientId, userID).Error; err != nil {
+	err = s.db.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		Preload("Client").
+		First(&userAuthorizedOIDCClient, "client_id = ? AND user_id = ?", clientID[0], userID).
+		Error
+	if err != nil {
 		return "", &common.OidcMissingAuthorizationError{}
 	}
 
@@ -503,7 +899,7 @@ func (s *OidcService) ValidateEndSession(input dto.OidcLogoutDto, userID string)
 
 }
 
-func (s *OidcService) createAuthorizationCode(clientID string, userID string, scope string, nonce string, codeChallenge string, codeChallengeMethod string) (string, error) {
+func (s *OidcService) createAuthorizationCode(ctx context.Context, clientID string, userID string, scope string, nonce string, codeChallenge string, codeChallengeMethod string, tx *gorm.DB) (string, error) {
 	randomString, err := utils.GenerateRandomAlphanumericString(32)
 	if err != nil {
 		return "", err
@@ -522,7 +918,11 @@ func (s *OidcService) createAuthorizationCode(clientID string, userID string, sc
 		CodeChallengeMethodSha256: &codeChallengeMethodSha256,
 	}
 
-	if err := s.db.Create(&oidcAuthorizationCode).Error; err != nil {
+	err = tx.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		Create(&oidcAuthorizationCode).
+		Error
+	if err != nil {
 		return "", err
 	}
 
@@ -555,7 +955,7 @@ func (s *OidcService) getCallbackURL(urls []string, inputCallbackURL string) (ca
 	}
 
 	for _, callbackPattern := range urls {
-		regexPattern := strings.ReplaceAll(regexp.QuoteMeta(callbackPattern), `\*`, ".*") + "$"
+		regexPattern := "^" + strings.ReplaceAll(regexp.QuoteMeta(callbackPattern), `\*`, ".*") + "$"
 		matched, err := regexp.MatchString(regexPattern, inputCallbackURL)
 		if err != nil {
 			return "", err
@@ -567,3 +967,32 @@ func (s *OidcService) getCallbackURL(urls []string, inputCallbackURL string) (ca
 
 	return "", &common.OidcInvalidCallbackURLError{}
 }
+
+func (s *OidcService) createRefreshToken(ctx context.Context, clientID string, userID string, scope string, tx *gorm.DB) (string, error) {
+	refreshToken, err := utils.GenerateRandomAlphanumericString(40)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+
+	// Compute the hash of the refresh token to store in the DB
+	// Refresh tokens are pretty long already, so a "simple" SHA-256 hash is enough
+	refreshTokenHash := utils.CreateSha256Hash(refreshToken)
+
+	m := model.OidcRefreshToken{
+		ExpiresAt: datatype.DateTime(time.Now().Add(30 * 24 * time.Hour)), // 30 days
+		Token:     refreshTokenHash,
+		ClientID:  clientID,
+		UserID:    userID,
+		Scope:     scope,
+	}
+
+	err = tx.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		Create(&m).
+		Error
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+
+	return refreshToken, nil
+}

backend/internal/service/user_group_service.go

@@ -1,13 +1,15 @@
 package service
 
 import (
+	"context"
 	"errors"
 
+	"gorm.io/gorm"
+
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/common"
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/dto"
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/model"
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/utils"
-	"gorm.io/gorm"
 )
 
 type UserGroupService struct {
@@ -19,8 +21,11 @@ func NewUserGroupService(db *gorm.DB, appConfigService *AppConfigService) *UserG
 	return &UserGroupService{db: db, appConfigService: appConfigService}
 }
 
-func (s *UserGroupService) List(name string, sortedPaginationRequest utils.SortedPaginationRequest) (groups []model.UserGroup, response utils.PaginationResponse, err error) {
+func (s *UserGroupService) List(ctx context.Context, name string, sortedPaginationRequest utils.SortedPaginationRequest) (groups []model.UserGroup, response utils.PaginationResponse, err error) {
-	query := s.db.Preload("CustomClaims").Model(&model.UserGroup{})
+	query := s.db.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		Preload("CustomClaims").
+		Model(&model.UserGroup{})
 
 	if name != "" {
 		query = query.Where("name LIKE ?", "%"+name+"%")
@@ -42,26 +47,58 @@ func (s *UserGroupService) List(name string, sortedPaginationRequest utils.Sorte
 	return groups, response, err
 }
 
-func (s *UserGroupService) Get(id string) (group model.UserGroup, err error) {
+func (s *UserGroupService) Get(ctx context.Context, id string) (group model.UserGroup, err error) {
-	err = s.db.Where("id = ?", id).Preload("CustomClaims").Preload("Users").First(&group).Error
+	return s.getInternal(ctx, id, s.db)
+}
+
+func (s *UserGroupService) getInternal(ctx context.Context, id string, tx *gorm.DB) (group model.UserGroup, err error) {
+	err = tx.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		Where("id = ?", id).
+		Preload("CustomClaims").
+		Preload("Users").
+		First(&group).
+		Error
 	return group, err
 }
 
-func (s *UserGroupService) Delete(id string) error {
+func (s *UserGroupService) Delete(ctx context.Context, id string) error {
+	tx := s.db.Begin()
+	defer func() {
+		tx.Rollback()
+	}()
+
 	var group model.UserGroup
-	if err := s.db.Where("id = ?", id).First(&group).Error; err != nil {
+	err := tx.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		Where("id = ?", id).
+		First(&group).
+		Error
+	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 
 	// Disallow deleting the group if it is an LDAP group and LDAP is enabled
-	if group.LdapID != nil && s.appConfigService.DbConfig.LdapEnabled.Value == "true" {
+	if group.LdapID != nil && s.appConfigService.GetDbConfig().LdapEnabled.IsTrue() {
 		return &common.LdapUserGroupUpdateError{}
 	}
 
-	return s.db.Delete(&group).Error
+	err = tx.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		Delete(&group).
+		Error
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	return tx.Commit().Error
 }
 
-func (s *UserGroupService) Create(input dto.UserGroupCreateDto) (group model.UserGroup, err error) {
+func (s *UserGroupService) Create(ctx context.Context, input dto.UserGroupCreateDto) (group model.UserGroup, err error) {
+	return s.createInternal(ctx, input, s.db)
+}
+
+func (s *UserGroupService) createInternal(ctx context.Context, input dto.UserGroupCreateDto, tx *gorm.DB) (group model.UserGroup, err error) {
 	group = model.UserGroup{
 		FriendlyName: input.FriendlyName,
 		Name:         input.Name,
@@ -71,7 +108,12 @@ func (s *UserGroupService) Create(input dto.UserGroupCreateDto) (group model.Use
 		group.LdapID = &input.LdapID
 	}
 
-	if err := s.db.Preload("Users").Create(&group).Error; err != nil {
+	err = tx.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		Preload("Users").
+		Create(&group).
+		Error
+	if err != nil {
 		if errors.Is(err, gorm.ErrDuplicatedKey) {
 			return model.UserGroup{}, &common.AlreadyInUseError{Property: "name"}
 		}
@@ -80,31 +122,73 @@ func (s *UserGroupService) Create(input dto.UserGroupCreateDto) (group model.Use
 	return group, nil
 }
 
-func (s *UserGroupService) Update(id string, input dto.UserGroupCreateDto, allowLdapUpdate bool) (group model.UserGroup, err error) {
+func (s *UserGroupService) Update(ctx context.Context, id string, input dto.UserGroupCreateDto) (group model.UserGroup, err error) {
-	group, err = s.Get(id)
+	tx := s.db.Begin()
+	defer func() {
+		tx.Rollback()
+	}()
+
+	group, err = s.updateInternal(ctx, id, input, false, tx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return model.UserGroup{}, err
+	}
+
+	err = tx.Commit().Error
+	if err != nil {
+		return model.UserGroup{}, err
+	}
+
+	return group, nil
+}
+
+func (s *UserGroupService) updateInternal(ctx context.Context, id string, input dto.UserGroupCreateDto, isLdapSync bool, tx *gorm.DB) (group model.UserGroup, err error) {
+	group, err = s.getInternal(ctx, id, tx)
 	if err != nil {
 		return model.UserGroup{}, err
 	}
 
 	// Disallow updating the group if it is an LDAP group and LDAP is enabled
-	if !allowLdapUpdate && group.LdapID != nil && s.appConfigService.DbConfig.LdapEnabled.Value == "true" {
+	if !isLdapSync && group.LdapID != nil && s.appConfigService.GetDbConfig().LdapEnabled.IsTrue() {
 		return model.UserGroup{}, &common.LdapUserGroupUpdateError{}
 	}
 
 	group.Name = input.Name
 	group.FriendlyName = input.FriendlyName
 
-	if err := s.db.Preload("Users").Save(&group).Error; err != nil {
+	err = tx.
-		if errors.Is(err, gorm.ErrDuplicatedKey) {
+		WithContext(ctx).
-			return model.UserGroup{}, &common.AlreadyInUseError{Property: "name"}
+		Preload("Users").
-		}
+		Save(&group).
+		Error
+	if errors.Is(err, gorm.ErrDuplicatedKey) {
+		return model.UserGroup{}, &common.AlreadyInUseError{Property: "name"}
+	} else if err != nil {
 		return model.UserGroup{}, err
 	}
 	return group, nil
 }
 
-func (s *UserGroupService) UpdateUsers(id string, userIds []string) (group model.UserGroup, err error) {
+func (s *UserGroupService) UpdateUsers(ctx context.Context, id string, userIds []string) (group model.UserGroup, err error) {
-	group, err = s.Get(id)
+	tx := s.db.Begin()
+	defer func() {
+		tx.Rollback()
+	}()
+
+	group, err = s.updateUsersInternal(ctx, id, userIds, tx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return model.UserGroup{}, err
+	}
+
+	err = tx.Commit().Error
+	if err != nil {
+		return model.UserGroup{}, err
+	}
+
+	return group, nil
+}
+
+func (s *UserGroupService) updateUsersInternal(ctx context.Context, id string, userIds []string, tx *gorm.DB) (group model.UserGroup, err error) {
+	group, err = s.getInternal(ctx, id, tx)
 	if err != nil {
 		return model.UserGroup{}, err
 	}
@@ -112,28 +196,59 @@ func (s *UserGroupService) UpdateUsers(id string, userIds []string) (group model
 	// Fetch the users based on the userIds
 	var users []model.User
 	if len(userIds) > 0 {
-		if err := s.db.Where("id IN (?)", userIds).Find(&users).Error; err != nil {
+		err := tx.
+			WithContext(ctx).
+			Where("id IN (?)", userIds).
+			Find(&users).
+			Error
+		if err != nil {
 			return model.UserGroup{}, err
 		}
 	}
 
 	// Replace the current users with the new set of users
-	if err := s.db.Model(&group).Association("Users").Replace(users); err != nil {
+	err = tx.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		Model(&group).
+		Association("Users").
+		Replace(users)
+	if err != nil {
 		return model.UserGroup{}, err
 	}
 
 	// Save the updated group
-	if err := s.db.Save(&group).Error; err != nil {
+	err = tx.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		Save(&group).
+		Error
+	if err != nil {
 		return model.UserGroup{}, err
 	}
 
 	return group, nil
 }
 
-func (s *UserGroupService) GetUserCountOfGroup(id string) (int64, error) {
+func (s *UserGroupService) GetUserCountOfGroup(ctx context.Context, id string) (int64, error) {
+	// We only perform select queries here, so we can rollback in all cases
+	tx := s.db.Begin()
+	defer func() {
+		tx.Rollback()
+	}()
+
 	var group model.UserGroup
-	if err := s.db.Preload("Users").Where("id = ?", id).First(&group).Error; err != nil {
+	err := tx.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		Preload("Users").
+		Where("id = ?", id).
+		First(&group).
+		Error
+	if err != nil {
 		return 0, err
 	}
-	return s.db.Model(&group).Association("Users").Count(), nil
+	count := tx.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		Model(&group).
+		Association("Users").
+		Count()
+	return count, nil
 }

backend/internal/service/user_service.go

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 package service
 
 import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
@@ -11,7 +13,7 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/google/uuid"
-	profilepicture "github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/utils/image"
+	"gorm.io/gorm"
 
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/common"
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/dto"
@@ -19,7 +21,7 @@ import (
 	datatype "github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/model/types"
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/utils"
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/utils/email"
-	"gorm.io/gorm"
+	profilepicture "github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/utils/image"
 )
 
 type UserService struct {
@@ -34,59 +36,110 @@ func NewUserService(db *gorm.DB, jwtService *JwtService, auditLogService *AuditL
 	return &UserService{db: db, jwtService: jwtService, auditLogService: auditLogService, emailService: emailService, appConfigService: appConfigService}
 }
 
-func (s *UserService) ListUsers(searchTerm string, sortedPaginationRequest utils.SortedPaginationRequest) ([]model.User, utils.PaginationResponse, error) {
+func (s *UserService) ListUsers(ctx context.Context, searchTerm string, sortedPaginationRequest utils.SortedPaginationRequest) ([]model.User, utils.PaginationResponse, error) {
 	var users []model.User
-	query := s.db.Model(&model.User{})
+	query := s.db.WithContext(ctx).
+		Model(&model.User{}).
+		Preload("UserGroups").
+		Preload("CustomClaims")
 
 	if searchTerm != "" {
 		searchPattern := "%" + searchTerm + "%"
-		query = query.Where("email LIKE ? OR first_name LIKE ? OR username LIKE ?", searchPattern, searchPattern, searchPattern)
+		query = query.Where("email LIKE ? OR first_name LIKE ? OR last_name LIKE ? OR username LIKE ?",
+			searchPattern, searchPattern, searchPattern, searchPattern)
 	}
 
 	pagination, err := utils.PaginateAndSort(sortedPaginationRequest, query, &users)
+
 	return users, pagination, err
 }
 
-func (s *UserService) GetUser(userID string) (model.User, error) {
+func (s *UserService) GetUser(ctx context.Context, userID string) (model.User, error) {
+	return s.getUserInternal(ctx, userID, s.db)
+}
+
+func (s *UserService) getUserInternal(ctx context.Context, userID string, tx *gorm.DB) (model.User, error) {
 	var user model.User
-	err := s.db.Preload("UserGroups").Preload("CustomClaims").Where("id = ?", userID).First(&user).Error
+	err := tx.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		Preload("UserGroups").
+		Preload("CustomClaims").
+		Where("id = ?", userID).
+		First(&user).
+		Error
 	return user, err
 }
 
-func (s *UserService) GetProfilePicture(userID string) (io.Reader, int64, error) {
+func (s *UserService) GetProfilePicture(ctx context.Context, userID string) (io.ReadCloser, int64, error) {
 	// Validate the user ID to prevent directory traversal
 	if err := uuid.Validate(userID); err != nil {
 		return nil, 0, &common.InvalidUUIDError{}
 	}
 
-	profilePicturePath := fmt.Sprintf("%s/profile-pictures/%s.png", common.EnvConfig.UploadPath, userID)
+	// First check for a custom uploaded profile picture (userID.png)
+	profilePicturePath := common.EnvConfig.UploadPath + "/profile-pictures/" + userID + ".png"
 	file, err := os.Open(profilePicturePath)
 	if err == nil {
 		// Get the file size
 		fileInfo, err := file.Stat()
 		if err != nil {
+			file.Close()
 			return nil, 0, err
 		}
 		return file, fileInfo.Size(), nil
 	}
 
-	// If the file does not exist, return the default profile picture
+	// If no custom picture exists, get the user's data for creating initials
-	user, err := s.GetUser(userID)
+	user, err := s.GetUser(ctx, userID)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, 0, err
 	}
 
-	defaultPicture, err := profilepicture.CreateDefaultProfilePicture(user.FirstName, user.LastName)
+	// Check if we have a cached default picture for these initials
+	defaultProfilePicturesDir := common.EnvConfig.UploadPath + "/profile-pictures/defaults/"
+	defaultPicturePath := defaultProfilePicturesDir + user.Initials() + ".png"
+	file, err = os.Open(defaultPicturePath)
+	if err == nil {
+		fileInfo, err := file.Stat()
+		if err != nil {
+			file.Close()
+			return nil, 0, err
+		}
+		return file, fileInfo.Size(), nil
+	}
+
+	// If no cached default picture exists, create one and save it for future use
+	defaultPicture, err := profilepicture.CreateDefaultProfilePicture(user.Initials())
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, 0, err
 	}
 
-	return defaultPicture, int64(defaultPicture.Len()), nil
+	// Save the default picture for future use (in a goroutine to avoid blocking)
+	defaultPictureBytes := defaultPicture.Bytes()
+	go func() {
+		// Ensure the directory exists
+		err = os.MkdirAll(defaultProfilePicturesDir, os.ModePerm)
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Printf("Failed to create directory for default profile picture: %v", err)
+			return
+		}
+		if err := utils.SaveFileStream(bytes.NewReader(defaultPictureBytes), defaultPicturePath); err != nil {
+			log.Printf("Failed to cache default profile picture for initials %s: %v", user.Initials(), err)
+		}
+	}()
+
+	return io.NopCloser(bytes.NewReader(defaultPictureBytes)), int64(defaultPicture.Len()), nil
 }
 
-func (s *UserService) GetUserGroups(userID string) ([]model.UserGroup, error) {
+func (s *UserService) GetUserGroups(ctx context.Context, userID string) ([]model.UserGroup, error) {
 	var user model.User
-	if err := s.db.Preload("UserGroups").Where("id = ?", userID).First(&user).Error; err != nil {
+	err := s.db.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		Preload("UserGroups").
+		Where("id = ?", userID).
+		First(&user).
+		Error
+	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	return user.UserGroups, nil
@@ -94,7 +147,8 @@ func (s *UserService) GetUserGroups(userID string) ([]model.UserGroup, error) {
 
 func (s *UserService) UpdateProfilePicture(userID string, file io.Reader) error {
 	// Validate the user ID to prevent directory traversal
-	if err := uuid.Validate(userID); err != nil {
+	err := uuid.Validate(userID)
+	if err != nil {
 		return &common.InvalidUUIDError{}
 	}
 
@@ -105,20 +159,14 @@ func (s *UserService) UpdateProfilePicture(userID string, file io.Reader) error
 	}
 
 	// Ensure the directory exists
-	profilePictureDir := fmt.Sprintf("%s/profile-pictures", common.EnvConfig.UploadPath)
+	profilePictureDir := common.EnvConfig.UploadPath + "/profile-pictures"
-	if err := os.MkdirAll(profilePictureDir, os.ModePerm); err != nil {
+	err = os.MkdirAll(profilePictureDir, os.ModePerm)
+	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 
 	// Create the profile picture file
-	createdProfilePicture, err := os.Create(fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s.png", profilePictureDir, userID))
+	err = utils.SaveFileStream(profilePicture, profilePictureDir+"/"+userID+".png")
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	defer createdProfilePicture.Close()
-
-	// Copy the image to the file
-	_, err = io.Copy(createdProfilePicture, profilePicture)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -126,55 +174,145 @@ func (s *UserService) UpdateProfilePicture(userID string, file io.Reader) error
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (s *UserService) DeleteUser(userID string) error {
+func (s *UserService) DeleteUser(ctx context.Context, userID string, allowLdapDelete bool) error {
+	tx := s.db.Begin()
+
 	var user model.User
-	if err := s.db.Where("id = ?", userID).First(&user).Error; err != nil {
+	if err := tx.WithContext(ctx).First(&user, "id = ?", userID).Error; err != nil {
+		tx.Rollback()
 		return err
 	}
 
-	// Disallow deleting the user if it is an LDAP user and LDAP is enabled
+	// Only soft-delete if user is LDAP and soft-delete is enabled and not allowing hard delete
-	if user.LdapID != nil && s.appConfigService.DbConfig.LdapEnabled.Value == "true" {
+	if user.LdapID != nil && s.appConfigService.GetDbConfig().LdapSoftDeleteUsers.IsTrue() && !allowLdapDelete {
+		if !user.Disabled {
+			tx.Rollback()
+			return fmt.Errorf("LDAP user must be disabled before deletion")
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Otherwise, hard delete (local users or LDAP users when allowed)
+	if err := s.deleteUserInternal(ctx, userID, allowLdapDelete, tx); err != nil {
+		tx.Rollback()
+		return err
+	}
+	return tx.Commit().Error
+}
+
+func (s *UserService) deleteUserInternal(ctx context.Context, userID string, allowLdapDelete bool, tx *gorm.DB) error {
+	var user model.User
+
+	err := tx.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		Where("id = ?", userID).
+		First(&user).
+		Error
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to load user to delete: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Disallow deleting the user if it is an LDAP user, LDAP is enabled, and the user is not disabled
+	if !allowLdapDelete && !user.Disabled && user.LdapID != nil && s.appConfigService.GetDbConfig().LdapEnabled.IsTrue() {
 		return &common.LdapUserUpdateError{}
 	}
 
 	// Delete the profile picture
-	profilePicturePath := fmt.Sprintf("%s/profile-pictures/%s.png", common.EnvConfig.UploadPath, userID)
+	profilePicturePath := common.EnvConfig.UploadPath + "/profile-pictures/" + userID + ".png"
-	if err := os.Remove(profilePicturePath); err != nil && !os.IsNotExist(err) {
+	err = os.Remove(profilePicturePath)
+	if err != nil && !os.IsNotExist(err) {
 		return err
 	}
 
-	return s.db.Delete(&user).Error
+	err = tx.WithContext(ctx).Delete(&user).Error
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to delete user: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return nil
 }
 
-func (s *UserService) CreateUser(input dto.UserCreateDto) (model.User, error) {
+func (s *UserService) CreateUser(ctx context.Context, input dto.UserCreateDto) (model.User, error) {
+	tx := s.db.Begin()
+	defer func() {
+		tx.Rollback()
+	}()
+
+	user, err := s.createUserInternal(ctx, input, false, tx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return model.User{}, err
+	}
+
+	err = tx.Commit().Error
+	if err != nil {
+		return model.User{}, err
+	}
+
+	return user, nil
+}
+
+func (s *UserService) createUserInternal(ctx context.Context, input dto.UserCreateDto, isLdapSync bool, tx *gorm.DB) (model.User, error) {
 	user := model.User{
 		FirstName: input.FirstName,
 		LastName:  input.LastName,
 		Email:     input.Email,
 		Username:  input.Username,
 		IsAdmin:   input.IsAdmin,
+		Locale:    input.Locale,
 	}
 	if input.LdapID != "" {
 		user.LdapID = &input.LdapID
 	}
 
-	if err := s.db.Create(&user).Error; err != nil {
+	err := tx.WithContext(ctx).Create(&user).Error
-		if errors.Is(err, gorm.ErrDuplicatedKey) {
+	if errors.Is(err, gorm.ErrDuplicatedKey) {
-			return model.User{}, s.checkDuplicatedFields(user)
+		// Do not follow this path if we're using LDAP, as we don't want to roll-back the transaction here
+		if !isLdapSync {
+			tx.Rollback()
+			// If we are here, the transaction is already aborted due to an error, so we pass s.db
+			err = s.checkDuplicatedFields(ctx, user, s.db)
+		} else {
+			err = s.checkDuplicatedFields(ctx, user, tx)
 		}
+
+		return model.User{}, err
+	} else if err != nil {
 		return model.User{}, err
 	}
 	return user, nil
 }
 
-func (s *UserService) UpdateUser(userID string, updatedUser dto.UserCreateDto, updateOwnUser bool, allowLdapUpdate bool) (model.User, error) {
+func (s *UserService) UpdateUser(ctx context.Context, userID string, updatedUser dto.UserCreateDto, updateOwnUser bool, allowLdapUpdate bool) (model.User, error) {
+	tx := s.db.Begin()
+	defer func() {
+		tx.Rollback()
+	}()
+
+	user, err := s.updateUserInternal(ctx, userID, updatedUser, updateOwnUser, allowLdapUpdate, tx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return model.User{}, err
+	}
+
+	err = tx.Commit().Error
+	if err != nil {
+		return model.User{}, err
+	}
+
+	return user, nil
+}
+
+func (s *UserService) updateUserInternal(ctx context.Context, userID string, updatedUser dto.UserCreateDto, updateOwnUser bool, isLdapSync bool, tx *gorm.DB) (model.User, error) {
 	var user model.User
-	if err := s.db.Where("id = ?", userID).First(&user).Error; err != nil {
+	err := tx.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		Where("id = ?", userID).
+		First(&user).
+		Error
+	if err != nil {
 		return model.User{}, err
 	}
 
 	// Disallow updating the user if it is an LDAP group and LDAP is enabled
-	if !allowLdapUpdate && user.LdapID != nil && s.appConfigService.DbConfig.LdapEnabled.Value == "true" {
+	if !isLdapSync && user.LdapID != nil && s.appConfigService.GetDbConfig().LdapEnabled.IsTrue() {
 		return model.User{}, &common.LdapUserUpdateError{}
 	}
 
@@ -182,28 +320,53 @@ func (s *UserService) UpdateUser(userID string, updatedUser dto.UserCreateDto, u
 	user.LastName = updatedUser.LastName
 	user.Email = updatedUser.Email
 	user.Username = updatedUser.Username
+	user.Locale = updatedUser.Locale
 	if !updateOwnUser {
 		user.IsAdmin = updatedUser.IsAdmin
+		user.Disabled = updatedUser.Disabled
 	}
 
-	if err := s.db.Save(&user).Error; err != nil {
+	err = tx.
-		if errors.Is(err, gorm.ErrDuplicatedKey) {
+		WithContext(ctx).
-			return user, s.checkDuplicatedFields(user)
+		Save(&user).
+		Error
+	if errors.Is(err, gorm.ErrDuplicatedKey) {
+		// Do not follow this path if we're using LDAP, as we don't want to roll-back the transaction here
+		if !isLdapSync {
+			tx.Rollback()
+			// If we are here, the transaction is already aborted due to an error, so we pass s.db
+			err = s.checkDuplicatedFields(ctx, user, s.db)
+		} else {
+			err = s.checkDuplicatedFields(ctx, user, tx)
 		}
+
+		return user, err
+	} else if err != nil {
 		return user, err
 	}
 
 	return user, nil
 }
 
-func (s *UserService) RequestOneTimeAccessEmail(emailAddress, redirectPath string) error {
+func (s *UserService) RequestOneTimeAccessEmailAsAdmin(ctx context.Context, userID string, expiration time.Time) error {
-	isDisabled := s.appConfigService.DbConfig.EmailOneTimeAccessEnabled.Value != "true"
+	isDisabled := !s.appConfigService.GetDbConfig().EmailOneTimeAccessAsAdminEnabled.IsTrue()
 	if isDisabled {
 		return &common.OneTimeAccessDisabledError{}
 	}
 
-	var user model.User
+	return s.requestOneTimeAccessEmailInternal(ctx, userID, "", expiration)
-	if err := s.db.Where("email = ?", emailAddress).First(&user).Error; err != nil {
+
+}
+
+func (s *UserService) RequestOneTimeAccessEmailAsUnauthenticatedUser(ctx context.Context, userID, redirectPath string) error {
+	isDisabled := !s.appConfigService.GetDbConfig().EmailOneTimeAccessAsUnauthenticatedEnabled.IsTrue()
+	if isDisabled {
+		return &common.OneTimeAccessDisabledError{}
+	}
+
+	var userId string
+	err := s.db.Model(&model.User{}).Select("id").Where("email = ?", userID).First(&userId).Error
+	if err != nil {
 		// Do not return error if user not found to prevent email enumeration
 		if errors.Is(err, gorm.ErrRecordNotFound) {
 			return nil
@@ -212,42 +375,70 @@ func (s *UserService) RequestOneTimeAccessEmail(emailAddress, redirectPath strin
 		}
 	}
 
-	oneTimeAccessToken, err := s.CreateOneTimeAccessToken(user.ID, time.Now().Add(15*time.Minute))
+	expiration := time.Now().Add(15 * time.Minute)
+	return s.requestOneTimeAccessEmailInternal(ctx, userId, redirectPath, expiration)
+}
+
+func (s *UserService) requestOneTimeAccessEmailInternal(ctx context.Context, userID, redirectPath string, expiration time.Time) error {
+	tx := s.db.Begin()
+	defer func() {
+		tx.Rollback()
+	}()
+
+	user, err := s.GetUser(ctx, userID)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 
-	link := fmt.Sprintf("%s/lc", common.EnvConfig.AppURL)
+	oneTimeAccessToken, err := s.createOneTimeAccessTokenInternal(ctx, user.ID, expiration, tx)
-	linkWithCode := fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s", link, oneTimeAccessToken)
+	if err != nil {
-
+		return err
-	// Add redirect path to the link
-	if strings.HasPrefix(redirectPath, "/") {
-		encodedRedirectPath := url.QueryEscape(redirectPath)
-		linkWithCode = fmt.Sprintf("%s?redirect=%s", linkWithCode, encodedRedirectPath)
 	}
 
+	err = tx.Commit().Error
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// We use a background context here as this is running in a goroutine
+	//nolint:contextcheck
 	go func() {
-		err := SendEmail(s.emailService, email.Address{
+		innerCtx := context.Background()
-			Name:  user.Username,
+
+		link := common.EnvConfig.AppURL + "/lc"
+		linkWithCode := link + "/" + oneTimeAccessToken
+
+		// Add redirect path to the link
+		if strings.HasPrefix(redirectPath, "/") {
+			encodedRedirectPath := url.QueryEscape(redirectPath)
+			linkWithCode = linkWithCode + "?redirect=" + encodedRedirectPath
+		}
+
+		errInternal := SendEmail(innerCtx, s.emailService, email.Address{
+			Name:  user.FullName(),
 			Email: user.Email,
 		}, OneTimeAccessTemplate, &OneTimeAccessTemplateData{
 			Code:              oneTimeAccessToken,
 			LoginLink:         link,
 			LoginLinkWithCode: linkWithCode,
+			ExpirationString:  utils.DurationToString(time.Until(expiration).Round(time.Second)),
 		})
-		if err != nil {
+		if errInternal != nil {
-			log.Printf("Failed to send email to '%s': %v\n", user.Email, err)
+			log.Printf("Failed to send email to '%s': %v\n", user.Email, errInternal)
 		}
 	}()
 
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (s *UserService) CreateOneTimeAccessToken(userID string, expiresAt time.Time) (string, error) {
+func (s *UserService) CreateOneTimeAccessToken(ctx context.Context, userID string, expiresAt time.Time) (string, error) {
-	tokenLength := 16
+	return s.createOneTimeAccessTokenInternal(ctx, userID, expiresAt, s.db)
+}
 
+func (s *UserService) createOneTimeAccessTokenInternal(ctx context.Context, userID string, expiresAt time.Time, tx *gorm.DB) (string, error) {
 	// If expires at is less than 15 minutes, use an 6 character token instead of 16
-	if expiresAt.Sub(time.Now()) <= 15*time.Minute {
+	tokenLength := 16
+	if time.Until(expiresAt) <= 15*time.Minute {
 		tokenLength = 6
 	}
 
@@ -262,16 +453,26 @@ func (s *UserService) CreateOneTimeAccessToken(userID string, expiresAt time.Tim
 		Token:     randomString,
 	}
 
-	if err := s.db.Create(&oneTimeAccessToken).Error; err != nil {
+	if err := tx.WithContext(ctx).Create(&oneTimeAccessToken).Error; err != nil {
 		return "", err
 	}
 
 	return oneTimeAccessToken.Token, nil
 }
 
-func (s *UserService) ExchangeOneTimeAccessToken(token string, ipAddress, userAgent string) (model.User, string, error) {
+func (s *UserService) ExchangeOneTimeAccessToken(ctx context.Context, token string, ipAddress, userAgent string) (model.User, string, error) {
+	tx := s.db.Begin()
+	defer func() {
+		tx.Rollback()
+	}()
+
 	var oneTimeAccessToken model.OneTimeAccessToken
-	if err := s.db.Where("token = ? AND expires_at > ?", token, datatype.DateTime(time.Now())).Preload("User").First(&oneTimeAccessToken).Error; err != nil {
+	err := tx.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		Where("token = ? AND expires_at > ?", token, datatype.DateTime(time.Now())).Preload("User").
+		First(&oneTimeAccessToken).
+		Error
+	if err != nil {
 		if errors.Is(err, gorm.ErrRecordNotFound) {
 			return model.User{}, "", &common.TokenInvalidOrExpiredError{}
 		}
@@ -282,19 +483,33 @@ func (s *UserService) ExchangeOneTimeAccessToken(token string, ipAddress, userAg
 		return model.User{}, "", err
 	}
 
-	if err := s.db.Delete(&oneTimeAccessToken).Error; err != nil {
+	err = tx.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		Delete(&oneTimeAccessToken).
+		Error
+	if err != nil {
 		return model.User{}, "", err
 	}
 
 	if ipAddress != "" && userAgent != "" {
-		s.auditLogService.Create(model.AuditLogEventOneTimeAccessTokenSignIn, ipAddress, userAgent, oneTimeAccessToken.User.ID, model.AuditLogData{})
+		s.auditLogService.Create(ctx, model.AuditLogEventOneTimeAccessTokenSignIn, ipAddress, userAgent, oneTimeAccessToken.User.ID, model.AuditLogData{}, tx)
+	}
+
+	err = tx.Commit().Error
+	if err != nil {
+		return model.User{}, "", err
 	}
 
 	return oneTimeAccessToken.User, accessToken, nil
 }
 
-func (s *UserService) UpdateUserGroups(id string, userGroupIds []string) (user model.User, err error) {
+func (s *UserService) UpdateUserGroups(ctx context.Context, id string, userGroupIds []string) (user model.User, err error) {
-	user, err = s.GetUser(id)
+	tx := s.db.Begin()
+	defer func() {
+		tx.Rollback()
+	}()
+
+	user, err = s.getUserInternal(ctx, id, tx)
 	if err != nil {
 		return model.User{}, err
 	}
@@ -302,27 +517,48 @@ func (s *UserService) UpdateUserGroups(id string, userGroupIds []string) (user m
 	// Fetch the groups based on userGroupIds
 	var groups []model.UserGroup
 	if len(userGroupIds) > 0 {
-		if err := s.db.Where("id IN (?)", userGroupIds).Find(&groups).Error; err != nil {
+		err = tx.
+			WithContext(ctx).
+			Where("id IN (?)", userGroupIds).
+			Find(&groups).
+			Error
+		if err != nil {
 			return model.User{}, err
 		}
 	}
 
 	// Replace the current groups with the new set of groups
-	if err := s.db.Model(&user).Association("UserGroups").Replace(groups); err != nil {
+	err = tx.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		Model(&user).
+		Association("UserGroups").
+		Replace(groups)
+	if err != nil {
 		return model.User{}, err
 	}
 
 	// Save the updated user
-	if err := s.db.Save(&user).Error; err != nil {
+	err = tx.WithContext(ctx).Save(&user).Error
+	if err != nil {
+		return model.User{}, err
+	}
+
+	err = tx.Commit().Error
+	if err != nil {
 		return model.User{}, err
 	}
 
 	return user, nil
 }
 
-func (s *UserService) SetupInitialAdmin() (model.User, string, error) {
+func (s *UserService) SetupInitialAdmin(ctx context.Context) (model.User, string, error) {
+	tx := s.db.Begin()
+	defer func() {
+		tx.Rollback()
+	}()
+
 	var userCount int64
-	if err := s.db.Model(&model.User{}).Count(&userCount).Error; err != nil {
+	if err := tx.WithContext(ctx).Model(&model.User{}).Count(&userCount).Error; err != nil {
 		return model.User{}, "", err
 	}
 	if userCount > 1 {
@@ -337,7 +573,7 @@ func (s *UserService) SetupInitialAdmin() (model.User, string, error) {
 		IsAdmin:   true,
 	}
 
-	if err := s.db.Model(&model.User{}).Preload("Credentials").FirstOrCreate(&user).Error; err != nil {
+	if err := tx.WithContext(ctx).Model(&model.User{}).Preload("Credentials").FirstOrCreate(&user).Error; err != nil {
 		return model.User{}, "", err
 	}
 
@@ -350,16 +586,39 @@ func (s *UserService) SetupInitialAdmin() (model.User, string, error) {
 		return model.User{}, "", err
 	}
 
+	err = tx.Commit().Error
+	if err != nil {
+		return model.User{}, "", err
+	}
+
 	return user, token, nil
 }
 
-func (s *UserService) checkDuplicatedFields(user model.User) error {
+func (s *UserService) checkDuplicatedFields(ctx context.Context, user model.User, tx *gorm.DB) error {
-	var existingUser model.User
+	var result struct {
-	if s.db.Where("id != ? AND email = ?", user.ID, user.Email).First(&existingUser).Error == nil {
+		Found bool
+	}
+	err := tx.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		Raw(`SELECT EXISTS(SELECT 1 FROM users WHERE id != ? AND email = ?) AS found`, user.ID, user.Email).
+		First(&result).
+		Error
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if result.Found {
 		return &common.AlreadyInUseError{Property: "email"}
 	}
 
-	if s.db.Where("id != ? AND username = ?", user.ID, user.Username).First(&existingUser).Error == nil {
+	err = tx.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		Raw(`SELECT EXISTS(SELECT 1 FROM users WHERE id != ? AND username = ?) AS found`, user.ID, user.Username).
+		First(&result).
+		Error
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if result.Found {
 		return &common.AlreadyInUseError{Property: "username"}
 	}
 
@@ -374,7 +633,7 @@ func (s *UserService) ResetProfilePicture(userID string) error {
 	}
 
 	// Build path to profile picture
-	profilePicturePath := fmt.Sprintf("%s/profile-pictures/%s.png", common.EnvConfig.UploadPath, userID)
+	profilePicturePath := common.EnvConfig.UploadPath + "/profile-pictures/" + userID + ".png"
 
 	// Check if file exists and delete it
 	if _, err := os.Stat(profilePicturePath); err == nil {
@@ -389,3 +648,11 @@ func (s *UserService) ResetProfilePicture(userID string) error {
 
 	return nil
 }
+
+func (s *UserService) DisableUser(ctx context.Context, userID string, tx *gorm.DB) error {
+	return tx.WithContext(ctx).
+		Model(&model.User{}).
+		Where("id = ?", userID).
+		Update("disabled", true).
+		Error
+}

backend/internal/service/webauthn_service.go

@@ -1,16 +1,19 @@
 package service
 
 import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
 	"net/http"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/go-webauthn/webauthn/protocol"
 	"github.com/go-webauthn/webauthn/webauthn"
+	"gorm.io/gorm"
+
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/common"
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/model"
 	datatype "github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/model/types"
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/utils"
-	"gorm.io/gorm"
 )
 
 type WebAuthnService struct {
@@ -23,7 +26,7 @@ type WebAuthnService struct {
 
 func NewWebAuthnService(db *gorm.DB, jwtService *JwtService, auditLogService *AuditLogService, appConfigService *AppConfigService) *WebAuthnService {
 	webauthnConfig := &webauthn.Config{
-		RPDisplayName: appConfigService.DbConfig.AppName.Value,
+		RPDisplayName: appConfigService.GetDbConfig().AppName.Value,
 		RPID:          utils.GetHostnameFromURL(common.EnvConfig.AppURL),
 		RPOrigins:     []string{common.EnvConfig.AppURL},
 		Timeouts: webauthn.TimeoutsConfig{
@@ -40,18 +43,39 @@ func NewWebAuthnService(db *gorm.DB, jwtService *JwtService, auditLogService *Au
 		},
 	}
 	wa, _ := webauthn.New(webauthnConfig)
-	return &WebAuthnService{db: db, webAuthn: wa, jwtService: jwtService, auditLogService: auditLogService, appConfigService: appConfigService}
+	return &WebAuthnService{
+		db:               db,
+		webAuthn:         wa,
+		jwtService:       jwtService,
+		auditLogService:  auditLogService,
+		appConfigService: appConfigService,
+	}
 }
 
-func (s *WebAuthnService) BeginRegistration(userID string) (*model.PublicKeyCredentialCreationOptions, error) {
+func (s *WebAuthnService) BeginRegistration(ctx context.Context, userID string) (*model.PublicKeyCredentialCreationOptions, error) {
+	tx := s.db.Begin()
+	defer func() {
+		tx.Rollback()
+	}()
+
 	s.updateWebAuthnConfig()
 
 	var user model.User
-	if err := s.db.Preload("Credentials").Find(&user, "id = ?", userID).Error; err != nil {
+	err := tx.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		Preload("Credentials").
+		Find(&user, "id = ?", userID).
+		Error
+	if err != nil {
+		tx.Rollback()
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	options, session, err := s.webAuthn.BeginRegistration(&user, webauthn.WithResidentKeyRequirement(protocol.ResidentKeyRequirementRequired), webauthn.WithExclusions(user.WebAuthnCredentialDescriptors()))
+	options, session, err := s.webAuthn.BeginRegistration(
+		&user,
+		webauthn.WithResidentKeyRequirement(protocol.ResidentKeyRequirementRequired),
+		webauthn.WithExclusions(user.WebAuthnCredentialDescriptors()),
+	)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -62,7 +86,16 @@ func (s *WebAuthnService) BeginRegistration(userID string) (*model.PublicKeyCred
 		UserVerification: string(session.UserVerification),
 	}
 
-	if err := s.db.Create(&sessionToStore).Error; err != nil {
+	err = tx.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		Create(&sessionToStore).
+		Error
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	err = tx.Commit().Error
+	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
@@ -73,9 +106,18 @@ func (s *WebAuthnService) BeginRegistration(userID string) (*model.PublicKeyCred
 	}, nil
 }
 
-func (s *WebAuthnService) VerifyRegistration(sessionID, userID string, r *http.Request) (model.WebauthnCredential, error) {
+func (s *WebAuthnService) VerifyRegistration(ctx context.Context, sessionID, userID string, r *http.Request) (model.WebauthnCredential, error) {
+	tx := s.db.Begin()
+	defer func() {
+		tx.Rollback()
+	}()
+
 	var storedSession model.WebauthnSession
-	if err := s.db.First(&storedSession, "id = ?", sessionID).Error; err != nil {
+	err := tx.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		First(&storedSession, "id = ?", sessionID).
+		Error
+	if err != nil {
 		return model.WebauthnCredential{}, err
 	}
 
@@ -86,7 +128,11 @@ func (s *WebAuthnService) VerifyRegistration(sessionID, userID string, r *http.R
 	}
 
 	var user model.User
-	if err := s.db.Find(&user, "id = ?", userID).Error; err != nil {
+	err = tx.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		Find(&user, "id = ?", userID).
+		Error
+	if err != nil {
 		return model.WebauthnCredential{}, err
 	}
 
@@ -95,8 +141,11 @@ func (s *WebAuthnService) VerifyRegistration(sessionID, userID string, r *http.R
 		return model.WebauthnCredential{}, err
 	}
 
+	// Determine passkey name using AAGUID and User-Agent
+	passkeyName := s.determinePasskeyName(credential.Authenticator.AAGUID)
+
 	credentialToStore := model.WebauthnCredential{
-		Name:            "New Passkey",
+		Name:            passkeyName,
 		CredentialID:    credential.ID,
 		AttestationType: credential.AttestationType,
 		PublicKey:       credential.PublicKey,
@@ -105,14 +154,33 @@ func (s *WebAuthnService) VerifyRegistration(sessionID, userID string, r *http.R
 		BackupEligible:  credential.Flags.BackupEligible,
 		BackupState:     credential.Flags.BackupState,
 	}
-	if err := s.db.Create(&credentialToStore).Error; err != nil {
+	err = tx.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		Create(&credentialToStore).
+		Error
+	if err != nil {
+		return model.WebauthnCredential{}, err
+	}
+
+	err = tx.Commit().Error
+	if err != nil {
 		return model.WebauthnCredential{}, err
 	}
 
 	return credentialToStore, nil
 }
 
-func (s *WebAuthnService) BeginLogin() (*model.PublicKeyCredentialRequestOptions, error) {
+func (s *WebAuthnService) determinePasskeyName(aaguid []byte) string {
+	// First try to identify by AAGUID using a combination of builtin + MDS
+	authenticatorName := utils.GetAuthenticatorName(aaguid)
+	if authenticatorName != "" {
+		return authenticatorName
+	}
+
+	return "New Passkey" // Default fallback
+}
+
+func (s *WebAuthnService) BeginLogin(ctx context.Context) (*model.PublicKeyCredentialRequestOptions, error) {
 	options, session, err := s.webAuthn.BeginDiscoverableLogin()
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -124,7 +192,11 @@ func (s *WebAuthnService) BeginLogin() (*model.PublicKeyCredentialRequestOptions
 		UserVerification: string(session.UserVerification),
 	}
 
-	if err := s.db.Create(&sessionToStore).Error; err != nil {
+	err = s.db.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		Create(&sessionToStore).
+		Error
+	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
@@ -135,9 +207,18 @@ func (s *WebAuthnService) BeginLogin() (*model.PublicKeyCredentialRequestOptions
 	}, nil
 }
 
-func (s *WebAuthnService) VerifyLogin(sessionID string, credentialAssertionData *protocol.ParsedCredentialAssertionData, ipAddress, userAgent string) (model.User, string, error) {
+func (s *WebAuthnService) VerifyLogin(ctx context.Context, sessionID string, credentialAssertionData *protocol.ParsedCredentialAssertionData, ipAddress, userAgent string) (model.User, string, error) {
+	tx := s.db.Begin()
+	defer func() {
+		tx.Rollback()
+	}()
+
 	var storedSession model.WebauthnSession
-	if err := s.db.First(&storedSession, "id = ?", sessionID).Error; err != nil {
+	err := tx.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		First(&storedSession, "id = ?", sessionID).
+		Error
+	if err != nil {
 		return model.User{}, "", err
 	}
 
@@ -147,9 +228,14 @@ func (s *WebAuthnService) VerifyLogin(sessionID string, credentialAssertionData
 	}
 
 	var user *model.User
-	_, err := s.webAuthn.ValidateDiscoverableLogin(func(_, userHandle []byte) (webauthn.User, error) {
+	_, err = s.webAuthn.ValidateDiscoverableLogin(func(_, userHandle []byte) (webauthn.User, error) {
-		if err := s.db.Preload("Credentials").First(&user, "id = ?", string(userHandle)).Error; err != nil {
+		innerErr := tx.
-			return nil, err
+			WithContext(ctx).
+			Preload("Credentials").
+			First(&user, "id = ?", string(userHandle)).
+			Error
+		if innerErr != nil {
+			return nil, innerErr
 		}
 		return user, nil
 	}, session, credentialAssertionData)
@@ -158,46 +244,78 @@ func (s *WebAuthnService) VerifyLogin(sessionID string, credentialAssertionData
 		return model.User{}, "", err
 	}
 
+	if user.Disabled {
+		return model.User{}, "", &common.UserDisabledError{}
+	}
+
 	token, err := s.jwtService.GenerateAccessToken(*user)
 	if err != nil {
 		return model.User{}, "", err
 	}
 
-	s.auditLogService.CreateNewSignInWithEmail(ipAddress, userAgent, user.ID)
+	s.auditLogService.CreateNewSignInWithEmail(ctx, ipAddress, userAgent, user.ID, tx)
+
+	err = tx.Commit().Error
+	if err != nil {
+		return model.User{}, "", err
+	}
 
 	return *user, token, nil
 }
 
-func (s *WebAuthnService) ListCredentials(userID string) ([]model.WebauthnCredential, error) {
+func (s *WebAuthnService) ListCredentials(ctx context.Context, userID string) ([]model.WebauthnCredential, error) {
 	var credentials []model.WebauthnCredential
-	if err := s.db.Find(&credentials, "user_id = ?", userID).Error; err != nil {
+	err := s.db.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		Find(&credentials, "user_id = ?", userID).
+		Error
+	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	return credentials, nil
 }
 
-func (s *WebAuthnService) DeleteCredential(userID, credentialID string) error {
+func (s *WebAuthnService) DeleteCredential(ctx context.Context, userID, credentialID string) error {
-	var credential model.WebauthnCredential
+	err := s.db.
-	if err := s.db.First(&credential, "id = ? AND user_id = ?", credentialID, userID).Error; err != nil {
+		WithContext(ctx).
-		return err
+		Where("id = ? AND user_id = ?", credentialID, userID).
-	}
+		Delete(&model.WebauthnCredential{}).
-
+		Error
-	if err := s.db.Delete(&credential).Error; err != nil {
+	if err != nil {
-		return err
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to delete record: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (s *WebAuthnService) UpdateCredential(userID, credentialID, name string) (model.WebauthnCredential, error) {
+func (s *WebAuthnService) UpdateCredential(ctx context.Context, userID, credentialID, name string) (model.WebauthnCredential, error) {
+	tx := s.db.Begin()
+	defer func() {
+		tx.Rollback()
+	}()
+
 	var credential model.WebauthnCredential
-	if err := s.db.Where("id = ? AND user_id = ?", credentialID, userID).First(&credential).Error; err != nil {
+	err := tx.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		Where("id = ? AND user_id = ?", credentialID, userID).
+		First(&credential).
+		Error
+	if err != nil {
 		return credential, err
 	}
 
 	credential.Name = name
 
-	if err := s.db.Save(&credential).Error; err != nil {
+	err = tx.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		Save(&credential).
+		Error
+	if err != nil {
+		return credential, err
+	}
+
+	err = tx.Commit().Error
+	if err != nil {
 		return credential, err
 	}
 
@@ -206,5 +324,5 @@ func (s *WebAuthnService) UpdateCredential(userID, credentialID, name string) (m
 
 // updateWebAuthnConfig updates the WebAuthn configuration with the app name as it can change during runtime
 func (s *WebAuthnService) updateWebAuthnConfig() {
-	s.webAuthn.Config.RPDisplayName = s.appConfigService.DbConfig.AppName.Value
+	s.webAuthn.Config.RPDisplayName = s.appConfigService.GetDbConfig().AppName.Value
 }

backend/internal/utils/aaguid_util.go

@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+package utils
+
+import (
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"log"
+	"sync"
+
+	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/resources"
+)
+
+var (
+	aaguidMap     map[string]string
+	aaguidMapOnce *sync.Once
+)
+
+func init() {
+	aaguidMapOnce = &sync.Once{}
+}
+
+// FormatAAGUID converts an AAGUID byte slice to UUID string format
+func FormatAAGUID(aaguid []byte) string {
+	if len(aaguid) == 0 {
+		return ""
+	}
+
+	// If exactly 16 bytes, format as UUID
+	if len(aaguid) == 16 {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%x-%x-%x-%x-%x",
+			aaguid[0:4], aaguid[4:6], aaguid[6:8], aaguid[8:10], aaguid[10:16])
+	}
+
+	// Otherwise just return as hex
+	return hex.EncodeToString(aaguid)
+}
+
+// GetAuthenticatorName returns the name of the authenticator for the given AAGUID
+func GetAuthenticatorName(aaguid []byte) string {
+	aaguidStr := FormatAAGUID(aaguid)
+	if aaguidStr == "" {
+		return ""
+	}
+
+	// Then check JSON-sourced map
+	aaguidMapOnce.Do(loadAAGUIDsFromFile)
+
+	if name, ok := aaguidMap[aaguidStr]; ok {
+		return name + " Passkey"
+	}
+
+	return ""
+}
+
+// loadAAGUIDsFromFile loads AAGUID data from the embedded file system
+func loadAAGUIDsFromFile() {
+	// Read from embedded file system
+	data, err := resources.FS.ReadFile("aaguids.json")
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Printf("Error reading embedded AAGUID file: %v", err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &aaguidMap); err != nil {
+		log.Printf("Error unmarshalling AAGUID data: %v", err)
+		return
+	}
+}

backend/internal/utils/aaguid_util_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+package utils
+
+import (
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"sync"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestFormatAAGUID(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name   string
+		aaguid []byte
+		want   string
+	}{
+		{
+			name:   "empty byte slice",
+			aaguid: []byte{},
+			want:   "",
+		},
+		{
+			name:   "16 byte slice - standard UUID",
+			aaguid: []byte{0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05, 0x06, 0x07, 0x08, 0x09, 0x0a, 0x0b, 0x0c, 0x0d, 0x0e, 0x0f, 0x10},
+			want:   "01020304-0506-0708-090a-0b0c0d0e0f10",
+		},
+		{
+			name:   "non-16 byte slice",
+			aaguid: []byte{0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05},
+			want:   "0102030405",
+		},
+		{
+			name:   "specific UUID example",
+			aaguid: mustDecodeHex("adce000235bcc60a648b0b25f1f05503"),
+			want:   "adce0002-35bc-c60a-648b-0b25f1f05503",
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			got := FormatAAGUID(tt.aaguid)
+			if got != tt.want {
+				t.Errorf("FormatAAGUID() = %v, want %v", got, tt.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGetAuthenticatorName(t *testing.T) {
+	// Reset the aaguidMap for testing
+	originalMap := aaguidMap
+	originalOnce := aaguidMapOnce
+	defer func() {
+		aaguidMap = originalMap
+		aaguidMapOnce = originalOnce
+	}()
+
+	// Inject a test AAGUID map
+	aaguidMap = map[string]string{
+		"adce0002-35bc-c60a-648b-0b25f1f05503": "Test Authenticator",
+		"00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000": "Zero Authenticator",
+	}
+	aaguidMapOnce = &sync.Once{}
+	aaguidMapOnce.Do(func() {}) // Mark as done to avoid loading from file
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name   string
+		aaguid []byte
+		want   string
+	}{
+		{
+			name:   "empty byte slice",
+			aaguid: []byte{},
+			want:   "",
+		},
+		{
+			name:   "known AAGUID",
+			aaguid: mustDecodeHex("adce000235bcc60a648b0b25f1f05503"),
+			want:   "Test Authenticator Passkey",
+		},
+		{
+			name:   "zero UUID",
+			aaguid: mustDecodeHex("00000000000000000000000000000000"),
+			want:   "Zero Authenticator Passkey",
+		},
+		{
+			name:   "unknown AAGUID",
+			aaguid: mustDecodeHex("ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff"),
+			want:   "",
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			got := GetAuthenticatorName(tt.aaguid)
+			if got != tt.want {
+				t.Errorf("GetAuthenticatorName() = %v, want %v", got, tt.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestLoadAAGUIDsFromFile(t *testing.T) {
+	// Reset the map and once flag for clean testing
+	aaguidMap = nil
+	aaguidMapOnce = &sync.Once{}
+
+	// Trigger loading of AAGUIDs by calling GetAuthenticatorName
+	GetAuthenticatorName([]byte{0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04})
+
+	if len(aaguidMap) == 0 {
+		t.Error("loadAAGUIDsFromFile() failed to populate aaguidMap")
+	}
+
+	// Check for a few known entries that should be in the embedded file
+	// This test will be more brittle as it depends on the content of aaguids.json,
+	// but it helps verify that the loading actually worked
+	t.Log("AAGUID map loaded with", len(aaguidMap), "entries")
+}
+
+// Helper function to convert hex string to bytes
+func mustDecodeHex(s string) []byte {
+	bytes, err := hex.DecodeString(s)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic("invalid hex in test: " + err.Error())
+	}
+	return bytes
+}

backend/internal/utils/date_time_util.go

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+package utils
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// DurationToString converts a time.Duration to a human-readable string. Respects minutes, hours and days.
+func DurationToString(duration time.Duration) string {
+	// For a duration less than a day
+	if duration < 24*time.Hour {
+		hours := int(duration.Hours())
+		mins := int(duration.Minutes()) % 60
+
+		switch hours {
+		case 0:
+			return fmt.Sprintf("%d minutes", mins)
+		case 1:
+			if mins == 0 {
+				return "1 hour"
+			}
+			return fmt.Sprintf("1 hour and %d minutes", mins)
+		default:
+			if mins == 0 {
+				return fmt.Sprintf("%d hours", hours)
+			}
+			return fmt.Sprintf("%d hours and %d minutes", hours, mins)
+		}
+	} else {
+		// For durations of a day or more
+		days := int(duration.Hours() / 24)
+		hours := int(duration.Hours()) % 24
+
+		switch hours {
+		case 0:
+			if days == 1 {
+				return "1 day"
+			}
+			return fmt.Sprintf("%d days", days)
+		case 1:
+			if days == 1 {
+				return "1 day and 1 hour"
+			}
+			return fmt.Sprintf("%d days and 1 hour", days)
+		default:
+			if days == 1 {
+				return fmt.Sprintf("1 day and %d hours", hours)
+			}
+			return fmt.Sprintf("%d days and %d hours", days, hours)
+		}
+	}
+}

backend/internal/utils/email/composer.go

@@ -170,15 +170,13 @@ func (c *Composer) String() string {
 
 func convertRunes(str string) []string {
 	var enc = make([]string, 0, len(str))
-	for _, r := range []rune(str) {
+	for _, r := range str {
-		if r == ' ' {
+		switch {
+		case r == ' ':
 			enc = append(enc, "_")
-		} else if isPrintableASCIIRune(r) &&
+		case isPrintableASCIIRune(r) && r != '=' && r != '?' && r != '_':
-			r != '=' &&
-			r != '?' &&
-			r != '_' {
 			enc = append(enc, string(r))
-		} else {
+		default:
 			enc = append(enc, string(toHex([]byte(string(r)))))
 		}
 	}
@@ -204,7 +202,7 @@ func hex(n byte) byte {
 }
 
 func isPrintableASCII(str string) bool {
-	for _, r := range []rune(str) {
+	for _, r := range str {
 		if !unicode.IsPrint(r) || r >= unicode.MaxASCII {
 			return false
 		}

backend/internal/utils/file_util.go

@@ -1,11 +1,14 @@
 package utils
 
 import (
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"mime/multipart"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 
+	"github.com/google/uuid"
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/resources"
 )
 
@@ -27,6 +30,8 @@ func GetImageMimeType(ext string) string {
 		return "image/svg+xml"
 	case "ico":
 		return "image/x-icon"
+	case "gif":
+		return "image/gif"
 	default:
 		return ""
 	}
@@ -69,14 +74,55 @@ func SaveFile(file *multipart.FileHeader, dst string) error {
 		return err
 	}
 
-	out, err := os.Create(dst)
+	return SaveFileStream(src, dst)
-	if err != nil {
+}
-		return err
-	}
-	defer out.Close()
 
-	_, err = io.Copy(out, src)
+// SaveFileStream saves a stream to a file.
-	return err
+func SaveFileStream(r io.Reader, dstFileName string) error {
+	// Our strategy is to save to a separate file and then rename it to override the original file
+	tmpFileName := dstFileName + "." + uuid.NewString() + "-tmp"
+
+	// Write to the temporary file
+	tmpFile, err := os.Create(tmpFileName)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to open file '%s' for writing: %w", tmpFileName, err)
+	}
+
+	n, err := io.Copy(tmpFile, r)
+	if err != nil {
+		// Delete the temporary file; we ignore errors here
+		_ = tmpFile.Close()
+		_ = os.Remove(tmpFileName)
+
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to write to file '%s': %w", tmpFileName, err)
+	}
+
+	err = tmpFile.Close()
+	if err != nil {
+		// Delete the temporary file; we ignore errors here
+		_ = os.Remove(tmpFileName)
+
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to close stream to file '%s': %w", tmpFileName, err)
+	}
+
+	if n == 0 {
+		// Delete the temporary file; we ignore errors here
+		_ = os.Remove(tmpFileName)
+
+		return errors.New("no data written")
+	}
+
+	// Rename to the final file, which overrides existing files
+	// This is an atomic operation
+	err = os.Rename(tmpFileName, dstFileName)
+	if err != nil {
+		// Delete the temporary file; we ignore errors here
+		_ = os.Remove(tmpFileName)
+
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to rename file '%s': %w", dstFileName, err)
+	}
+
+	return nil
 }
 
 // FileExists returns true if a file exists on disk and is a regular file

backend/internal/utils/image/profile_picture.go

@@ -3,22 +3,23 @@ package profilepicture
 import (
 	"bytes"
 	"fmt"
-	"github.com/disintegration/imageorient"
-	"github.com/disintegration/imaging"
-	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/resources"
-	"golang.org/x/image/font"
-	"golang.org/x/image/font/opentype"
-	"golang.org/x/image/math/fixed"
 	"image"
 	"image/color"
 	"io"
-	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/disintegration/imageorient"
+	"github.com/disintegration/imaging"
+	"golang.org/x/image/font"
+	"golang.org/x/image/font/opentype"
+	"golang.org/x/image/math/fixed"
+
+	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/resources"
 )
 
 const profilePictureSize = 300
 
 // CreateProfilePicture resizes the profile picture to a square
-func CreateProfilePicture(file io.Reader) (*bytes.Buffer, error) {
+func CreateProfilePicture(file io.Reader) (io.Reader, error) {
 	img, _, err := imageorient.Decode(file)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to decode image: %w", err)
@@ -26,27 +27,21 @@ func CreateProfilePicture(file io.Reader) (*bytes.Buffer, error) {
 
 	img = imaging.Fill(img, profilePictureSize, profilePictureSize, imaging.Center, imaging.Lanczos)
 
-	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	pr, pw := io.Pipe()
-	err = imaging.Encode(&buf, img, imaging.PNG)
+	go func() {
-	if err != nil {
+		err = imaging.Encode(pw, img, imaging.PNG)
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to encode image: %v", err)
+		if err != nil {
-	}
+			_ = pw.CloseWithError(fmt.Errorf("failed to encode image: %w", err))
+			return
+		}
+		pw.Close()
+	}()
 
-	return &buf, nil
+	return pr, nil
 }
 
 // CreateDefaultProfilePicture creates a profile picture with the initials
-func CreateDefaultProfilePicture(firstName, lastName string) (*bytes.Buffer, error) {
+func CreateDefaultProfilePicture(initials string) (*bytes.Buffer, error) {
-	// Get the initials
-	initials := ""
-	if len(firstName) > 0 {
-		initials += string(firstName[0])
-	}
-	if len(lastName) > 0 {
-		initials += string(lastName[0])
-	}
-	initials = strings.ToUpper(initials)
-
 	// Create a blank image with a white background
 	img := imaging.New(profilePictureSize, profilePictureSize, color.RGBA{R: 255, G: 255, B: 255, A: 255})
 

backend/internal/utils/paging_util.go

@@ -1,8 +1,11 @@
 package utils
 
 import (
-	"gorm.io/gorm"
 	"reflect"
+	"strconv"
+
+	"gorm.io/gorm"
+	"gorm.io/gorm/clause"
 )
 
 type PaginationResponse struct {
@@ -30,15 +33,19 @@ func PaginateAndSort(sortedPaginationRequest SortedPaginationRequest, query *gor
 	capitalizedSortColumn := CapitalizeFirstLetter(sort.Column)
 
 	sortField, sortFieldFound := reflect.TypeOf(result).Elem().Elem().FieldByName(capitalizedSortColumn)
-	isSortable := sortField.Tag.Get("sortable") == "true"
+	isSortable, _ := strconv.ParseBool(sortField.Tag.Get("sortable"))
 	isValidSortOrder := sort.Direction == "asc" || sort.Direction == "desc"
 
 	if sortFieldFound && isSortable && isValidSortOrder {
-		query = query.Order(CamelCaseToSnakeCase(sort.Column) + " " + sort.Direction)
+		columnName := CamelCaseToSnakeCase(sort.Column)
+		query = query.Clauses(clause.OrderBy{
+			Columns: []clause.OrderByColumn{
+				{Column: clause.Column{Name: columnName}, Desc: sort.Direction == "desc"},
+			},
+		})
 	}
 
 	return Paginate(pagination.Page, pagination.Limit, query, result)
-
 }
 
 func Paginate(page int, pageSize int, query *gorm.DB, result interface{}) (PaginationResponse, error) {

backend/internal/utils/ptr_util.go

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+package utils
+
+func Ptr[T any](v T) *T {
+	return &v
+}

backend/internal/utils/string_util.go

@@ -102,3 +102,16 @@ func CamelCaseToScreamingSnakeCase(s string) string {
 	// Convert to uppercase
 	return strings.ToUpper(snake)
 }
+
+// GetFirstCharacter returns the first non-whitespace character of the string, correctly handling Unicode
+func GetFirstCharacter(str string) string {
+	for _, c := range str {
+		if unicode.IsSpace(c) {
+			continue
+		}
+		return string(c)
+	}
+
+	// Empty string case
+	return ""
+}

backend/internal/utils/string_util_test.go

@@ -103,3 +103,28 @@ func TestCamelCaseToSnakeCase(t *testing.T) {
 		})
 	}
 }
+
+func TestGetFirstCharacter(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name     string
+		input    string
+		expected string
+	}{
+		{"empty string", "", ""},
+		{"single character", "a", "a"},
+		{"multiple characters", "hello", "h"},
+		{"unicode character", "étoile", "é"},
+		{"special character", "!test", "!"},
+		{"number as first character", "123abc", "1"},
+		{"whitespace as first character", " hello", "h"},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			result := GetFirstCharacter(tt.input)
+			if result != tt.expected {
+				t.Errorf("GetFirstCharacter(%q) = %q, want %q", tt.input, result, tt.expected)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}

backend/resources/email-templates/api-key-expiring-soon_html.tmpl

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+{{ define "base" }}
+    <div class="header">
+        <div class="logo">
+            <img src="{{ .LogoURL }}" alt="{{ .AppName }}" width="32" height="32" style="width: 32px; height: 32px; max-width: 32px;"/>
+            <h1>{{ .AppName }}</h1>
+        </div>
+        <div class="warning">Warning</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="content">
+        <h2>API Key Expiring Soon</h2>
+        <p>
+            Hello {{ .Data.Name }},<br/><br/>
+            This is a reminder that your API key <strong>{{ .Data.ApiKeyName }}</strong> will expire on <strong>{{ .Data.ExpiresAt.Format "2006-01-02 15:04:05 MST" }}</strong>.<br/><br/>
+            Please generate a new API key if you need continued access.
+        </p>
+    </div>
+{{ end }}

backend/resources/email-templates/api-key-expiring-soon_text.tmpl

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+{{ define "base" -}}
+API Key Expiring Soon
+====================
+
+Hello {{ .Data.Name }},
+
+This is a reminder that your API key "{{ .Data.ApiKeyName }}" will expire on {{ .Data.ExpiresAt.Format "2006-01-02 15:04:05 MST" }}.
+
+Please generate a new API key if you need continued access.
+{{ end -}}

backend/resources/email-templates/one-time-access_html.tmpl

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
     <div class="content">
         <h2>Login Code</h2>
         <p class="message">
-            Click the button below to sign in to {{ .AppName }} with a login code.</br>Or visit <a href="{{ .Data.LoginLink }}">{{ .Data.LoginLink }}</a> and enter the code <strong>{{ .Data.Code }}</strong>.</br></br>This code expires in 15 minutes.
+            Click the button below to sign in to {{ .AppName }} with a login code.</br>Or visit <a href="{{ .Data.LoginLink }}">{{ .Data.LoginLink }}</a> and enter the code <strong>{{ .Data.Code }}</strong>.</br></br>This code expires in {{.Data.ExpirationString}}.
         </p>
         <div class="button-container">
             <a class="button" href="{{ .Data.LoginLinkWithCode }}" class="button">Sign In</a>

backend/resources/email-templates/one-time-access_text.tmpl

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 Login Code
 ====================
 
-Click the link below to sign in to {{ .AppName }} with a login code. This code expires in 15 minutes.
+Click the link below to sign in to {{ .AppName }} with a login code. This code expires in {{.Data.ExpirationString}}.
 
 {{ .Data.LoginLinkWithCode }}
 

backend/resources/files.go

@@ -4,5 +4,5 @@ import "embed"
 
 // Embedded file systems for the project
 
-//go:embed email-templates images migrations fonts
+//go:embed email-templates images migrations fonts aaguids.json
 var FS embed.FS

backend/resources/migrations/postgres/20250320171311_user_locale.down.sql

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+ALTER TABLE users DROP COLUMN locale;

backend/resources/migrations/postgres/20250320171311_user_locale.up.sql

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+ALTER TABLE users ADD COLUMN locale TEXT;